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19 pages, 5235 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving the Energy Efficiency of a Ship’s Power Plant by Using an Autonomous Hybrid System with a PMSG

by Dariusz Tarnapowicz, Sergey German-Galkin, Arkadiusz Nerc and Marek Jaskiewicz

Energies 2023, 16(7), 3158; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16073158 - 31 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1150

In ship systems, diesel power generators are used in various systems of autonomous power plants to ensure power supply security. This article presents an autonomous hybrid system of a ship power plant with a diesel generator with a permanent magnet synchronous generator and [...] Read more.

In ship systems, diesel power generators are used in various systems of autonomous power plants to ensure power supply security. This article presents an autonomous hybrid system of a ship power plant with a diesel generator with a permanent magnet synchronous generator and electricity storage in parallel topology (the permanent magnet synchronous generator is connected directly to the receiving network). The electricity storage through the active converter is connected to the receiving network in parallel with the permanent magnet synchronous generator. The decoupled control of the reactive and active power in the active converter enables stabilization of the voltage in the ship’s electrical power grid while ensuring the possibility of obtaining different operating regimes of the power plant at various stages of the ship’s operation. The innovative method of voltage stabilization presented in this article is based on the compensation of the unfavorable reaction of the permanent magnet synchronous generator armature through the optimal transmission of negative inductive reactive power from the active converter to the generator using the electromagnetic properties of the synchronous generator. The active converter controls the direction of the active power transmission between the DC source, the grid, and the permanent magnet synchronous generator. This paper proposes a hybrid autonomous power plant system using battery storage in place of a single diesel generator set against the commonly used two diesel generator sets, working in parallel, to increase the energy efficiency of the power plant by minimizing the specific fuel consumption of the diesel generator set. The article examines the possibilities of such a mechatronic system design based on analytical research and analysis of electromagnetic and energy characteristics using the Matlab-Simulink program. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Shipboard Power Systems)

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26 pages, 11581 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Electric Power Quality in the Ship-Integrated Electrical Power System with a Main DC Bus and Power Semiconductor Electric Drives as Part of the Electric Propulsion Complex

by Dmytro Zhuk, Oleksandr Zhuk, Maksym Kozlov and Serhii Stepenko

Energies 2023, 16(7), 2961; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16072961 - 23 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1530

Abstract

The relevance of the work is connected to the energy efficiency of specialized vessels of the technical fleet. The purpose of the study was to determine and evaluate the power quality indicators associated with the non-sinusoidal shape of the voltage and current curves [...] Read more.

The relevance of the work is connected to the energy efficiency of specialized vessels of the technical fleet. The purpose of the study was to determine and evaluate the power quality indicators associated with the non-sinusoidal shape of the voltage and current curves in the electrical power system of the marine platform support vessel, which contains powerful semiconductor propulsion electric drives, taking into account the inherent and parasitic parameters of the power three-phase cable lines. A simplified one-line diagram of an electric power system with a DC main bus was the object of the study, which was compiled as a result of the analysis of analog systems typical for the indicated type of vessels. The phenomenon of voltage and current distortion caused by the presence of higher harmonics generated by power semiconductor converters in a three-phase ship network was the subject of the research. For the experimental study of the quality of electric power according to the simplified one-line scheme of the electric power system in MATLAB Simulink, its model was created. Based on the proven methods of calculating the ship’s electrical equipment, a methodology was developed for the reliable determination of model parameters. According to the results of the experiment in MATLAB Simulink, qualitative and quantitative indicators were obtained regarding the non-sinusoidality of the linear voltage and current of the three-phase network (curve shapes, amplitude spectra, distortion coefficients), and their comparative analysis with the current norms and standards was performed. In contrast to the previous ones, the methodology for assessing the quality of electricity in the studied electric power system takes into account its circuit, mode features, and the presence of a parasitic capacitance “phase to ground” of a three-phase network, and it can be used in solving similar non-trivial tasks for various similar structurally modified systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Shipboard Power Systems)

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18 pages, 1208 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multiobjective Optimization Based Framework for Early Stage Design of Modular Multilevel Converter for All-Electric Ship Application

by Tanvir Ahmed Toshon and M. O. Faruque

Energies 2022, 15(12), 4418; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15124418 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1405

Abstract

The Medium Voltage DC (MVDC) architecture for All Electric Ships (AES) has the potential to provide superior features compared to traditional 60-HZ AC distribution systems in terms of power density, power quality, and system stability. The MVDC system introduces extensive use of power [...] Read more.

