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Progress and Novel Applications of Fluidized Bed Technology

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "J: Thermal Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2021) | Viewed by 24937

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Artur Blaszczuk

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Guest Editor

Department of Advanced Energy Technologies, Czestochowa University of Technology, Dabrowskiego 71, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
Interests: heat transfer in fluidized bed; heat exchangers; bed hydrodynamics; fluidization regimes; population mass balance; CFB boilers; fuzzy logic
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Rafał Kobyłecki

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Co-Guest Editor

1. Department of Advanced Energy Technologies, Czestochowa University of Technology, Dabrowskiego 71, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
2. International Energy Agency – Fluidized Bed Conversion (Executive Committee Alternative Member in Poland), Paris, France
Interests: environmentally friendly energy conversion technologies; hydrodynamics and heat transfer in fluidized bed systems; construction; operation and optimization of CFB boilers; fluidized bed combustion and thermal treatment of solid fuels
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Franz Winter

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Co-Guest Editor

TU Wien, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Getreidemarkt 9/166, 1060 Vienna, Austria
Interests: energy technology (combustion, reforming, gasification, pyrolysis, CO₂ capture, energy storage); refinery technology (fluid catalytic cracking); environmental technology (urban mining, recycling, ash, phosphorous, NO_x, SO₂, HCl, other emissions); chemical processing and catalysts
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Prof. Dr. Hairui Yang

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Co-Guest Editor

Department Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100000, China
Interests: energy; heat transfer; circulating fluidized bed coal combustion technology; gas–solid fluidization; pollution control
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Special Issue of Energies “Progress and Novel Applications of Fluidized Bed Technology” is intended to serve as a publishing platform for scientific and technological approaches. The publication aims to invite researchers and engineers from the academia and industry to publish their latest achievements associated with fluidized bed systems and their applications as well as to discuss the current challenges faced, and to explore future and promising directions of further investigations. A fairly wide scope of research papers is planned that may cover experimental as well as numerical investigations and practical experiences associated with advances in fluidized bed systems and their implementation in various areas, e.g., power engineering, chemical engineering, metallurgy, or advanced material engineering. The manuscripts published in the abovementioned Special Issue may deal with comprehensive overviews of the recent studies as well as content, new data, and know-how toward bridging the knowledge gap in heat transfer, hydrodynamics, energy conversion, pollution control, and operation of the fluidized bed-based systems at various scales.

Prof. Dr. Artur Blaszczuk
Prof. Dr. Rafał Kobyłecki
Prof. Dr. Franz Winter
Prof. Dr. Hairui Yang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

heat and mass transfer
fluid dynamics of gas–solid flow
heat exchangers
fluid bed dryers
modeling and simulation
looping processes and technologies
combustion, pyrolysis, and gasification
harmful matter emissions and environmental issues
CFB boilers and industrial experience
sophisticated applications

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 3700 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of the Solid Circulation Rate in Circulating Fluidized Bed System Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Algorithm

by Aamer Bilal Asghar, Saad Farooq, Muhammad Shahzad Khurram, Mujtaba Hussain Jaffery and Krzysztof Ejsmont

Energies 2022, 15(1), 211; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15010211 - 29 Dec 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1317

Abstract

Circulating Fluidized Bed gasifiers are widely used in industry to convert solid fuel into liquid fuel. The Artificial Neural Network and neuro-fuzzy algorithm have immense potential to improve the efficiency of the gasifier. The main focus of this article is to implement the Artificial Neural Network and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System modeling approach to estimate solid circulation rate at high pressure in the Circulating Fluidized Bed gasifier. The experimental data is obtained on a laboratory scale prototype in the Chemical Engineering laboratory at COMSATS University Islamabad. The Artificial Neural Network and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System use four input features—pressure, single mean diameter, total valve opening and riser dp—and one output feature mass flow rate with multiple neurons in the hidden layers to estimate the flow of solid particles in the riser. Both Artificial Neural Network and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System model worked on 217 data samples and output results are compared based on their Mean Square Error, Regression analysis, Mean Absolute Error and Mean Absolute Percentage Error. The experimental results show the effectiveness of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (Mean Square Error is 0.0519 and Regression analysis

