Research

18 pages, 8596 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modelling and Design of a Coils Structure for 100 kW Three-Phase Inductive Power Transfer System

by Jacopo Colussi, Roberto Re and Paolo Guglielmi

Energies 2022, 15(14), 5079; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15145079 - 12 Jul 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1453

This paper presents the modeling, the design and verification of a three-phase coil structure for high-power Wireless-Power-Transfer (WPT) in automotive applications. The system, a Three-Polar-Pad (TPP), with complex mechanical geometry, is analytically modeled with an equivalent simplified structure. Thanks to this simplification, a [...] Read more.

This paper presents the modeling, the design and verification of a three-phase coil structure for high-power Wireless-Power-Transfer (WPT) in automotive applications. The system, a Three-Polar-Pad (TPP), with complex mechanical geometry, is analytically modeled with an equivalent simplified structure. Thanks to this simplification, a numerical design is performed to minimize cross-coupling effects among different phases of the same side (receiver or transmitter) maximizing the linkage flux receiver-to-transmitter and then the power transferred. The analytical model is then verified in a Finite-Element-Analysis (FEA) environment. A final design, comprehensive of the shielding, is proposed matching the preliminary design constraints. Hence, the preliminary model is verified by testing a prototype using a three-phase Silicon Carbide (SiC) inverter at the transmitter side. The capability of the system is demonstrated by transferring 100 kW with more than 94% DC-to-DC efficiency over a 50 mm air gap in perfectly aligned conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Charging Networks)

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32 pages, 5744 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Method for Planning, Optimizing, and Regulating EV Charging Infrastructure

by Amor Chowdhury, Saša Klampfer, Klemen Sredenšek, Sebastijan Seme, Miralem Hadžiselimović and Bojan Štumberger

Energies 2022, 15(13), 4756; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15134756 - 28 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1450

Abstract

The paper presents and solves the problems of modeling and designing the required EV charging service capacity for systems with a slow dynamic component. This includes possible bursts within a peak hour interval. A simulation tool with a newly implemented capacity planning method [...] Read more.

The paper presents and solves the problems of modeling and designing the required EV charging service capacity for systems with a slow dynamic component. This includes possible bursts within a peak hour interval. A simulation tool with a newly implemented capacity planning method has been developed and implemented for these needs. The method can be used for different system simulations and simultaneously for systems with high, medium, and low service dynamics. The proposed method is based on a normal distribution, a primary mechanism that describes events within a daily interval (24 h) or a peak hour interval (rush hour). The goal of the presented approach, including the proposed method, is to increase the level and quality of the EV charging service system. The near-optimal solution with the presented method can be found manually by changing the service capacity parameter concerning the criterion function. Manual settings limit the number of rejected events, the time spent in the queue, and other service system performance parameters. In addition to manual search for near-optimal solutions, the method also provides automatic search by using the automation procedure of simulation runs and increasing/decreasing the service capacity parameter by a specifically calculated amount. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Charging Networks)

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24 pages, 10925 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Designing Dynamic Inductive Charging Infrastructures for Airport Aprons with Multiple Vehicle Types

by Justine Broihan, Inka Nozinski, Niklas Pöch and Stefan Helber

Energies 2022, 15(11), 4085; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15114085 - 01 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1831

Abstract

In the effort to combat climate change, the CO₂ emissions of the aviation sector must be reduced. The traffic caused by numerous types of ground vehicles on airport aprons currently contributes to those emissions as the vehicles typically operate with combustion engines, [...] Read more.

