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Advances in Hydrogen Energy Production and Storage
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Advances in Hydrogen Energy Production and Storage

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A5: Hydrogen Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2022) | Viewed by 18777

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Isabel M. Cabrita

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
ISEC Lisboa, Institute for Higher Studies in Education and Sciences, Alameda das Linhas de Torres, 179, 1750 - 142 Lisbon, Portugal
Interests: hydrogen handling and safety; fundamentals of combustion; thermo-chemical conversion processes; gas mixtures with hydrogen; energy production technologies; materials for energy conversion and storage; industrial energy processes with hydrogen
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Growing concerns related to the security of energy supply along with those of environmental protection, with a growing need for greenhouse emission reduction, have driven research and technology to develop new and disruptive concepts for implementation. Hydrogen is an energy vector that offers flexibility in terms of its use either for power generation or as a carbon-free fuel used in stationary systems or for mobility, converted into other fuels or chemicals, or used to store energy temporarily.

Its potential is high in a changing world which is more demanding when it comes to clean solutions; however, the state-of-the-art in terms of technology advancements to put this fuel/energy carrier in the market at acceptable costs and in sustainable and safe conditions needs to be ensured. At the moment, there is an opportunity for researchers and technologists to put in place successful outcomes of their work, as policies around the world are being put in place to take new concepts and society needs to be sure that science has driven advancements at the level of hydrogen energy production and storage options, as well as guarantees in terms of end-use, performance, storage, and operational and maintenance issues, all so relevant when handling hydrogen.

This Special Issue aims at gathering relevant information related to research results or review articles that present concepts and deep analyses at various levels and that will contribute to identify the state-of-the-art as well as research needs in order to introduce hydrogen in the future energy mix.

Prof. Isabel M. Cabrita
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Hydrogen storage
  • Hydrogen storage systems
  • Hydrogen transportation
  • Hydrogen transportation systems
  • Hydrogen in mobility
  • Hydrogen power technologies
  • Hydrogen injection in gas grids
  • Hydrogen combustion systems

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 3421 KiB  
Article
Underground Storage of Green Hydrogen—Boundary Conditions for Compressor Systems
by Heinz Bekebrok, Hendrik Langnickel, Adam Pluta, Marco Zobel and Alexander Dyck
Energies 2022, 15(16), 5972; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15165972 - 18 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1893
Abstract
The large-scale storage of hydrogen in salt caverns, modelled on today’s natural gas storage, is a promising approach to storing renewable energy over a large power range and for the required time period. An essential subsystem of the overall gas storage is the [...] Read more.
The large-scale storage of hydrogen in salt caverns, modelled on today’s natural gas storage, is a promising approach to storing renewable energy over a large power range and for the required time period. An essential subsystem of the overall gas storage is the surface facility and, in particular, the compressor system. The future design of compressor systems for hydrogen storage strongly depends on the respective boundary conditions. Therefore, this work analyses the requirements of compressor systems for cavern storage facilities for the storage of green hydrogen, i.e., hydrogen produced from renewable energy sources, using the example of Lower Saxony in Germany. In this course, a hydrogen storage demand profile of one year is developed in hourly resolution from feed-in time series of renewable energy sources. The injection profile relevant for compressor operation is compared with current natural gas injection operation modes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy Production and Storage)
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17 pages, 11482 KiB  
Article
Electrical Double Layer Mechanism Analysis of PEM Water Electrolysis for Frequency Limitation of Pulsed Currents
by Jae-Hoon Kim, Chang-Yeol Oh, Ki-Ryong Kim, Jong-Pil Lee and Tae-Jin Kim
Energies 2021, 14(22), 7822; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14227822 - 22 Nov 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2473
Abstract
This paper proposes a method for improving hydrogen generation using pulse current in a proton exchange membrane-type electrolyzer (PEMEL). Traditional methods of electrolysis using direct current are known as the simplest approach to produce hydrogen. However, it is highly dependent on environmental variables, [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a method for improving hydrogen generation using pulse current in a proton exchange membrane-type electrolyzer (PEMEL). Traditional methods of electrolysis using direct current are known as the simplest approach to produce hydrogen. However, it is highly dependent on environmental variables, such as the temperature and catalyst used, to enhance the rate of electrolysis. Therefore, we propose electrolysis using a pulse current that can apply several dependent variables rather than environmental variables. The proposed method overcomes the difficulties in selecting the frequency of the pulse current by deriving factors affecting hydrogen generation while changing the concentration generated by the cell interface during the pulsed water-electrolysis process. The correlation between the electrolyzer load and the frequency characteristics was analyzed, and the limit value of the applicable frequency of the pulse current was derived through electrical modeling. In addition, the operating characteristics of PEMEL could be predicted, and the PEMEL using the proposed pulse current was verified through experiments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy Production and Storage)
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11 pages, 2671 KiB  
Article
Hydrogen Dispersion and Ventilation Effects in Enclosures under Different Release Conditions
by Dorota Brzezińska
Energies 2021, 14(13), 4029; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14134029 - 04 Jul 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2848
Abstract
Hydrogen is an explosive gas, which could create extremely hazardous conditions when released into an enclosure. Full-scale experiments of hydrogen release and dispersion in the confined space were conducted. The experiments were performed for hydrogen release outflow of 63 × 10−3 m [...] Read more.
Hydrogen is an explosive gas, which could create extremely hazardous conditions when released into an enclosure. Full-scale experiments of hydrogen release and dispersion in the confined space were conducted. The experiments were performed for hydrogen release outflow of 63 × 10−3 m3/s through a single nozzle and multi-point release way optionally. It was found that the hydrogen dispersion in an enclosure strongly depends on the gas release way. Significantly higher hydrogen stratification is observed in a single nozzle release than in the case of the multi-point release when the gas concentration becomes more uniform in the entire enclosure volume. The experimental results were confirmed on the basis of Froud number analysis. The CFD simulations realized with the FDS code by NIST allowed visualization of the experimental hydrogen dispersion phenomenon and confirmed that the varied distribution of hydrogen did not affect the effectiveness of the accidental mechanical ventilation system applied in the tested room. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy Production and Storage)
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Review