R^{2} = 1.0000

), as it outperformed Artificial Neural Network in terms of accuracy (Mean Square Error is 1.0677 and Regression analysis

R^{2} = 0.9806

). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress and Novel Applications of Fluidized Bed Technology)

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15 pages, 4166 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Field Test of Superheater Pipes Vibration Caused by Sound Energy in the 235 MW_e Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler

by Paweł Mirek

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7678; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14227678 - 16 Nov 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1494

Abstract

This paper presents the results of measurements of vibrations of the pipes of the steam superheater installed in the convection pass of the 235 MW_e Circulating Fluidized Bed boiler (CFB) induced using sonic soot blowers of the Nirafon NI-100 type. The measurements were made using two ICP Triaxial 356A16 accelerometers allowing the analysis of accelerations in the maximum range of ±490 m/s². Simultaneously with vibration measurements, the sound pressure level was recorded using the G.R.A.S. 40BH high-pressure microphone. The measurements and spectral analysis of the recorded signals showed that the acoustic wave of 148 dB is safe for the steam superheater pipes causing vibrations of maximum amplitude not exceeding 1 mm. The field tests confirmed the supposition that the dominant mechanism for cleaning the surfaces of the superheater’s heating pipes are not pipe vibrations, but the breakage of cohesion forces between dust particles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress and Novel Applications of Fluidized Bed Technology)

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25 pages, 5386 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Gas-Solid Flow in a Fluidized-Particle Tubular Solar Receiver: Off-Sun Experimental Flow Regimes Characterization

by Ronny Gueguen, Guillaume Sahuquet, Samuel Mer, Adrien Toutant, Françoise Bataille and Gilles Flamant

Energies 2021, 14(21), 7392; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14217392 - 05 Nov 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1619

Abstract

The fluidized particle-in-tube solar receiver concept is promoted as an attractive solution for heating particles at high temperature in the context of the next generation of solar power tower. Similar to most existing central solar receivers, the irradiated part of the system, the absorber, is composed of tubes in which circulate the fluidized particles. In this concept, the bottom tip of the tubes is immersed in a fluidized bed generated in a vessel named the dispenser. A secondary air injection, called aeration, is added at the bottom of the tube to stabilize the flow. Contrary to risers, the particle mass flow rate is controlled by a combination of the overpressure in the dispenser and the aeration air velocity in the tube. This is an originality of the system that justifies a specific study of the fluidization regimes in a wide range of operating parameters. Moreover, due to the high value of the aspect ratio, the particle flow structure varies along the tube. Experiments were conducted with Geldart Group A particles at ambient temperature with a 0.045 m internal diameter and 3 m long tube. Various temporal pressure signal processing methods, applied in the case of classical risers, are applied. Over a short acquisition time, a cross-reference of the results is necessary to identify and characterize the fluidization regimes. Bubbling, slugging, turbulent and fast fluidization regimes are encountered and the two operation modes, without and with particle circulation, are compared. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress and Novel Applications of Fluidized Bed Technology)

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18 pages, 6001 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Fast and Improved Tunable Aggregation Model for Stochastic Simulation of Spray Fluidized Bed Agglomeration

by Abhinandan Kumar Singh and Evangelos Tsotsas

Energies 2021, 14(21), 7221; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14217221 - 02 Nov 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2651

Abstract

Agglomeration in spray fluidized bed (SFB) is a particle growth process that improves powder properties in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. In order to analyze the underlying mechanisms behind the generation of SFB agglomerates, modeling of the growth process is essential. Morphology plays an imperative role in understanding product behavior. In the present work, the sequential tunable algorithm developed in previous studies to generate monodisperse SFB agglomerates is improved and extended to polydisperse primary particles. The improved algorithm can completely retain the given input fractal properties (fractal dimension and prefactor) for polydisperse agglomerates (with normally distributed radii of primary particles having a standard deviation of 10% from the mean value). Other morphological properties strongly agreed with the experimental SFB agglomerates. Furthermore, this tunable aggregation model is integrated into the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. The kinetics of the overall agglomeration at various operating conditions, like binder concentration and inlet fluidized gas temperature, are investigated. The present model accurately predicts the morphological descriptors of SFB agglomerates and the overall kinetics under various operating parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress and Novel Applications of Fluidized Bed Technology)

