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Advances in Biodiesel for Application in Diesel Engines
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Advances in Biodiesel for Application in Diesel Engines

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A4: Bio-Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 September 2023) | Viewed by 17023

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Nadir Yilmaz

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
Interests: combustion; chemical kinetics; CFD; alternative fuels; emission reduction technologies; propulsion

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Guest Editors are pleased to invite submissions for a Special Issue entitled “Advances in Biodiesel for Application in Diesel Engines”.

Fossil fuels, as well as diesel engines, are vital in the global transportation sector and throughout industry because of their combustion performance, engine efficiency and accessibility. However, use of diesel engines produces harmful emissions such as NOx and particulate matter (PM). One of the approaches to reduce air pollution caused by diesel engines is to develop new alternative fuels that would satisfy the demands of the transportation sector, which is the largest consumer of diesel fuel. Biodiesel is the most commonly known renewable fuel that is used in diesel engines. Fuel blends containing up to 20% biodiesel (B20) can be used in diesel engines without any modification. However, it is important to produce biodiesel from nonedible oils to conserve the availability of food production resources. In addition, the use of biodiesel as an alternative fuel in diesel engines is limited by some unfavourable fuel properties, particularly high viscosity and density, which cause problems in poor fuel atomization, incomplete combustion and ring carbonization in the combustion chamber. Therefore, it is important to investigate advanced biodiesel resources and production techniques in terms of combustion performance, energy efficiency and environmental aspects.

The purpose of this Special Issue is to focus on biodiesel used for commercial transportation purposes and open a medium to report findings with regards to the development of advanced biodiesel, applications, and investigation of performance of bio-derived fuels in diesel engines, as well as to publish high-quality review articles.

Prof. Dr. Nadir Yilmaz
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Diesel engine
  • Renewable fuels
  • Non-edible fuel sources
  • Biodiesel production techniques
  • Low temperature combustion
  • Emission reduction strategies
  • Engine performance optimization techniques
  • Improved fuel properties
  • Low temperature operability
  • Drop-in biofuels

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 2741 KiB  
Article
Determination of the Effect of the Addition of Second-Generation Biodiesel BBuE to Diesel Fuel on Selected Parameters of “B” Fuels
by Dariusz Kurczyński, Grzegorz Wcisło, Piotr Łagowski, Agnieszka Leśniak, Miłosław Kozak and Bolesław Pracuch
Energies 2023, 16(19), 6999; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16196999 - 09 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 764
Abstract
Progressive and increasingly noticeable climate change is forcing the search for new energy sources to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide. One way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is by gradually replacing fossil fuels with biofuels. The authors of this work addressed [...] Read more.
Progressive and increasingly noticeable climate change is forcing the search for new energy sources to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide. One way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is by gradually replacing fossil fuels with biofuels. The authors of this work addressed the production of second-generation biofuel. The purpose of this study was to produce second-generation biodiesel from babassu palm oil (BBuE) and first-generation biodiesel from rapeseed oil (RME), to study their properties, and to determine the effect of the addition of these biodiesels to diesel fuel on selected properties of “B” fuels that affect the fuel–air mixture formation process and the combustion process. Biodiesel from babassu oil was produced because it is non-edible and has a different composition than canola oil. Then, fuels were prepared that were mixtures of diesel oil and biodiesel containing from 10 to 40% (v/v) BBuE or RME (B10, B20, B30, and B40).Tests were conducted on selected physicochemical properties of the obtained fuels. “B” fuels prepared with BBuE and DF were shown to have more favorable fuel properties than those obtained from RME and DF. Fuels that are blends of BBuE and DF have slightly higher heating values, higher cetane number values, a more favorable distillation curve, lower dynamic viscosity values as a function of temperature, and marginally lower flash point values compared to the corresponding blends of RME and DF. Esters with shorter molecules have been shown to have more favorable fuel properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biodiesel for Application in Diesel Engines)
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13 pages, 2366 KiB  
Article
Research on the Impact of Supplying the Air-Cooled D21A1 Engine with RME B100 Biodiesel on Its Operating Parameters
by Michał Bembenek, Bolesław Karwat, Vasyl Melnyk and Yurii Mosora
Energies 2023, 16(18), 6430; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16186430 - 05 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 707
Abstract
It is known that the use of alternative fuels leads to changes in the operating parameters of internal combustion engines, and the nature of the changes in most cases is not known. Therefore, the question of researching the main operating indicators of the [...] Read more.