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33 pages, 6449 KiB  
Review
A Review of the Use of Electrolytic Cells for Energy and Environmental Applications
by Ana P. R. A. Ferreira, Raisa C. P. Oliveira, Maria Margarida Mateus and Diogo M. F. Santos
Energies 2023, 16(4), 1593; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16041593 - 05 Feb 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2998
Abstract
There is a significant push to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and develop low-cost fuels from renewable sources to replace fossil fuels in applications such as energy production. As a result, CO2 conversion has gained widespread attention as it can [...] Read more.
There is a significant push to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and develop low-cost fuels from renewable sources to replace fossil fuels in applications such as energy production. As a result, CO2 conversion has gained widespread attention as it can reduce the accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere and produce fuels and valuable industrial chemicals, including carbon monoxide, alcohols, and hydrocarbons. At the same time, finding ways to store energy in batteries or energy carriers such as hydrogen (H2) is essential. Water electrolysis is a powerful technology for producing high-purity H2, with negligible emission of greenhouse gases, and compatibility with renewable energy sources. Additionally, the electrolysis of organic compounds, such as lignin, is a promising method for localised H2 production, as it requires lower cell voltages than conventional water electrolysis. Industrial wastewater can be employed in those organic electrolysis systems due to their high organic content, decreasing industrial pollution through wastewater disposal. Electrocoagulation, indirect electrochemical oxidation, anodic oxidation, and electro-Fenton are effective electrochemical methods for treating industrial wastewater. Furthermore, bioenergy technology possesses a remarkable potential for producing H2 and other value-added chemicals (e.g., methane, formic acid, hydrogen peroxide), along with wastewater treatment. This paper comprehensively reviews these approaches by analysing the literature in the period 2012–2022, pointing out the high potential of using electrolytic cells for energy and environmental applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy Production and Storage)
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44 pages, 6387 KiB  
Review
Hydrogen Production with In Situ CO2 Capture at High and Medium Temperatures Using Solid Sorbents
by Paula Teixeira, Carmen Bacariza, Patrícia Correia, Carla I. C. Pinheiro and Isabel Cabrita
Energies 2022, 15(11), 4039; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15114039 - 31 May 2022
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3526
Abstract
Hydrogen is a versatile vector for heat and power, mobility, and stationary applications. Steam methane reforming and coal gasification have been, until now, the main technologies for H2 production, and in the shorter term may remain due to the current costs of [...] Read more.
Hydrogen is a versatile vector for heat and power, mobility, and stationary applications. Steam methane reforming and coal gasification have been, until now, the main technologies for H2 production, and in the shorter term may remain due to the current costs of green H2. To minimize the carbon footprint of these technologies, the capture of CO2 emitted is a priority. The in situ capture of CO2 during the reforming and gasification processes, or even during the syngas upgrade by water–gas shift (WGS) reaction, is especially profitable since it contributes to an additional production of H2. This includes biomass gasification processes, where CO2 capture can also contribute to negative emissions. In the sorption-enhanced processes, the WGS reaction and the CO2 capture occur simultaneously, the selection of suitable CO2 sorbents, i.e., with high activity and stability, being a crucial aspect for their success. This review identifies and describes the solid sorbents with more potential for in situ CO2 capture at high and medium temperatures, i.e., Ca- or alkali-based sorbents, and Mg-based sorbents, respectively. The effects of temperature, steam and pressure on sorbents’ performance and H2 production during the sorption-enhanced processes are discussed, as well as the influence of catalyst–sorbent arrangement, i.e., hybrid/mixed or sequential configuration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy Production and Storage)
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28 pages, 2390 KiB  
Review
Rehydrogenation of Sodium Borates to Close the NaBH4-H2 Cycle: A Review
by Helder X. Nunes, Diogo L. Silva, Carmen M. Rangel and Alexandra M. F. R. Pinto
Energies 2021, 14(12), 3567; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14123567 - 15 Jun 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3776
Abstract
In 2007, the US Department of Energy recommended a no-go on NaBH4 hydrolysis for onboard applications; however, the concept of a NaBH4-H2-PEMFC system has the potential to become a primary source for on-demand power supply. Despite the many [...] Read more.
In 2007, the US Department of Energy recommended a no-go on NaBH4 hydrolysis for onboard applications; however, the concept of a NaBH4-H2-PEMFC system has the potential to become a primary source for on-demand power supply. Despite the many efforts to study this technology, most of the published papers focus on catalytic performance. Nevertheless, the development of a practical reaction system to close the NaBH4-H2 cycle remains a critical issue. Therefore, this work provides an overview of the research progress on the solutions for the by-product rehydrogenation leading to the regeneration of NaBH4 with economic potential. It is the first to compare and analyze the main types of processes to regenerate NaBH4: thermo-, mechano-, and electrochemical. Moreover, it considers the report by Demirci et al. on the main by-product of sodium borohydride hydrolysis. The published literature already reported efficient NaBH4 regeneration; however, the processes still need more improvements. Moreover, it is noteworthy that a transition to clean methods, through the years, was observed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy Production and Storage)
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