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22 pages, 3156 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Connection Resistance between Cyclones and Backpass on Furnace Solids Suspension Density Profile and Circulation Rates in CFB

by Guanwen Luo, Leming Cheng, Liyao Li, Junfeng Wang, Xiaoguo Jiang and Weiguo Zhang

Energies 2021, 14(19), 6162; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14196162 - 27 Sep 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1332

Abstract

The connection section between cyclones and backpass is an important configuration in multi-cyclone circulating fluidized bed boilers (CFB). In this work, the resistance coefficient of different connection modes, and connection resistance distribution from each cyclone outlet to backpass (connection branch) in one mode are defined and calculated, in order to investigate their effects on furnace solids suspension density distribution and circulation rates. Three connection modes with different overall resistance coefficients were tested experimentally and analyzed by a 1.5-dimensional model in a four-cyclone scaling CFB apparatus. Both experimental and theoretical results show that, with larger overall resistance of a connection, there are more solids suspended in the furnace bottom and fewer in the top section. The investigation of the C-type connection has revealed that when the branch resistance of the connection decreases from branch No. 1–4, the solids suspension density and circulation rate from corresponding solids recycle loops (No. 1–4) increase. Moreover, the non-uniformity of connection branch resistance distribution will lead to uneven lateral solids suspension density distribution and circulation rates allocation. This effect is enhanced by growing superficial velocity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress and Novel Applications of Fluidized Bed Technology)

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15 pages, 3273 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Saturation Carrying Capacity for Group A Particles in a Circulating Fluidized Bed

by Ronald W. Breault and Justin Weber

Energies 2021, 14(10), 2809; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14102809 - 13 May 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1236

Abstract

Empirical models continue to play a significant role in the design process of multiphase chemical reactors, particularly riser reactors in circulating fluidized bed (CFB) processes. It is imperative that accurate, industrial relevant correlations are developed to aid these design efforts. Using poor correlations could result in startup issues and significant redesign work. In this work, a new correlation is proposed to predict the saturation carrying capacity of Geldart Group A particles. This new correlation improves upon the currently available correlations for these materials and covers a broad range of Geldart Group A particles (particle diameters from 52 to 70 µm, and Archimedes numbers ranging from 5 to 20), superficial gas velocities (1 to 4 m/s), and riser diameters (0.066 to 0.3048 m). The new correlation has an Absolute Average Percent Deviation of only 17.6%, making it the most accurate correlation for Geldart Group A particles in the current literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress and Novel Applications of Fluidized Bed Technology)

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24 pages, 9601 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation of Fluidized Bed Gasifier Coupled with Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Fed with Solid Carbon

by Dongxu Zhang, Ting Min, Ming Jiang, Yaxiong Yu and Qiang Zhou

Energies 2021, 14(10), 2800; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14102800 - 13 May 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1561

Abstract

A model of a fluidized bed coupled with direct carbon solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is developed to explore the effect of coupling between fluidized bed and solid oxide fuel cell. Three gas–solid flow regimes are involved including fixed bed, delayed bubbling bed and bubbling bed. The anode reaction of SOFC is treated as the coupling processes of Boudouard gasification of carbon and electrochemical oxidation of CO. The effects of inlet velocity of the fluidizing agent CO₂, carbon activity, channel width and coupling extent on the system performance are investigated. The results show that the inlet velocity of CO₂ can promote the gasification rate in the anode, but too high velocities may lower CO molar fraction. The gasification rate generally increases with the increase of the channel width and carbon activity. The overlapping area between the anode surface and the initial carbon bed, gas–solid regime and carbon activity have a significant influence on the gasification rate and the maximum current density the system can support. Overall, the mass transport in the anode is dramatically enhanced by the expansion of the carbon bed, back-mixing, solid mixing and gas mixing, especially for the delayed bubbling bed and bubbling bed. This indicates that the adopted coupling method is feasible to improve the anode performance of direct carbon solid oxide fuel cell. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress and Novel Applications of Fluidized Bed Technology)