It is known that the use of alternative fuels leads to changes in the operating parameters of internal combustion engines, and the nature of the changes in most cases is not known. Therefore, the question of researching the main operating indicators of the internal combustion engine supplied with RME B100 biodiesel fuel is important, and the results will help to eliminate or reduce negative factors that can lead to the deterioration of the operational and technical indicators of the internal combustion engine. The purpose of the research was to develop an experimental research facility using appropriate equipment and to study the main operational and technical parameters of the air-cooled D21A1 diesel engine on RME B100 biodiesel fuel. To reach the goal, the following tasks were formulated: the development of a test facility and research on the main technical and operational performance indicators of the D21A1 diesel engine on RME B100 biodiesel fuel. The authors’ previous research results were applied in the setting of the D21A1 test engine in the process of RME B100 biodiesel research; namely, to achieve maximum fuel combustion efficiency, the injection moment was increased by 6°. The results ensured the maximum efficiency of using RME B100 biodiesel in engines without making changes to the design of the latter. System analysis and the comparison method were used during the research. In the process of using RME B100 biodiesel fuel on the air-cooled D21A1 engine, we found a decrease in engine torque of 6.5%; a decrease in effective power of 6.7%; a growth in specific effective fuel consumption of up to 22.3%; and an increase in hourly fuel consumption of 14.1%. This is because the use of RME B100 fuel requires changes in the engine design that improve the mixture formation process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biodiesel for Application in Diesel Engines)
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30 pages, 4966 KiB  
Article
Assessment of the Impact of Lubricating Oil Contamination by Biodiesel on Trunk Piston Engine Reliability
by Leszek Chybowski, Przemysław Kowalak and Piotr Dąbrowski
Energies 2023, 16(13), 5056; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16135056 - 29 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 914
Abstract
The rheological, ignition, and tribological properties of lubricating oils diluted with biodiesel were analyzed. The flash point tFP, calculated cetane index CCI, density ρ, coefficient of the temperature density change ε, kinematic viscosity ν, dynamic viscosity η [...] Read more.
The rheological, ignition, and tribological properties of lubricating oils diluted with biodiesel were analyzed. The flash point tFP, calculated cetane index CCI, density ρ, coefficient of the temperature density change ε, kinematic viscosity ν, dynamic viscosity η, viscosity index VI, and lubricity during a High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFFR) test (x, y, WSD, and WS1.4) and lubricating conditions during an HFFR test (oil film resistance FILM and friction coefficient μ) were determined. The test was performed for the oil mixtures of the lubricating oil of the SAE 30 and SAE 40 viscosity grades, which were diluted with the biodiesel blend (D93B7—diesel oil with 7% v/v fatty acid methyl esters, FAME) at concentrations of diesel oil in the mixture equal to 0% (pure lubricating oil), 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, and 75% m/m, respectively. The experiment confirmed the existence of clear relationships between the increase in the dilution of lubricating oil with tested biodiesel blend and tFP, ρ, ε, ν, η, and VI, and the deterioration of lubrication conditions. It is recommended to take remedial action even in the case of low diesel oil concentration (<5% m/m) in the lubricating oil due to tFP, ν, and η changes. Simultaneously, the tests showed no significant effect on the lubricity and the CCI. The critical contamination of oil with fuel in the range of 2–5% by weight, as indicated in the literature, still allowed for a certain “safety margin” regarding these parameters. However, when the concentration of diesel fuel in the lubricating oil exceeded 5–8% m/m, the deterioration of the lubrication was expressed by a decrease in FILM and an increase in μ was observed; hence, such a contamination should be considered excessive. When the concentration of diesel fuel exceeds 10% by weight, there is a serious risk of engine damage during operation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biodiesel for Application in Diesel Engines)
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10 pages, 2990 KiB  
Article
Compositional Analysis of Biodiesel Particulate Matter (BPM) from a Non-Road Diesel Generator
by Mingming Lu, Aisha Tzillah, Ming Chai and Omer Aloraimi
Energies 2023, 16(13), 5010; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16135010 - 28 Jun 2023
Viewed by 796
Abstract
There have been multiple studies of biodiesel particulate matter (BPM) emissions over the years, but few are on non-road diesel engines despite their higher emissions and less regulation. The goal of this paper is to further investigate the impacts of biodiesel fuel on [...] Read more.
