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Advances in Reduction Technologies of Gas Emissions (CO2, NOx, and SO2) in Combustion-Related Applications Volume II

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "B: Energy and Environment".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2022) | Viewed by 10701

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Yonmo Sung

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Guest Editor

Department of Energy & Mechanical Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 53064, Republic of Korea
Interests: energy; combustion; pollutant emissions
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Fossil fuels have been used as major energy sources in power generation, transportation, and industrial sectors because of their abundance and inexpensive price. However, critical issues related to a harmful effect on human health and the environment by their utilization cannot be overlooked have risen. There has also been tremendous pressure on fields of energy systems using fossil fuels to restrict pollutant emissions (CO2, NOx, and SO2), because these gas emissions in the atmosphere increase energy consumption in the world. Accordingly, reduction technology for gas emissions has been firmly established from fundamental to advanced research on industrial energy systems in the last several decades.

This Special Issue of Energies focuses on recent advances in reduction technologies of gas emissions in combustion-related applications. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to the following:

Emission control technologies by experimental and numerical approaches;
Emission control technologies in pre-combustion, in-furnace combustion, and post-combustion;
Emission control technologies in power generation, transportation, and industrial process;
New process and equipment development for efficient gas emission reduction;
Utilization in various fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, biomass, and their blends);
Optimization for emission control with machine learning applications in energy systems.

Prof. Dr. Yonmo Sung
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

combustion
burner
flame
hydrogen
ammonia
coal
natural gas
biomass
gas emission
energy conversion

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 5963 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Cellulose Material-Based Additives on Dispersibility of Carbon Nanotubes

by Seunghyeon Lee, Ajeong Lee, Seungyeop Baek, Yonmo Sung and Hyomin Jeong

Energies 2022, 15(23), 8822; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15238822 - 23 Nov 2022

Viewed by 870

Abstract

In nanoscience, nanotechnology is applied to various technologies, and research is actively being conducted. As the application of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in various fields increases, efforts have been made to develop dispersion and functionalization technologies. In order to effectively use MWCNT nanofluids, it is most important to solve the problem of dispersion. In this study, MWCNTs were improved in dispersibility and functionalized through various chemical and mechanical treatments. In addition, MWCNTs aggregation was alleviated by using cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) as a dispersant. The processing results of MWCNTs and CNC were analyzed through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the dispersion was characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy. The addition of CNC to MWCNTs has been confirmed to have high dispersibility and improved stability compared to untreated MWCNTs, and this effect affects the quality of the machine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Reduction Technologies of Gas Emissions (CO2, NOx, and SO2) in Combustion-Related Applications Volume II)

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13 pages, 2599 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Liquefied Natural Gas Cold Energy Utilization for Land-Based Cold Water Fish Aquaculture in South Korea

by Seungyeop Baek, Wontak Choi, Gyuchang Kim, Jaedeok Seo, Sanggon Lee, Hyomin Jeong and Yonmo Sung

Energies 2022, 15(19), 7322; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15197322 - 05 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1671

Abstract

A new concept of land-based Atlantic salmon farming utilizing liquefied natural gas (LNG) cold energy is proposed. In this study, laboratory-scale experiments were conducted using liquid nitrogen as a cold energy source to confirm whether the water temperature of a fish farming tank can reach below 17 °C within an hour. In particular, the effects of the mass flow rates of liquid nitrogen (0.0075, 0.01, and 0.0125 kg/s) and water (0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 kg/s) on the cooling performances of water were investigated. The results showed that a higher mass flow rate of liquid nitrogen results in a better water cooling performance. In the case of varying the mass flow rate of liquid nitrogen, it was observed that the mass flow rate of 0.0125 kg/s showed the greatest water temperature difference of 9.10 °C/h, followed by that of 0.01 kg/s (5.88 °C/h), and 0.0075 kg/s (5.06 °C/h). In the case of varying the mass flow rate of water, it was observed that the mass flow rate of 0.05 kg/s showed the most significant water temperature difference of 7.92 °C/h, followed by that of 0.1 kg/s (6.26 °C/h), and 0.15 kg/s (5.53 °C/h). Based on the experimental results of this study and the water cooling heat source by an LNG mass flow rate of 220.5 kg/s, the estimated production capacity of Atlantic salmon was approximately 14,000 tons, which is 36.8% of that of imported salmon in South Korea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Reduction Technologies of Gas Emissions (CO2, NOx, and SO2) in Combustion-Related Applications Volume II)

