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Interactions of Electric Grids, Wind and Photovoltaic Power Generation, Energy Storage and Power Generation Forecasting

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F1: Electrical Power System".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 October 2022) | Viewed by 19400

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Alfeu J. Sguarezi Filho

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Guest Editor

Center for Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, Brazil
Interests: power electronics applications, machine drives, power system dynamics; renewable power generation; microgrid operation and control; smart grids
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Lasantha Meegahapola

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Guest Editor

School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
Interests: power system stability with wind integration to power systems; power plant modelling and simulation; microgrid stability and control
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Guest Editor is inviting submissions to a Special Issue of Energies entitled Interactions between Electric Grids, Wind and Photovoltaic Power Generation, Energy Storage and Power Generation Forecasting.

Modern power systems exhibit increased performance while CO₂ emitions are reduced by using renewable energy sources such as wind, photovoltaic, and storage systems. In this context, the interactions between electric grids, frequency regulations in micro grids, and control techniques for power and energy systems connected to the grid have become interesting topics for power and energy researchers.

This Special Issue will deal with novel optimization and control techniques for power and energy systems. Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to:

Predictive control application models;
Energy storage systems in power systems;
Microgrid operation control and stability;
Intelligent approaches to power systems;
Frequency regulation in microgrids;
Power electronics control methods;
Power electronics applications for wind, photovoltaics, and storage.

Prof. Dr. Alfeu J. Sguarezi Filho
Dr. Lasantha Meegahapola
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

power systems
renewable energy
power electronics
storage systems
control methods

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Power Management and Power Quality System Applied in a Single-Phase Nanogrid

by Fernando Marcos de Oliveira, Augusto Cesar Santos Mariano, Fabiano Salvadori and Oswaldo Hideo Ando Junior

Energies 2022, 15(19), 7121; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15197121 - 28 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1123

Abstract

This work aims to present an electrical power management system, between a photovoltaic generation system and a battery energy storage system, by using a low-power dual-stage microinverter connected to the electrical distribution network, configuring a nanogrid. The presented system is capable of performing the active power injection of the photovoltaic arrangement, increasing the availability of electrical energy through a maximum power point tracking algorithm. The system is also able to manage the processes of the charge and discharge of the battery system, where the energy storage system will serve as grid support when renewable power is not available. Furthermore, to ensure the quality of electric energy the proposed microinverter also has the characteristic of parallel active filter for suppression of harmonic currents and reactive compensation of local load current, ensuring the quality of electric energy. As a result, this work presents the system topology, modeling and control of electronic converters, the management strategy with its modes of operation and the results of numerical validation of the proposed system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interactions of Electric Grids, Wind and Photovoltaic Power Generation, Energy Storage and Power Generation Forecasting)

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25 pages, 11171 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Impact on Turbine Shafts Torsional Behavior for Integration of Two Types of Wind Farm into a Series-Compensated Transmission System

by Chi Hsiang Lin

Energies 2022, 15(18), 6796; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15186796 - 16 Sep 2022

Viewed by 1057

Abstract

Deep decarbonization is the goal of modern power systems, so it is inevitable that large-scale wind farms will be integrated into systems. This also gives rise to many problems, which have been studied in detail in the literature. However, these studies basically have two deficiencies. One is to assume that traditional generator units are fully loaded, and the other is not to compare the differences in the impact of different types of wind farm. This paper discusses these two points in detail. Taking a series-compensated transmission system as the research object, and assuming that the wind farm only replaces part of the power of the traditional generator unit in the transition period of energy conversion, the difference between the torsional vibration behaviors of the traditional unit caused by adopting different types of wind farm is discussed. The results of the study show that the impact of integration of the type 3 wind farm is dominated by the induction generator effect of doubly fed induction generator units. The penetration rate as low as 19% could cause instability. However, the paralleled metal-oxide varistor can effectively improve the stability. For the type 4 wind farm, the dominant factor turns out to be the de-rating operations of the steam turbine generator unit. The allowable penetration rate depends on the turbine damping. When the turbine damping is sufficient, the penetration rate can be as high as 87.5%. In conclusion, in order to integrate wind farms into a series compensated transmission system, one should not only focus on the compensation factor to avoid the sub-synchronous torsional vibrations, but also pay attention to the types of wind farm as well as the penetration rate. The findings can be used as the decision-making basis for the integration of wind farms during the energy transition period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interactions of Electric Grids, Wind and Photovoltaic Power Generation, Energy Storage and Power Generation Forecasting)