In the effort to combat climate change, the CO₂ emissions of the aviation sector must be reduced. The traffic caused by numerous types of ground vehicles on airport aprons currently contributes to those emissions as the vehicles typically operate with combustion engines, which is why an electrification of those vehicles has already begun. While stationary conductive charging of the vehicles is the current standard technology, dynamic wireless charging might be an attractive technological alternative, in particular for airport aprons; however, designing a charging network for an airport apron is a challenging task with important technical and economic aspects. In this paper, we propose a model to characterize the problem, especially for cases of multiple types of vehicles sharing the same charging network, such as passenger buses and baggage vehicles. In a numerical study inspired by real-world airports, we design such charging networks subject to service level constraints and evaluate the resulting structures via a discrete-event simulation, and thus, show the way to assess the margin of safety with respect to the vehicle batteries’ state of charge that is induced by the spatial structure of the charging network. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Charging Networks)

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19 pages, 3982 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy-Environmental Planning of Electric Vehicles (EVs): A Case Study of the National Energy System of Pakistan

by Anam Nadeem, Mosè Rossi, Erica Corradi, Lingkang Jin, Gabriele Comodi and Nadeem Ahmed Sheikh

Energies 2022, 15(9), 3054; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15093054 - 21 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2426

Abstract

Energy-environmental planning for road transportation involves a vast investigation of vehicles’ technologies and electricity production. However, in developing countries where the public transportation sector is growing quickly, energy-environmental planning is urgently needed. This paper evaluates the future electricity demand, as well as fuel [...] Read more.

Energy-environmental planning for road transportation involves a vast investigation of vehicles’ technologies and electricity production. However, in developing countries where the public transportation sector is growing quickly, energy-environmental planning is urgently needed. This paper evaluates the future electricity demand, as well as fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions reduction, due to the operation of an expected increasing number of electric vehicles (EVs) in Pakistan. The planning of EVs up to 2040 is performed with the ePop simulator that calculates the future EVs’ electricity demand, while EnergyPLAN^® assesses the expected new power capacities. Two scenarios are investigated by penetrating 30% and 90% of 2/3 electric wheelers and cars by 2030 and 2040 compared to 2020, respectively. To fulfill the expected energy demand, PV in the daytime and the national electric grid at nighttime are here considered. Finally, a 9 GW of PV capacity is needed to satisfy the EVs’ electricity demand of 14.7 TWh/year, and a 0.7 GW power plants capacity is needed to fulfill 4.7 TWh/year by 2040. Consequently, EVs’ charging scenarios at daytime and nighttime are assessed. Results indicated a total reduction of 10.4 Mtonnes of CO₂ emissions and 9.1 Mtoe of fuel consumption by 2040 in the transportation sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Charging Networks)

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19 pages, 35206 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Charging Electric Vehicles under Different State of Charge Levels and Extreme Conditions

by Claude Ziad El-Bayeh, Mohamed Zellagui, Brahim Brahmi, Walid Alqaisi and Ursula Eicker

Energies 2021, 14(20), 6589; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206589 - 13 Oct 2021

Viewed by 1770

Abstract

High penetration levels of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) could cause stress on the network and might violate the limits and constraints under extreme conditions, such as exceeding power and voltage limits on transformers and power lines. This paper defines extreme conditions as the [...] Read more.

High penetration levels of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) could cause stress on the network and might violate the limits and constraints under extreme conditions, such as exceeding power and voltage limits on transformers and power lines. This paper defines extreme conditions as the state of a load or network that breaks the limits of the constraints in an optimization model. Once these constraints are violated, the optimization algorithm might not work correctly and might not converge to a feasible solution, especially when the complexity of the system increases and includes nonlinearities. Hence, the algorithm may not help in mitigating the impact of penetrating PEVs under extreme conditions. To solve this problem, an original algorithm is suggested that is able to adapt the constraints’ limits according to the energy demand and the energy needed to charge the PEVs. Different case scenarios are studied for validation purposes, such as charging PEVs under different state of charge levels, different energy demands at home, and different pricing mechanisms. Results show that our original algorithm improved the profiles of the voltage and power under extreme conditions. Hence, the algorithm is able to improve the integration of a high number of PEVs on the distribution system under extreme conditions while preserving its stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Charging Networks)

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15 pages, 4439 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrical Infrastructure Design Methodology of Dynamic and Static Charging for Heavy and Light Duty Electric Vehicles

by Alberto Danese, Michele Garau, Andreas Sumper and Bendik Nybakk Torsæter

Energies 2021, 14(12), 3362; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14123362 - 08 Jun 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3129

Abstract

Full electrification of the transport sector is a necessity to combat climate change and a pressing societal issue: climate agreements require a fuel shift of all the modes of transport, but while uptake of passenger electric vehicles is increasing, long haul trucks rely [...] Read more.