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15 pages, 5378 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Treatment of Flue Gas in a CO₂ Capture Pilot Plant for a Commercial CFB Boiler

by Izabela Majchrzak-Kucęba, Dariusz Wawrzyńczak, Janusz Zdeb, Wojciech Smółka and Artur Zajchowski

Energies 2021, 14(9), 2458; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14092458 - 26 Apr 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2973

Abstract

The problem of reducing carbon dioxide emissions from flue gas, particularly from flue gas originating from coal-firing CFB systems, is currently an important challenge. Many centers around the world have tested post-combustion CO₂ capture systems. One of these systems, operated using DR-VPSA adsorption technology (dual-reflux vacuum pressure swing adsorption), was tested under the Strategic Project in Poland. The flue gas in this study originated from a supercritical CFB boiler (460 MWe). An important problem involved in capturing CO₂ from flue gas is the occurrence of SO₂ and NO_x. These substances have a negative effect on the CO₂ adsorption process. In this study, commercial impregnated activated carbon was used to remove SO₂ and NOx from CFB flue gas in the pre-treatment section during the tests of a pilot CO₂ capture unit in a large-scale CFB boiler at the Lagisza Power Plant (Poland). The spent activated carbon was analyzed using several different methods (N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms, SEM-EDX, XRD, FTIR, and TG) to evaluate the efficiency of the operation and life span of the adsorbent used in the SO₂ and NO_x removal unit. The results demonstrate that using commercial impregnated activated carbon in the pre-treatment section ensures sufficient flue gas purification and the removal of sulfur oxides but remains insufficient for nitrogen oxides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress and Novel Applications of Fluidized Bed Technology)

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22 pages, 3838 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High Efficiency of the Removal Process of Pb(II) and Cu(II) Ions with the Use of Fly Ash from Incineration of Sunflower and Wood Waste Using the CFBC Technology

by Tomasz Kalak, Ryszard Cierpiszewski and Małgorzata Ulewicz

Energies 2021, 14(6), 1771; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14061771 - 23 Mar 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2197

Abstract

In these research studies, fly ash (SW-FA) resulting from the incineration of sunflower (20%) and wood (80%) waste employing the circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) technology was used to analyze the possibility of removing Pb(II) and Cu(II) ions in adsorption processes. Currently, great emphasis is placed on circular economy, zero waste or climate neutrality strategies. The use of low-cost SW-FA waste seems to fit well with pro-ecological, economic and energy-saving trends. Hence, this material was characterized by various techniques, such as granulation analysis, bulk density, SEM-EDX, XRD and XRF analysis, BET, BJH, thermogravimetry, zeta potential, SEM morphology and FT-IR spectrometry. As a result of the conducted research, the factors influencing the effectiveness of the adsorption process, such as adsorbent dosage, initial and equilibrium pH, initial metal concentration and contact time, were analyzed. The maximum removal efficiency were achieved at the level of 99.8% for Pb(II) and 99.6% for Cu(II), respectively. The kinetics analysis and isotherms showed that the pseudo-second-order equation and the Freundlich isotherm models better describe these processes. The experiments proved that SW-FA can act as an appropriate adsorbent for highly effective removal of lead and copper from wastewater and improvement of water quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress and Novel Applications of Fluidized Bed Technology)

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15 pages, 3015 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Experimental Study on the Characteristics of NO_x Distributions at the SNCR Inlets of a Large-Scale CFB Boiler

by Jin Yan, Xiaofeng Lu, Changfei Zhang, Qianjun Li, Jinping Wang, Shirong Liu, Xiong Zheng and Xuchen Fan

Energies 2021, 14(5), 1267; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14051267 - 25 Feb 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 1698