There have been multiple studies of biodiesel particulate matter (BPM) emissions over the years, but few are on non-road diesel engines despite their higher emissions and less regulation. The goal of this paper is to further investigate the impacts of biodiesel fuel on particulate matter emissions. Compositional analysis of BPM was performed on a non-road diesel generator under various loads using different diesel and biodiesel blends. In order to account for organic compositions from both petroleum diesel and biodiesel, two types of analytical columns were used, one for polar compounds such as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and another non-polar column for hydrocarbons and PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). In the BPM emitted, FAME constituted 6% to 11% of the total mass at different loads, which is the highest among the soluble organic fractions. This is an indication that biodiesel fuel might not be completely combusted in this diesel engine. The PAH fraction of the B50 (50% biodiesel) is much less than that found in petroleum diesel PM (B0). The elemental carbon fraction of the B50 particulate matter is less than that from B0. The lower PAH and soot from biodiesel blends may correspond to lower toxicity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biodiesel for Application in Diesel Engines)
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18 pages, 3440 KiB  
Article
An Experimental Investigation on the Characteristics of a Compression Ignition Engine Fuelled by Diesel-Palm Biodiesel–Ethanol/Propanol Based Ternary Blends
by Navaneetha Krishnan Balakrishnan, Yew Heng Teoh, Heoy Geok How, Thanh Danh Le and Huu Tho Nguyen
Energies 2023, 16(2), 1003; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16021003 - 16 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1490
Abstract
Issues such as rising fuel prices, fuel costs, and lowering reserves highlight the importance of research into sustainable fuels derived from biological sources. This study is focused on experiments on a CI engine using ethanol and propanol-based ternary blends. Palm biodiesel is kept [...] Read more.
Issues such as rising fuel prices, fuel costs, and lowering reserves highlight the importance of research into sustainable fuels derived from biological sources. This study is focused on experiments on a CI engine using ethanol and propanol-based ternary blends. Palm biodiesel is kept constant at 40% volumetric concentration, while diesel and ethanol/propanol are varied in different batches. The results obtained with ternary blends were compared with reference fuel diesel, pure palm biodiesel, and a palm biodiesel–diesel binary blend. The ternary blends exhibit lower brake thermal efficiency and higher brake specific energy consumption than diesel and binary blends due to their lower calorific value. Despite in-fuel oxygen presence, lower brake specific oxides of nitrogen and smoke opacity were observed for engine operation with a ternary blend due to the predominant role of higher latent heat of vaporization and volatility of alcohols, but unburned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions increased due to the interactive effect of a lower cetane number, higher latent heat of vaporization, and lower kinematic viscosity of alcohols when compared to reference fuels. Among the tested fuels, in-cylinder pressure was observed to decrease with ternary blends due to their lower calorific value, but a raised heat release rate was attributed to lower viscosity and faster burning of alcohols. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biodiesel for Application in Diesel Engines)
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32 pages, 10203 KiB  
Article
Catalytic Upgrading of Plastic Waste of Electric and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Pyrolysis Vapors over Si–Al Ash Pellets in a Two-Stage Reactor
