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Wind Turbine Wake Model and Advanced Predictive Control Strategy for Wind Farms

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A3: Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2023) | Viewed by 7846

Special Issue Editor

School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
Interests: structural wind engineering; monitoring and evaluation of ancient heritage structures; basic mechanical properties and wind-induced dynamic effects of flexible tensioning structures
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Wind energy is expected to grow substantially in the coming decades and play a key role in helping us to reach net-zero, i.e., decarbonize energy production, thereby mitigating climate change and achieving energy sustainability. One of the main countermeasures in the efficient operation of wind farms is developing an advanced control strategy and accurate prediction of their performance.

The interactions between wakes of multiple wind turbines as well as the turbulent atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) adversely influence wind farm performance. More efforts can be focused on evaluating the wake and ABL effect accurately and developing a cooperative wind farm control approach to improve the power production of wind farms and reducing aerodynamic loads on the wind turbine. The increase in dynamic loads by the cooperative control strategy is also worthy of further investigations. Therefore, an advanced predictive control strategy and wind turbine wake model to reduce power losses and fatigue load at the same time are still challenging bottlenecks for large-scale wind farms.

This Special Issue will collect contributions focused on the wind turbine wake and advanced predictive control strategy for wind farms. All high-quality contributions describing original and unpublished results of conceptual, constructive, empirical, experimental, theoretical work, or innovative development in all areas of wind engineering will be considered. Contributions might include fundamental research as well as detailed descriptions of case studies, developing cutting-edge methodologies for their analysis.

Prof. Dr. Qingshan Yang
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • wind energy
  • wind farm
  • wind-turbine wake
  • control strategy
  • power production
  • prediction
  • atmospheric boundary layer
  • turbulence
  • cooperative control