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26 pages, 12549 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Framework for Energy-Averaged Emission Mitigation Technique Adopting Gasoline-Methanol Blend Replacement and Piston Design Exchange

by Prakash Chandra Mishra, Anand Gupta, Saikat Samanta, Rihana B. Ishaq and Fuad Khoshnaw

Energies 2022, 15(19), 7188; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15197188 - 29 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1063

Abstract

Measurement to mitigate automotive emission varies from energy content modification of fuel to waste energy recovery through energy system upgradation. The proposed energy-averaged emission mitigation technique involves interfacing piston design exchange and gasoline–methanol blend replacement with traditional gasoline for low carbon high energy content creation. Here, we interlinked the CO, CO₂, NO_x, O₂, and HC to different design exchanges of coated pistons through the available brake power and speed of the engine. We assessed the relative effectiveness of various designs and coating thicknesses for different gasoline–methanol blends (0%,5%,10%, and 15%). The analysis shows the replacement of 5%, 10%, and 15% by volume of gasoline with methanol reduces the fuel carbon by 4.167%, 8.34%, and 12.5%, respectively. The fuel characteristics of blends are comparable to gasoline, hence there is no energy infrastructure modification required to develop the same amount of power. The CO and HC reduced significantly, while CO₂ and NO_x emissions are comparable. Increasing the coating thickness enhances the surface temperature retention and reduces heat transfer. The Type_C design of the steel piston and type_A design of the AlSi piston show temperature retention values of 582 °C and 598 °C, respectively. Type_A and type_B pistons are better compared to type_C and the type_D piston design for emission mitigation due to decarbonization of fuel through gasoline-methanol blend replacement. Surface response methodology predicts Delastic, σvon Mises, and Tsurface with percentage errors of 0.0042,0.35, and 0.9, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Reduction Technologies of Gas Emissions (CO2, NOx, and SO2) in Combustion-Related Applications Volume II)

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14 pages, 6437 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of a Plasma Burner on NOx Reduction and Catalyst Regeneration in a Marine SCR System

by Jaehwan Jang, Seongyool Ahn, Sangkyung Na, Jinhee Koo, Heehwan Roh and Gyungmin Choi

Energies 2022, 15(12), 4306; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15124306 - 12 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1424

Abstract

The problem of environmental pollution by the combustion of fossil fuels in diesel engines, to which NOx emission is a dominant culprit, has accelerated global environmental pollution and global and local health problems such as lung disease, cancer, and acid rain. Among various De-NOx technologies, SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) systems are known to be the most effective technology for actively responding to environmental regulations set by the IMO (International Maritime Organization) in marine diesel applications. The ammonia mixes with the exhaust gas and reacts with the NOx molecules on the catalyst surface to form harmless N₂ and H₂O. However, since the denitrification efficiency of NOx can be rapidly changed depending on the operating temperature from 250 °C to 350 °C at 0.1% sur contents of the catalyst used in the SCR, a device capable of controlling the exhaust gas temperature is essential for the normal operation of the catalyst. In addition, when the catalyst is exposed to SOx in a low exhaust gas temperature environment, the catalyst is unable to reduce the oxidation reaction of the catalyst, thereby remarkably lowering the De-NOx efficiency. However, if the exhaust gas temperature is set to a high temperature of 360–410 °C, the poisoned catalyst can be regenerated through a reduction process, so that a burner capable of producing a high temperature condition is essential. In this study, a plasma burner system was applied to control the exhaust gas temperature, improving the De-NOx efficiency from the engine and regenerating catalysts from PM (Particulate Matter), SOOT and ABS (ammonia bisulfate), i.e., catalyst poisoning. Through the burner system, the optimum De-NOx performance was experimentally investigated by controlling the temperature to the operating region of the catalyst, and it was shown that the regeneration efficiency in each high temperature (360/410 °C) environment was about 95% or more as compared with the initial performance. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that this technology can positively contribute to the enhancement of catalyst durability and De-NOx performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Reduction Technologies of Gas Emissions (CO2, NOx, and SO2) in Combustion-Related Applications Volume II)