by Augusto Fernando de Freitas Costa, Caio Campos Ferreira, Simone Patrícia Aranha da Paz, Marcelo Costa Santos, Luiz Gabriel Santos Moreira, Neyson Martins Mendonça, Fernanda Paula da Costa Assunção, Ana Carolina Gomes de Albuquerque de Freitas, Roseane Maria Ribeiro Costa, Isaque Wilkson de Sousa Brandão, Carlos Emmerson Ferreira da Costa, Sílvio Alex Pereira da Mota, Douglas Alberto Rocha de Castro, Sergio Duvoisin, Jr., Luiz Eduardo Pizarro Borges, Nélio Teixeira Machado and Lucas Pinto Bernar
Energies 2023, 16(1), 541; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16010541 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2423
Abstract
This study investigated thermal cracking and catalytic upgrading of waste from electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) plastics on a semi-batch reactor coupled to a heated catalyst fixed bed (2-stage vapor cracking). The catalyst used is a Si–Al ash obtained from commercial activated carbon [...] Read more.
This study investigated thermal cracking and catalytic upgrading of waste from electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) plastics on a semi-batch reactor coupled to a heated catalyst fixed bed (2-stage vapor cracking). The catalyst used is a Si–Al ash obtained from commercial activated carbon pellets treated with concentrated NaOH solution and calcination. The purpose of the study was to characterize the waste stream through its thermogravimetry analysis and pyrolysis products, study the effect of temperature (350–500 °C) and catalyst quantity (0.0–7.5 %.wt) on yields of reaction products, physical chemical properties, and chemical composition of bio-oil in order to understand and evaluate production of fuels and chemical feedstock by recycling of WEEE plastic through catalytic upgrading. Time-fractioned samples were taken in determined reaction times (15, 30, 45, and 60 min) to study the evolution of cracking reactions during experiment runs through changes to chemical composition (GC/MS). A comparison with other previous work is also presented to show similarities between different feedstocks using the same thermal unit. The results indicate composition of brominated acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polycarbonate (PC), and high impact polystyrene (HIPS) for the WEEE plastic. The temperature of 350 °C produced better results when considering acid value but presented lower bio-oil yields (38%) and high gas yields (42%). Catalytic upgrading experiments revealed the increased presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) with an increase in viscosity of bio-oil, increase in char yield (from 11% to 24%), and decrease in gas yields (15% to 5%). Chemical composition showed presence of aromatic hydrocarbons such as styrene, methyl-styrene, and diphenyl-propane and nitrogenated compounds such as benzene-butane-nitrile, phenolic compounds, PAHs, and brominated compounds. WEEE plastic pyrolysis is a challenging subject due to contaminant presence and varying composition, and chemical composition evaluation according to reaction time provides interesting insights into the evolution of semi-batch pyrolysis/catalytic upgrading experiments. Standardization and reproducibility of the tool should be conducted to continue the evaluation of pyrolysis and catalytic upgrading of a wide range of feedstocks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biodiesel for Application in Diesel Engines)
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20 pages, 1638 KiB  
Article
Purification of Residual Glycerol from Biodiesel Production as a Value-Added Raw Material for Glycerolysis of Free Fatty Acids in Waste Cooking Oil
by K. A. Viraj Miyuranga, Udara S. P. R. Arachchige, Randika A. Jayasinghe and Gamunu Samarakoon
Energies 2022, 15(23), 8856; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15238856 - 23 Nov 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3434
Abstract
The crude glycerol produced as a byproduct of transesterification synthesis has very few applications because it comprises of significant amounts of methanol, catalyst, and soap. On the other hand, transesterifications of highly acidic oil in the presence of an alkaline catalyst are problematic [...] Read more.