The Medium Voltage DC (MVDC) architecture for All Electric Ships (AES) has the potential to provide superior features compared to traditional 60-HZ AC distribution systems in terms of power density, power quality, and system stability. The MVDC system introduces extensive use of power electronics equipment into the shipboard power system (SPS) design that brings complexity to the system design. These power electronics equipment connect the power sources and load centers to the MVDC bus and play a major role in handling system faults. This paper focuses on developing a framework to determine the volume and failure rate of a Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) for early stage ship design. Two different methodologies (Taguchi method and a genetic algorithm) were used to determine the best design from a robust set of design options. Once the design parameters have been identified, the Taguchi method forms orthogonal array to explore and evaluate designs. At the end of the design cycle, it identifies the best parameters from a large set of design parameters to achieve lower volume and failure rate. These parameters are used as input to the optimization process. This helps to narrow out the number of inputs for optimization algorithm. The Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) has been integrated with converter design tool to minimize the volume and failure rate of MMC. The results show that the optimization algorithm coupled with Taguchi Method provides the lowest volume and failure rate for MMC. One of the goals of early-stage ship design is to develop preliminary design and evaluation of trade space to narrow it down. This paper is expected to aid early-stage ship design of power electronics converter design for MVDC systems in SPS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Shipboard Power Systems)

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34 pages, 696 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimized Configuration of Diesel Engine-Fuel Cell-Battery Hybrid Power Systems in a Platform Supply Vessel to Reduce CO₂ Emissions

by Giovani T. T. Vieira, Derick Furquim Pereira, Seyed Iman Taheri, Khalid S. Khan, Mauricio B. C. Salles, Josep M. Guerrero and Bruno S. Carmo

Energies 2022, 15(6), 2184; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15062184 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3862

Abstract

The main objective of this paper is to select the optimal configuration of a ship’s power system, considering the use of fuel cells and batteries, that would achieve the lowest CO₂ emissions also taking into consideration the number of battery cycles. The [...] Read more.

The main objective of this paper is to select the optimal configuration of a ship’s power system, considering the use of fuel cells and batteries, that would achieve the lowest CO₂ emissions also taking into consideration the number of battery cycles. The ship analyzed in this work is a Platform Supply Vessel (PSV) used to support oil and gas offshore platforms transporting goods, equipment, and personnel. The proposed scheme considers the ship’s retrofitting. The ship’s original main generators are maintained, and the fuel cell and batteries are installed as complementary sources. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis is pursued on the ship’s demand curve. The simulations used to calculate the CO₂ emissions for each of the new hybrid configurations were developed using HOMER software. The proposed solutions are auxiliary generators, three types of batteries, and a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) with different sizes of hydrogen tanks. The PEMFC and batteries were sized as containerized solutions, and the sizing of the auxiliary engines was based on previous works. Each configuration consists of a combination of these solutions. The selection of the best configuration is one contribution of this paper. The new configurations are classified according to the reduction of CO₂ emitted in comparison to the original system. For different demand levels, the results indicate that the configuration classification may vary. Another valuable contribution of this work is the sizing of the battery and hydrogen storage systems. They were installed in 20 ft containers, since the installation of batteries, fuel cells and hydrogen tanks in containers is widely used for ship retrofit. As a result, the most significant reduction of CO₂ emissions is 10.69%. This is achieved when the configuration includes main generators, auxiliary generators, a 3,119 kW lithium nickel manganese cobalt (LNMC) battery, a 250 kW PEMFC, and 581 kg of stored hydrogen. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Shipboard Power Systems)

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19 pages, 1951 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Blackout Probability Monitoring System for Cruise Ship Power Plants

by Victor Bolbot, Gerasimos Theotokatos, Rainer Hamann, George Psarros and Evangelos Boulougouris

Energies 2021, 14(20), 6598; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206598 - 13 Oct 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2259

Abstract

Stringent environmental regulations and efforts to improve the shipping operations sustainability have resulted in designing and employing more complex configurations for the ship power plants systems and the implementation of digitalised functionalities. Due to these systems complexity, critical situations arising from the components [...] Read more.

Stringent environmental regulations and efforts to improve the shipping operations sustainability have resulted in designing and employing more complex configurations for the ship power plants systems and the implementation of digitalised functionalities. Due to these systems complexity, critical situations arising from the components and subsystem failures, which may lead to accidents, require timely detection and mitigation. This study aims at enhancing the safety of ship complex systems and their operation by developing the concept of an integrated monitoring safety system that employs existing safety models and data fusion from shipboard sensors. Detailed Fault Trees that model the blackout top event, representing the sailing modes of a cruise ship and the operating modes of its plant, are employed. Shipboard sensors’ measurements acquired by the cruise ship alarm and monitoring system are integrated with these Fault Trees to account for the acquired shipboard information on the investigated power plant configuration and its components operating conditions, thus, facilitating the estimation of the blackout probability time variation as well as the dynamic criticality assessment of the power plant components. The proposed concept is verified by using a virtual simulation environment developed in Matlab/Simulink. This study supports the dynamic assessment of the ship power plants and therefore benefits the decision-making for enhancing the plant safety during operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Shipboard Power Systems)