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18 pages, 1823 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Sizing of Grid-Scaled Battery with Consideration of Battery Installation and System Power-Generation Costs

by Chalermjit Klansupar and Surachai Chaitusaney

Energies 2022, 15(13), 4742; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15134742 - 28 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1641

Abstract

Variable renewable energy (VRE) generation changes the shape of residual demand curves, contributing to the high operating costs of conventional generators. Moreover, the variable characteristics of VRE cause a mismatch between electricity demand and power generation, resulting in a greater expected energy not supplied (EENS) value. EENS involves an expected outage cost, which is one of the important components of power-generation costs. A utility-scale battery energy storage system (BESS) is popularly used to provide ancillary services to mitigate the VRE impact. The general BESS ancillary-service applications are as a spinning reserve, for regulation, and for ramping. A method to determine optimal sizing and the optimal daily-operation schedule of a grid-scale BESS (to compensate for the negative impacts of VRE in terms of operating costs, power-generation-reliability constraints, avoided expected-outage costs, and the installation cost of the BESS) is proposed in this paper. Moreover, the optimal BESS application at a specific time during the day can be selected. The method is based on a multiple-BESS-applications unit-commitment problem (MB-UC), which is solved by mixed-integer programming (MIP). The results show a different period for a BESS to operate at its best value in each application, and more benefits are found when operating the BESS in multiple applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interactions of Electric Grids, Wind and Photovoltaic Power Generation, Energy Storage and Power Generation Forecasting)

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20 pages, 3028 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Improved Sampled Average Modulation Technique for the Modular Multilevel Converters

by Juan Carlos Colque, Ernesto Ruppert Filho and José Luis Azcue

Energies 2022, 15(13), 4554; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15134554 - 22 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1150

Abstract

In this article the improved sampled average modulation technique is proposed, this technique has 2N + 1 levels in the output voltage waveform of MMC and it is considered as of low complexity of implementation for any number of submodules per arm. For that, characteristics such as dynamic response, implementation complexity, inverter output voltage waveform levels, and switching frequency are considered to evaluate and validate the proposed modulation technique. The proposed technique is compared with other three previously proposed techniques, its considering parameters such as the THD and the fundamental value of the output voltage, and also the peak-to-peak variation of the submodule capacitor voltage. Several simulations were performed in the Matlab/Simulink software and with these results, it was validated the proposed modulation technique, and also it is verified that the proposed technique is computationally more efficient. This last one shows its potential for multiphase multilevel applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interactions of Electric Grids, Wind and Photovoltaic Power Generation, Energy Storage and Power Generation Forecasting)

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33 pages, 3973 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Grid-Connected Power Converters: An Overview of Control Strategies for Renewable Energy

by Angelo Lunardi, Luís F. Normandia Lourenço, Enkhtsetseg Munkhchuluun, Lasantha Meegahapola and Alfeu J. Sguarezi Filho

Energies 2022, 15(11), 4151; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15114151 - 05 Jun 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3713

Abstract

The move towards a greener energy mix to fight climate change propels investments in converter-interfaced resources such as wind and photovoltaics, energy storage systems and electric vehicles. The ongoing evolution of the power system is occurring at a very fast pace, challenging transmission and distribution system operators to seek solutions that are not only adequate for this moment but also for future scenarios. Ongoing research in the fields of power electronics, power systems and control aims at developing control strategies that will help the energy transition to occur, while keeping a stable, secure and reliable power system. The objective of this paper is to present a critical review of the control strategies developed for grid-connected power converters found in renewable energy systems, energy storage systems and electric vehicles. The impact of grid-connected converters on the stability of power grids is also reviewed, highlighting the promising control strategies for enhancing system stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interactions of Electric Grids, Wind and Photovoltaic Power Generation, Energy Storage and Power Generation Forecasting)

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17 pages, 1772 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improvement of Robustness of MPC Adding Repetitive Behavior for the DFIG Current Control

by Eliomar R. Conde Duque, Angelo Lunardi, Juan S. Solís-Chaves, Tiago dos S. Paiva, Darlan A. Fernandes and Alfeu J. Sguarezi Filho

Energies 2022, 15(11), 4114; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15114114 - 03 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1334

Abstract

This paper shows an increase in the robustness of a DFIG-based wind energy system when a predictive-repetitive controller in the

d q

reference frame is used for the control of the rotor current. This designing approach proposes a model predictive control with a [...] Read more.