The crude glycerol produced as a byproduct of transesterification synthesis has very few applications because it comprises of significant amounts of methanol, catalyst, and soap. On the other hand, transesterifications of highly acidic oil in the presence of an alkaline catalyst are problematic due to the presence of high amounts of free fatty acids. In this study, the free fatty acid level of high acid oil, which was initially determined to be 19.25%, was decreased to permit the direct production of biodiesel via glycerolysis with pure glycerol, making direct transesterification feasible. Through a process of purification, crude glycerol was refined to 92.5% purity. It was revealed that the physiochemical parameters of density, moisture content, ash content, matter organic non-glycerol content, pH, and Na/K concentrations of generated purified glycerol are equal to those of commercially available glycerol. In contrast, glycerolysis treatment successfully decreased the free fatty acid level to less than 2% under optimal conditions, which were determined to be 200 °C, a glycerol-to-oil molar ratio of 4:1, and a KOH catalyst concentration of 1.6 wt.% at 350 rpm. The inclusion of hexane as a co-solvent accelerated the glycerolysis process, and the weight ratio of oil-to-hexane was 8:1. Moreover, it was viable to use waste methanol for biodiesel synthesis and purified crude glycerol as a raw material in a variety of industries, including biodiesel production. In addition, compared to acid esterification, the FFA concentration of oil with a high acid value fell significantly. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biodiesel for Application in Diesel Engines)
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33 pages, 6890 KiB  
Article
Improving Fuel Properties and Hydrocarbon Content from Residual Fat Pyrolysis Vapors over Activated Red Mud Pellets in Two-Stage Reactor: Optimization of Reaction Time and Catalyst Content
by Caio Campos Ferreira, Lucas Pinto Bernar, Augusto Fernando de Freitas Costa, Haroldo Jorge da Silva Ribeiro, Marcelo Costa Santos, Nathalia Lobato Moraes, Yasmin Santos Costa, Ana Cláudia Fonseca Baia, Neyson Martins Mendonça, Sílvio Alex Pereira da Mota, Fernanda Paula da Costa Assunção, Douglas Alberto Rocha de Castro, Carlos Castro Vieira Quaresma, Sergio Duvoisin, Jr., Luiz Eduardo Pizarro Borges and Nélio Teixeira Machado
Energies 2022, 15(15), 5595; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15155595 - 02 Aug 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1592
Abstract
Catalytic upgrading of vapors from pyrolysis of triglycerides materials is a promising approach to achieve better conversions of hydrocarbons and production of liquid biofuels. Catalytic cracking often shows incomplete conversion due to distillation of initial reaction products and the addition of a second [...] Read more.
Catalytic upgrading of vapors from pyrolysis of triglycerides materials is a promising approach to achieve better conversions of hydrocarbons and production of liquid biofuels. Catalytic cracking often shows incomplete conversion due to distillation of initial reaction products and the addition of a second catalytic reactor, whereas pyrolytic vapors are made in contact to a solid catalyst was applied to improve the physical-chemical properties and quality of bio-oil. This work investigated the effect of catalyst content and reaction time by catalytic upgrading from pyrolysis vapors of residual fat at 450 °C and 1.0 atmosphere, on the yields of reaction products, physicochemical properties (density, kinematic viscosity, refractive index, and acid value), and chemical composition of organic liquid products (OLP), over a catalyst fixed bed reactor, in semi pilot scale. Pellets of red mud chemically activated with 1.0 M HCl were used as catalysts. The thermal catalytic cracking of residual fat show OLP yields from 54.4 to 84.88 (wt.%), aqueous phase yields between 2.21 and 2.80 (wt.%), solid phase yields (coke) between 1.30 and 8.60 (wt.%), and gas yields from 11.61 to 34.22 (wt.%). The yields of OLP increases with catalyst content while those of aqueous, gaseous and solid phase decreases. For all experiments, the density, kinematic viscosity, and acid value of OLP decreases with reaction time. The GC-MS of liquid reaction products identified the presence of hydrocarbons and oxygenates. In addition, the hydrocarbon content in OLP increases with reaction time, while those of oxygenates decrease, reaching concentrations of hydrocarbons up to 95.35% (area.). The best results for the physicochemical properties and the maximum hydrocarbon content in OLP were obtained at 450 °C and 1.0 atmosphere, using a catalyst fixed bed reactor, with 5.0% (wt.) red mud pellets activated with 1.0 M HCl as catalyst. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biodiesel for Application in Diesel Engines)