Full electrification of the transport sector is a necessity to combat climate change and a pressing societal issue: climate agreements require a fuel shift of all the modes of transport, but while uptake of passenger electric vehicles is increasing, long haul trucks rely almost completely on fossil fuels. Providing highways with proper charging infrastructure for future electric mobility demand is a problem that is not fully investigated in literature: in fact, previous work has not addressed grid planning and infrastructure design for both passenger vehicles and trucks on highways. In this work, the authors develop a methodology to design the electrical infrastructure that supplies static and dynamic charging for both modes of transport. An algorithm is developed that selects substations for the partial electrification of a highway and, finally, the design of the electrical infrastructure to be implemented is produced and described, assessing conductors and substations sizing, in order to respect voltage regulations. The system topology of a real highway (E18 in Norway) and its traffic demand is analyzed, together with medium-voltage substations present in the area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Charging Networks)

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16 pages, 3666 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Forecasting Charging Demand of Electric Vehicles Using Time-Series Models

by Yunsun Kim and Sahm Kim

Energies 2021, 14(5), 1487; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14051487 - 09 Mar 2021

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 6090

Abstract

This study compared the methods used to forecast increases in power consumption caused by the rising popularity of electric vehicles (EVs). An excellent model for each region was proposed using multiple scaled geographical datasets over two years. EV charging volumes are influenced by [...] Read more.

This study compared the methods used to forecast increases in power consumption caused by the rising popularity of electric vehicles (EVs). An excellent model for each region was proposed using multiple scaled geographical datasets over two years. EV charging volumes are influenced by various factors, including the condition of a vehicle, the battery’s state-of-charge (SOC), and the distance to the destination. However, power suppliers cannot easily access this information due to privacy issues. Despite a lack of individual information, this study compared various modeling techniques, including trigonometric exponential smoothing state space (i.e., Trigonometric, Box–Cox, Auto-Regressive-Moving-Average (ARMA), Trend, and Seasonality (TBATS)), autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), artificial neural networks (ANN), and long short-term memory (LSTM) modeling, based on past values and exogenous variables. The effect of exogenous variables was evaluated in macro- and micro-scale geographical areas, and the importance of historic data was verified. The basic statistics regarding the number of charging stations and the volume of charging in each region are expected to aid the formulation of a method that can be used by power suppliers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Charging Networks)

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10 pages, 37237 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Solar-Powered Charging Networks for Electric Vehicles

by Larry Erickson and Stephanie Ma

Energies 2021, 14(4), 966; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14040966 - 12 Feb 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2692

Abstract

The cost of solar-generated electricity and battery costs have been decreasing significantly. These developments can be combined to introduce solar-powered charging networks with demand management prices (DMP) to enable electric vehicle (EV) customers to help utilities to manage renewable energy. As solar-generated electricity [...] Read more.

The cost of solar-generated electricity and battery costs have been decreasing significantly. These developments can be combined to introduce solar-powered charging networks with demand management prices (DMP) to enable electric vehicle (EV) customers to help utilities to manage renewable energy. As solar-generated electricity becomes the cheapest source of power, the need to increase demand for electricity during the day can be met by charging EVs at an attractive DMP in parking lots with solar panels and charging stations that are connected to the electrical grid. The demand for electricity can be managed and controlled by the utility with the goal of increasing demand for power as needed so that all electricity that is generated can be sold. The proposal is to introduce a new DMP rate that is only implemented when the utility wants to increase demand and sell power at this low rate in order to make full use of the supply. As utilities strive to reach 100% renewable electrical power to serve a society transported by EVs, cooperative plans to make good use of batteries in EVs for managing the electrical grid will become more important. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Charging Networks)

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