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 7076 KiB  
Article
Far-Wake Meandering of a Wind Turbine Model with Imposed Motions: An Experimental S-PIV Analysis
by Navid Belvasi, Boris Conan, Benyamin Schliffke, Laurent Perret, Cian Desmond, Jimmy Murphy and Sandrine Aubrun
Energies 2022, 15(20), 7757; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15207757 - 20 Oct 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1566
Abstract
Intra-array wake meandering increases fatigue loading in downstream turbines and decreases farm total power output. In the case of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs), the motions of the floating substructure could have a non-neglectable contribution to wake meandering dynamics. This research experientially analyses [...] Read more.
Intra-array wake meandering increases fatigue loading in downstream turbines and decreases farm total power output. In the case of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs), the motions of the floating substructure could have a non-neglectable contribution to wake meandering dynamics. This research experientially analyses the influence of imposed motions on the far-wake meandering of a FOWT. The study considers a 1:500 scaled porous disc representation of the 2 MW FLOATGEN system (BW Ideol) located off the coast of Le Croisic, France. A representative marine neutral atmospheric boundary layer is generated in a wind tunnel whilst monochromic and multi-frequency content three degrees of freedom (surge, heave, pitch) motion is imposed on the model tower. The stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (S-PIV) is then utilised to measure velocity vectors at a cross-section located at 8.125 D downstream of the model. No significant effect on the far-wake recovery in the velocity, turbulence and turbulent kinetic energy distribution is observed. However, the frequency characteristics of the imposed motions were observed in the far-wake meandering spectral content and streamwise characteristics of far-wake, such as normalised available power. While the frequency spectrum of the vertical oscillations showed more sensitivity to the three degrees of freedom (3DoF) imposed motion in all frequency ranges, the lateral oscillation was sensitive for the reduced frequency above 0.15. The monochromic motions with a reduced frequency of less than 0.15 also did not influence the far-wake centre distribution in both lateral and vertical directions. Regardless of reduced frequency, imposed motions show a strong effect on average power, in which the harmonic signature can distinguish in far-wake memory. This study provides an investigation, which its result could be beneficial to developing and examining wake models for offshore wind turbines, with a particular focus on the influence of FOWTs motions. Full article
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17 pages, 5055 KiB  
Article
Wind Tunnel Tests of Wake Characteristics for a Scaled Wind Turbine Model Based on Dynamic Similarity
by Wei Yang, Meng Yu, Bowen Yan, Guoqing Huang, Qingshan Yang, Senqin Zhang, Tianhao Hong, Xu Zhou and Xiaowei Deng
Energies 2022, 15(17), 6165; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15176165 - 25 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1531
Abstract
This wind tunnel study was conducted to investigate the similarity laws involved in the reasonable simulation of the wake characteristics of a full-scale wind turbine. A 5 MW scaled wind turbine model was designed using an optimization method based on the blade element [...] Read more.
This wind tunnel study was conducted to investigate the similarity laws involved in the reasonable simulation of the wake characteristics of a full-scale wind turbine. A 5 MW scaled wind turbine model was designed using an optimization method based on the blade element momentum (BEM) theory. Subsequently, wind tunnel tests were carried out on the geometrically similar model and the thrust-optimized model, with different yaw angles and under various upstream flow conditions. The results indicated that the wake development of the wind turbine model was closely related to the thrust forces of the wind turbine, and both kinematic and dynamic similarity laws should be observed to achieve wake characteristics that are reasonably similar to those of a full-scale wind turbine. This study investigated the aerodynamic similarity principles of small-scale wind turbine models to develop a more effective method for simulating full-scale turbine wake characteristics in wind tunnel tests. The outcomes of this study revealed the limitations of the anomalously low thrust coefficients in geometrically similar wind turbine models and present reasonable model design methodologies for small-scale wind turbine models in wind tunnel tests. Full article
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22 pages, 5326 KiB  
Article
A Proper-Orthogonal-Decomposition (POD) Study of the Wake Characteristics behind a Wind Turbine Model
by Pavithra Premaratne, Wei Tian and Hui Hu
Energies 2022, 15(10), 3596; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15103596 - 13 May 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2032
Abstract
A comprehensive study was performed to analyze turbine wake characteristics by using a Proper-Orthogonal-Decomposition (POD) method to identify the dominant flow features from a comprehensive experimental database. The wake flow characteristics behind a typical three-bladed horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT) were measured in a [...] Read more.
A comprehensive study was performed to analyze turbine wake characteristics by using a Proper-Orthogonal-Decomposition (POD) method to identify the dominant flow features from a comprehensive experimental database. The wake flow characteristics behind a typical three-bladed horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT) were measured in a large-scale wind tunnel with a scaled turbine model placed in a typical offshore Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) wind under a neutral stability condition. A high-resolution Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system was used to achieve detailed flow field measurements to characterize the turbulent flows and wake vortex structures behind the turbine model. Statistically averaged measurements revealed the presence of the characteristic helical-tip vortex filament along with a unique secondary vortex filament emanating from 60% of the blade span measured from the hub. Both filaments breakup in the near-wake region (~0.6 rotor diameter downstream) to form shear layers, contrary to previous computational and experimental observations in which vortex filaments break up in the far wake. A Proper-Orthogonal-Decomposition (POD) analysis, based on both velocity and vorticity-based formulations, was used to extract the coherent flow structures, predominantly comprised of tip and midspan vortex elements. The reconstructions showed coherence in the flow field prior to the vortex breakup which subsequently degraded in the turbulent shear layer. The accuracy of the POD reconstructions was validated qualitatively by comparing the prediction results between the velocity and vorticity-based formulations as well as the phase-averaged PIV measurement results. This early vortex breakup was attributed to the reduced pitch between consecutive helical turns, the proximity between midspan filaments and blade tips as well as the turbulence intensity of the incoming boundary layer wind. Full article
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20 pages, 8046 KiB  
Article
Research on the Power Capture and Wake Characteristics of a Wind Turbine Based on a Modified Actuator Line Model
by Feifei Xue, Heping Duan, Chang Xu, Xingxing Han, Yanqing Shangguan, Tongtong Li and Zhefei Fen
Energies 2022, 15(1), 282; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15010282 - 01 Jan 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1848
Abstract
On a wind farm, the wake has an important impact on the performance of the wind turbines. For example, the wake of an upstream wind turbine affects the blade load and output power of the downstream wind turbine. In this paper, a modified [...] Read more.
On a wind farm, the wake has an important impact on the performance of the wind turbines. For example, the wake of an upstream wind turbine affects the blade load and output power of the downstream wind turbine. In this paper, a modified actuator line model with blade tips, root loss, and an airfoil three-dimensional delayed stall was revised. This full-scale modified actuator line model with blades, nacelles, and towers, was combined with a Large Eddy Simulation, and then applied and validated based on an analysis of wind turbine wakes in wind farms. The modified actuator line model was verified using an experimental wind turbine. Subsequently, numerical simulations were conducted on two NREL 5 MW wind turbines with different staggered spacing to study the effect of the staggered spacing on the characteristics of wind turbines. The results show that the output power of the upstream turbine stabilized at 5.9 MW, and the output power of the downstream turbine increased. When the staggered spacing is R and 1.5R, both the power and thrust of the downstream turbine are severely reduced. However, the length of the peaks was significantly longer, which resulted in a long-term unstable power output. As the staggered spacing increased, the velocity in the central near wake of the downstream turbine also increased, and the recovery speed at the threshold of the wake slowed down. The modified actuator line model described herein can be used for the numerical simulation of wakes in wind farms. Full article
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