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18 pages, 5283 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of n-Heptane/Methane Blended Fuel on Ignition Delay Time in Pre-Mixed Compressed Combustion

by Myeongsu Yoon, Minsung Choi, Kijoong Kang, Chaeho Oh, Yeseul Park and Gyungmin Choi

Energies 2022, 15(11), 4081; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15114081 - 01 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1756

Abstract

This study analyzed factors that influence the ignition delay characteristics of n-heptane/methane-blended fuel. The effects of chemical species, exhaust gas recirculation rate, compression ratio, cool/hot flames, and combustion chamber conditions (temperature, pressure, and O₂ concentration) were determined and analyzed using CHEMKIN Pro. The experiment conditions for verification were 550–1000 K at 15 bar with 50% H₂/50% CH₄ fuel. The main combustion reactions were confirmed through reactivity analysis and sensitivity analysis on the ignition delay time. The ignition delay time at 14.7% O₂ concentration was significantly higher than that at 21% O₂ concentration by more than 30%. In addition, a higher ratio of methane in the blended fuel increased the ignition delay time as a result of methane dehydrogenation, delaying the ignition of heptane. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Reduction Technologies of Gas Emissions (CO2, NOx, and SO2) in Combustion-Related Applications Volume II)

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12 pages, 2400 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling Differential Pressure of Diesel Particulate Filters in Marine Engines

by Jaehwan Jang, Byungchae Min, Seongyool Ahn, Hyunjun Kim, Sangkyung Na, Jeongho Kang, Heehwan Roh and Gyungmin Choi

Energies 2022, 15(10), 3803; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15103803 - 21 May 2022

Viewed by 1701

Abstract

The captured particulate matter (PM) in diesel particulate filters (DPF) must be periodically burned to maintain the performance and durability of the engine. The amount of PM in the filter must be monitored to determine a suitable regeneration period. In this study, the modeling parameters of the DPF were optimized using experimental data to determine a suitable regeneration period for the DPF for marine diesel engines. The differential pressure over the exhaust gas mass flow rate and temperature were measured using a fresh DPF. The modeling parameters of Darcy’s law were optimized using the experimental data. Finally, the model parameters were validated using differential pressure data obtained from a DPF containing PM. The proposed model, which is a function of the gas flow rate, temperature, and amount of collected PM, was developed to simulate the differential pressure of DPFs and shows potential for application in the development of regeneration logic for marine DPFs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Reduction Technologies of Gas Emissions (CO2, NOx, and SO2) in Combustion-Related Applications Volume II)

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16 pages, 4179 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CFD Evaluation of Heat Transfer and NOx Emissions When Converting a Tangentially Fired Coal Boiler to Use Methane

by Kang-Min Kim, Gyu-Bo Kim, Byoung-Hwa Lee, Yoon-Ho Bae and Chung-Hwan Jeon

Energies 2022, 15(1), 246; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15010246 - 30 Dec 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1539

Abstract

The need to reduce global carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions is driving the conversion of coal-fired power plants to use methane, which can reduce CO₂ emissions by >40%. However, conducting gas firing in coal boilers changes the heat transfer profile; therefore, preliminary evaluations using computational fluid dynamics are required prior to conversion. Here, methane was used as a heat input source in the simulation of an existing coal boiler, and combustion, nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission characteristics, and heat transfer profile changes inside the boiler were analyzed. Furthermore, changes in the burner zone stoichiometric ratio (BZSR) were simulated to restore the decreased heat absorption of the furnace waterwall, revealing that air distribution could change the heat absorption of the waterwall and tube bundles. However, this change was smaller than that caused by conversion from coal to methane. Therefore, to implement gas firing in coal boilers, alternatives such as output derating, using an attemperator, or modifying heat transfer surfaces are necessary. Despite these limitations, a 70% reduction in NOx emissions was achieved at a BZSR of 0.76, compared with coal. As the BZSR contributes significantly to NOx emissions, conducting gas firing in existing coal boilers could significantly reduce NOx and CO₂ emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Reduction Technologies of Gas Emissions (CO2, NOx, and SO2) in Combustion-Related Applications Volume II)

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