Abstract

The unknown NO_x distributions inside large-scale CFB (circulating fluidized bed) boilers have always hindered the economy of the SNCR (selective non-catalytic reduction) process. In this study, field tests were carried out on a typical 300 MW CFB boiler, where multi-level 316 L-made probe and Ecom-J2KN/Testo 350 analyzers were used to perform detailed two-dimensional distributions of flue gas composition at SNCR inlets for the first time. The penetration depth inside the horizontal flue pass was up to 7 m. The NO_x distributions were analyzed in detail combining with the auxiliary test in the dilute phase zone. Key results show that the average O₂ concentrations in #A and #C regions were 6.52% and 0.95%, respectively. The vertical NO_x distributions of #A and #C SNCR inlets were similar, showing a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with peak value all appeared at 5 m depth, while the NO_x distribution of #B SNCR inlet was basically increasing. Some local areas with extremely high NO_x concentration (over 2000 mg/m³) were observed near the inclined edge of SNCR inlets, which has never been reported before. Based on this, the optimization of urea injections was conducted, which could save 15.7% of the urea solution consumption while ensuring ultra-low emission of NO_x. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress and Novel Applications of Fluidized Bed Technology)

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17 pages, 3321 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parametric Study on the Adjustability of the Syngas Composition by Sorption-Enhanced Gasification in a Dual-Fluidized Bed Pilot Plant

by Selina Hafner, Max Schmid and Günter Scheffknecht

Energies 2021, 14(2), 399; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14020399 - 12 Jan 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2642

Abstract

Finding a way for mitigating climate change is one of the main challenges of our generation. Sorption-enhanced gasification (SEG) is a process by which syngas as an important intermediate for the synthesis of e.g., dimethyl ether (DME), bio-synthetic natural gas (SNG) and Fischer–Tropsch (FT) products or hydrogen can be produced by using biomass as feedstock. It can, therefore, contribute to a replacement for fossil fuels to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. SEG is an indirect gasification process that is operated in a dual-fluidized bed (DFB) reactor. By the use of a CO₂-active sorbent as bed material, CO₂ that is produced during gasification is directly captured. The resulting enhancement of the water–gas shift reaction enables the production of a syngas with high hydrogen content and adjustable H₂/CO/CO₂-ratio. Tests were conducted in a 200 kW DFB pilot-scale facility under industrially relevant conditions to analyze the influence of gasification temperature, steam to carbon (S/C) ratio and weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) on the syngas production, using wood pellets as feedstock and limestone as bed material. Results revealed a strong dependency of the syngas composition on the gasification temperature in terms of permanent gases, light hydrocarbons and tars. Also, S/C ratio and WHSV are parameters that can contribute to adjusting the syngas properties in such a way that it is optimized for a specific downstream synthesis process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress and Novel Applications of Fluidized Bed Technology)

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Review

Jump to: Research

15 pages, 7479 KiB

Open AccessReview

Measuring Technologies for CFB Solid Circulation Rate: A Review and Future Perspectives

by Xiandong Liu, Man Zhang, Shuangming Zhang, Yi Ding, Zhong Huang, Tuo Zhou, Hairui Yang and Guangxi Yue

Energies 2022, 15(2), 417; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15020417 - 06 Jan 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1758

Abstract

Solid circulation rate (G_s) represents the mass flux of circulating particles in circulating fluidized bed (CFB) systems and is a significant parameter for the design and operation of CFB reactors. Many measuring technologies for G_s have been proposed, though few of them can be applied in industrial units. This paper presents a comprehensive study on measuring technologies, and the results indicate that though the accumulation method is most widely applied, it is constrained by the disturbance of normal particle circulation. Some publications have proposed mathematic models based on pressure drop or other parameters to establish G_s measurement models; these necessitate the accurate modeling of complicated gas-solid flows in industrial devices. Methods based on certain measurement devices to specify parameters like velocity require device endurance in the industrial operation environment and stable local gas-solid flow. The G_s measuring technologies are strongly influenced by local gas-solid flow states, and the packed bed flow in standpipes make the bottom of standpipes an ideal place to realize G_s measurement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress and Novel Applications of Fluidized Bed Technology)

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