This paper shows an increase in the robustness of a DFIG-based wind energy system when a predictive-repetitive controller in the

d q

reference frame is used for the control of the rotor current. This designing approach proposes a model predictive control with a receding horizon technique that uses the frequency decomposition of the reference signal as a filter. Furthermore, an augmented space-state model from the original plant model is obtained, and its implementation is addressed from the perspective of normal operating conditions of DFIG in wind energy systems. Additionally, this repetitive controller increases the robustness of the predictive control when a mismatch in machine parameters is considered. Experimental results presented in this paper endorse the advantages of this controller. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interactions of Electric Grids, Wind and Photovoltaic Power Generation, Energy Storage and Power Generation Forecasting)

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20 pages, 1208 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Generalized Predictive Controller for a Wind Turbine Providing Frequency Support for a Microgrid

by Carlos E. Prieto Cerón, Luís F. Normandia Lourenço, Juan S. Solís-Chaves and Alfeu J. Sguarezi Filho

Energies 2022, 15(7), 2562; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15072562 - 01 Apr 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1532

Abstract

The power system is moving away from the centralized generation paradigm. One of the current trends is the microgrid concept, where loads, small generators and renewable energy resources (RERs) that are in close proximity are controlled as one entity. Microgrids also allow for an increase in power availability as they can continue to supply electric power to loads even in the absence of a connection to the main grid. During the transition to islanded operation, microgrids may be subject to frequency disturbances caused by the power imbalance between load and generation. When microgrids contain high shares of renewable energy, the challenge is significantly higher due to the control strategies that aim to maximize power production, which are typically applied to RERs and render them insensitive to grid changes. Therefore, new control strategies need to be developed to enable the participation of RERs in the support of the frequency response. This work proposes a predictive control strategy that is based on a generalized predictive controller (GPC) being applied to the grid side converter of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine to enable frequency support capabilities. The control objective was to track a time varying power reference signal that was generated according to the deviation from the nominal frequency, thereby enabling the energy storage device to inject power into the microgrid without a communication system. The GPC is a controller belonging to the family of model predictive controllers (MPCs), the main principles of which are the use of a system model to predict future states and the choice of an optimal input to ensure that the reference values are followed. To validate the proposed control strategy, a microgrid was simulated in MATLAB Simscape Electrical. The frequency response using the proposed GPC strategy was compared to another MPC-based strategy, known as finite control set, and a scenario in which the DFIG was not equipped with frequency support capabilities. The results show that the proposed strategy was able to improve the frequency response of the microgrid, reduce frequency oscillations and increase the value of the frequency nadir. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interactions of Electric Grids, Wind and Photovoltaic Power Generation, Energy Storage and Power Generation Forecasting)

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Graphical abstract

15 pages, 5804 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis and Design Aspects of Min-Type Switching Control Strategies for Synchronous Buck–Boost Converter

by Julio Alves Mesquita da Silva, Grace Silva Deaecto and Tarcio Andre dos Santos Barros

Energies 2022, 15(7), 2302; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15072302 - 22 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1568

Abstract

This paper presents a comparative study among switching control strategies for Buck–Boost converters, taking into account essential aspects in practical implementations, as the switching frequency variation concerning different output voltages and the responses in the transient and steady-states. More specifically, we have considered three switching strategies of min-type, where two of them permit high switching frequencies, while the other considers a limited frequency control strategy. Moreover, we have generalized the control techniques available in the literature to make them able to operate under changes in the equilibrium points without the need for a redesign. A conventional PI controller based on pulse-width modulation (PWM) is adopted for comparison purposes. In contrast to PWM-based control, which operates in the maximum switching frequency, the min-type strategies present variation in the switching frequency that depends on the operation point and may lead to a power loss reduction when compared to conventional techniques. To assure zero-error operation in the steady-state, a correction method is proposed. Experimental tests were made to compare the transient and steady-state responses of these control methodologies, verify the variation of the switching frequency according to the output voltages and the robustness concerning load variations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interactions of Electric Grids, Wind and Photovoltaic Power Generation, Energy Storage and Power Generation Forecasting)

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23 pages, 38740 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transmission System Electromechanical Stability Analysis with High Penetration of Renewable Generation and Battery Energy Storage System Application

by José Calixto Lopes and Thales Sousa

Energies 2022, 15(6), 2060; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15062060 - 11 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1859