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16 pages, 2708 KiB  
Article
Determination of the Optimum Blend Ratio of Diesel, Waste Oil Derived Biodiesel and 1-Pentanol Using the Response Surface Method
by Nadir Yilmaz, Alpaslan Atmanli, Matthew J. Hall and Francisco M. Vigil
Energies 2022, 15(14), 5144; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15145144 - 15 Jul 2022
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 1911
Abstract
Higher alcohols can be included as a third component in biodiesel-diesel mixtures to improve fuel properties and reduce emissions. Determining the optimum concentrations of these fuels according to the purpose of engine use is important both environmentally and economically. In this study, eight [...] Read more.
Higher alcohols can be included as a third component in biodiesel-diesel mixtures to improve fuel properties and reduce emissions. Determining the optimum concentrations of these fuels according to the purpose of engine use is important both environmentally and economically. In this study, eight different concentrations of diesel (D), waste oil derived biodiesel (WOB), and 1-pentanol (P) ternary mixtures were determined by the design of experimental method (DOE). In order to determine the engine performance and exhaust emission parameters of these fuels, they were tested on a diesel engine with a constant load of 6 kW and a constant engine speed of 1800 rpm. Using the test results obtained, a full quadratic mathematical model with a 95% confidence level was created using the Response Surface Method (RSM) to predict five different output parameters (BSFC, BTE, CO, HC, and NOx) according to the fuel mixture ratios. The R2 accuracy values of the outputs were found at the reliability level. According to the criteria that BTE will be maximum and BSFC, CO, HC, and NOx emissions will be minimum, the optimization determined that the fuel mixture 79.09% D-8.33% WOB-12.58% P concentration (DWOBPopt) will produce the desired result. A low prediction error was obtained with the confirmation test. As a result, it is concluded that the optimized fuel can be an alternative to the commonly accepted B7 blend and can be used safely in diesel engines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biodiesel for Application in Diesel Engines)
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14 pages, 2777 KiB  
Article
Assessment of the Impact of the Addition of Biomethanol to Diesel Fuel on the Coking Process of Diesel Engine Injectors
by Piotr Orliński, Piotr Laskowski, Magdalena Zimakowska-Laskowska and Paweł Mazuruk
Energies 2022, 15(3), 688; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15030688 - 18 Jan 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1506
Abstract
The paper presents unique research results on the effect of coking of diesel engine injector nozzles powered by mixtures of 10%, 20% and 30% biomethanol and diesel fuel compared to the engine being supplied with pure diesel fuel. The test results, obtained from [...] Read more.
The paper presents unique research results on the effect of coking of diesel engine injector nozzles powered by mixtures of 10%, 20% and 30% biomethanol and diesel fuel compared to the engine being supplied with pure diesel fuel. The test results, obtained from an experiment conducted in accordance with the ISO 15550-1 standard, show the legitimacy of using biomethanol as an additive to diesel fuel due to the lower coking effect of the injector nozzles, which has a positive impact on the reduction of pollutant emissions during engine operation. Regarding the CEC PF-023 test, the tendency to reduce the coking tendency increases the percentage of biomethanol additive to diesel fuel. With a 10% share of biomethnol, the average coking effect of the injectors is over 1% lower, but with a share of 30% of bio-methanol, the coking effect is nearly 2% lower. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biodiesel for Application in Diesel Engines)
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