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13 pages, 5780 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Predictive Maintenance Algorithms Considering Load Characteristics of PMSMs to Drive EGR Blowers for Smart Ships

by Sung-An Kim

Energies 2021, 14(18), 5744; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14185744 - 13 Sep 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1864

Abstract

Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a NOx reduction technology that can meet stringent environmental regulatory requirements. EGR blower systems must be used to increase the exhaust gas pressure at a lower rate than the scavenging air pressure. Electric motor drive systems are essential [...] Read more.

Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a NOx reduction technology that can meet stringent environmental regulatory requirements. EGR blower systems must be used to increase the exhaust gas pressure at a lower rate than the scavenging air pressure. Electric motor drive systems are essential to rotate the EGR blowers. For the effective management of the EGR blower systems in smart ships, there is a growing need for predictive maintenance technology fused with information and communication technology (ICT). Since an electric motor accounts for about 80% of electric loads driven by the EGR, it is essential to apply the predictive maintenance technology of the electric motor to maximize the reliability and operation time of the EGR blower system. Therefore, this paper presents the predictive maintenance algorithm to prevent the stator winding turn faults, which is the most significant cause of the electrical failure of the electric motors. The proposed algorithm predicts the remaining useful life (RUL) by obtaining the winding temperature value by considering the load characteristics of the electric motor. The validity of the proposed algorithm is verified through the simulation results of an EGR blower system model and the experimental results derived from using a test rig. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Shipboard Power Systems)

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28 pages, 44841 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Design of DC Shipboard Power Systems for Pure Electric Propulsion Ship Based on Battery Energy Storage System

by Ye-Rin Kim, Jae-Myeong Kim, Jae-Jung Jung, So-Yeon Kim, Jae-Hak Choi and Hyun-Goo Lee

Energies 2021, 14(17), 5264; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14175264 - 25 Aug 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3443

Abstract

With the strengthening of international environmental regulations, many studies on the integrated electric propulsion systems applicable to eco-friendly ship are being conducted. However, few studies have been performed to establish a guide line for the overall pure electric propulsion ship design. Therefore, this [...] Read more.

With the strengthening of international environmental regulations, many studies on the integrated electric propulsion systems applicable to eco-friendly ship are being conducted. However, few studies have been performed to establish a guide line for the overall pure electric propulsion ship design. Therefore, this paper introduces the comprehensive design of DC shipboard power system for pure electric propulsion ship based on battery energy storage system (BESS). To design and configure the pure electric propulsion ship, 2 MW propulsion car ferry was assumed and adopted to be the target vessel in this paper. In order to design the overall system, a series of design processes, such as the decision of the ship operation profile, BESS capacity selection, configuration of the power conversion systems for propulsion, battery charging/discharging procedures, classification of system operation modes, and analysis of the efficiency, were considered. The proposed efficient design and analysis of the pure electric propulsion ship was qualitatively and quantitatively validated by MATLAB Simulink tool. The methodology presented in this paper can help design real ships before the system commissioning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Shipboard Power Systems)

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Review

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20 pages, 2960 KiB

Open AccessReview

Protection Systems for DC Shipboard Microgrids

by Navid Bayati and Mehdi Savaghebi

Energies 2021, 14(17), 5319; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14175319 - 27 Aug 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2368

Abstract

In recent years, shipboard microgrids (MGs) have become more flexible, efficient, and reliable. The next generations of future shipboards are required to be equipped with more focuses on energy storage systems to provide all-electric shipboards. Therefore, the shipboards must be very reliable to [...] Read more.

In recent years, shipboard microgrids (MGs) have become more flexible, efficient, and reliable. The next generations of future shipboards are required to be equipped with more focuses on energy storage systems to provide all-electric shipboards. Therefore, the shipboards must be very reliable to ensure the operation of all parts of the system. A reliable shipboard MG should be protected from system faults through protection selectivity to minimize the impact of faults and facilitate detection and location of faulty zones with the highest accuracy and speed. It is necessary to have an across-the-board overview of the protection systems in DC shipboards. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the issues and challenges faced in the protection of shipboard MGs. Furthermore, given the different types of components utilized in shipboard MGs, the fault behavior analysis of these components is provided to highlight the requirements for their protection. The protection system of DC shipboards is divided into three sub-systems, namely, fault detection, location, and isolation. Therefore, a comprehensive comparison of different existing fault detection, location, and isolation schemes, from traditional to modern techniques, on shipboard MGs is presented to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each scheme. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Shipboard Power Systems)

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