Abstract

Despite the benefits of wind and solar photovoltaic generation, its stochastic characteristic imposes uncertainties on the electric power system’s transient stability. The dynamics considering large synchronous generators has been studied for many decades, and its behavior is well known. On the other hand, the penetration of renewable sources has reached records, showing that it is still vital to study their impact. The present work proposes computer modeling and simulations for the dynamic analysis of electromechanical stability in a transmission system with significant renewable generation. In general, the literature does not propose solutions to the electromechanical stability analysis, proving that there are gaps to be filled. Therefore, the main work contribution consists of designing and coupling a battery energy storage system to a solar plant to smooth power variations. A significant innovation is the proposition of different scenarios that replicate disturbance situations, where the analyses were carried out using the Brazilian grid code. It was possible to evaluate the robustness of the proposed system and the efficiency of the storage system in mitigating the impacts of renewable generation. Thus, it is possible to achieve high levels of renewable penetration if extensive and rigorous studies are carried out. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interactions of Electric Grids, Wind and Photovoltaic Power Generation, Energy Storage and Power Generation Forecasting)

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27 pages, 1359 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distribution Network Reconfiguration Considering Voltage and Current Unbalance Indexes and Variable Demand Solved through a Selective Bio-Inspired Metaheuristic

by Cassio Gerez, Eduardo Coelho Marques Costa and Alfeu J. Sguarezi Filho

Energies 2022, 15(5), 1686; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15051686 - 24 Feb 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1478

Abstract

Operation of distribution networks involves a series of criteria that should be met, aiming for the correct and optimal behavior of such systems. Some of the major drawbacks found when studying these networks is the real losses related to them. To overcome this problem, distribution network reconfiguration (DNR) is an efficient tool due to the low costs involved in its implementation. The majority of studies regarding this subject treat the problem by considering networks only as three-phase balanced, modeled as single-phase grids with fixed power demand, which is far from representing the characteristics of real networks (e.g., unbalanced loads, variable power and unbalance indexes). Due to the combinatorial nature of the problem, metaheuristic techniques are powerful tools for the inclusion of such characteristics. In this sense, this paper proposes a study of DNR considering balanced and unbalanced systems with variable power demand. An analysis of the direct influence of voltage unbalance index (VUI) and current unbalance index (CUI) is carried out for unbalanced cases. To solve the DNR problem, a selective bio-inspired metaheuristic based on micro bats’ behavior named the selective bat algorithm (SBAT) is used together with the EPRI-OpenDSS software (California, US, EPRI). Tests are initially conducted on balanced systems, aiming to validate the technique proposed for both demands and state their differences, and then they are conducted on unbalanced systems to study the influence of VUI and CUI in the DNR solution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interactions of Electric Grids, Wind and Photovoltaic Power Generation, Energy Storage and Power Generation Forecasting)

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Review

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22 pages, 1996 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review on Multi-Terminal High Voltage Direct Current Networks for Wind Power Integration

by Luís F. Normandia Lourenço, Amira Louni, Gilney Damm, Mariana Netto, Monssef Drissi-Habti, Samuele Grillo, Alfeu J. Sguarezi Filho and Lasantha Meegahapola

Energies 2022, 15(23), 9016; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15239016 - 29 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1575

Abstract

With the growing pressure to substitute fossil fuel-based generation, Renewable Energy Sources (RES) have become one of the main solutions from the power sector in the fight against climate change. Offshore wind farms, for example, are an interesting alternative to increase renewable power production, but they represent a challenge when being interconnected to the grid, since new installations are being pushed further off the coast due to noise and visual pollution restrictions. In this context, Multi-Terminal High Voltage Direct Current (MT-HVDC) networks are the most preferred technology for this purpose and for onshore grid reinforcements. They also enable the delivery of power from the shore to offshore Oil and Gas (O&G) production platforms, which can help lower the emissions in the transition away from fossil fuels. In this work, we review relevant aspects of the operation and control of MT-HVDC networks for wind power integration. The review approaches topics such as the main characteristics of MT-HVDC projects under discussion/commissioned around the world, rising challenges in the control and the operation of MT-HVDC networks and the modeling and the control of the Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) stations. To illustrate the challenges on designing the control system of a MT-HVDC network and to corroborate the technical discussions, a simulation of a three-terminal MT-HVDC network integrating wind power generation and offshore O&G production units to the onshore grid is performed in Matlab’s Simscape Electrical toolbox. The results highlight the main differences between two alternatives to design the control system for an MT-HVDC network. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interactions of Electric Grids, Wind and Photovoltaic Power Generation, Energy Storage and Power Generation Forecasting)

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