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Solar and Wind Power and Energy Forecasting
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Solar and Wind Power and Energy Forecasting

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "L: Energy Sources".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2020) | Viewed by 62277

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Sonia Leva

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, 20156 Milan, Italy
Interests: photovoltaic system; grid; power sharing; inverters; forecasting; nowcasting; machine learning; degradation; battery management systems; polymer solar cells; organic photovoltaics; electric vehicle; vehicle-to-grid; microgrid; energy systems; maximum power point trackers; electric power plant loads; electricity price; power markets; heterogeneous networks; base stations; energy efficiency; life cycle assessment; wind power; regenerative braking; bicycles; motorcycles; car sharing; autonomous vehicles
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Emanuele Ogliari

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via La Masa, 34, 20156 Milano, Italy
Interests: photovoltaics; PV power forecasting; machine learning
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Special Issue "Solar and Wind Power and Energy Forecasting" is a continuation of the previous and successful Special Issue "Solar and Wind Energy Forecasting". Prof. Dr. Sonia Leva and Dr. Emanuele Ogliari (Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy) are serving as Guest Editors for this issue. We think you could make an excellent contribution based on your expertise.

The renewable-energy-based generation of electricity is currently experiencing rapid growth in electric grids. The intermittent input from renewable energy sources (RES), as a consequence, creates problems in balancing the energy supply and demand.

Thus, forecasting of RES power generation is vital to help grid operators to better manage the electric balance between power demand and supply and to improve the penetration of distributed renewable energy sources and, in stand-alone hybrid systems, for the optimum size of all its components and to improve the reliability of the isolated systems.

This Special Issue of Energies, “Solar and Wind Power and Energy Forecasting”, is intended to disseminate new promising methods and techniques to forecast the output power and energy of intermittent renewable energy sources.

Prof. Dr. Sonia Leva
Dr. Emanuele Ogliari
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • RES integration
  • Forecasting techniques
  • Machine learning
  • Computational intelligence
  • Optimization
  • PV system
  • Wind system

Published Papers (19 papers)

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Research

30 pages, 6331 KiB  
Article
Exploitation of a New Short-Term Multimodel Photovoltaic Power Forecasting Method in the Very Short-Term Horizon to Derive a Multi-Time Scale Forecasting System
by Elena Collino and Dario Ronzio
Energies 2021, 14(3), 789; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14030789 - 02 Feb 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2634
Abstract
The relentless spread of photovoltaic production drives searches of smart approaches to mitigate unbalances in power demand and supply, instability on the grid and ensuring stable revenues to the producer. Because of the development of energy markets with multiple time sessions, there is [...] Read more.
The relentless spread of photovoltaic production drives searches of smart approaches to mitigate unbalances in power demand and supply, instability on the grid and ensuring stable revenues to the producer. Because of the development of energy markets with multiple time sessions, there is a growing need of power forecasting for multiple time steps, from fifteen minutes up to days ahead. To address this issue, in this study both a short-term-horizon of three days and a very-short-term-horizon of three hours photovoltaic production forecasting methods are presented. The short-term is based on a multimodel approach and referred to several configurations of the Analog Ensemble method, using the weather forecast of four numerical weather prediction models. The very-short-term consists of an Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average Model with eXogenous input (ARIMAX) that uses the short-term power forecast and the irradiance from satellite elaborations as exogenous variables. The methods, applied for one year to four small-scale grid-connected plants in Italy, have obtained promising improvements with respect to refence methods. The time horizon after which the short-term was able to outperform the very-short-term has also been analyzed. The study also revealed the usefulness of satellite data on cloudiness to properly interpret the results of the performance analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar and Wind Power and Energy Forecasting)
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19 pages, 7627 KiB  
Article
RES and ES Integration in Combination with Distribution Grid Development Using MILP
by Mateusz Andrychowicz
Energies 2021, 14(2), 383; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14020383 - 12 Jan 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1709
Abstract
In the paper, a new method of long-term planning of operation and development of the distribution system, taking into account operational aspects such as power flows, power losses, voltage levels, and energy balances, is presented. The developed method allows for the allocation and [...] Read more.
In the paper, a new method of long-term planning of operation and development of the distribution system, taking into account operational aspects such as power flows, power losses, voltage levels, and energy balances, is presented. The developed method allows for the allocation and selection of the power of Renewable Energy Sources (RES), control of energy storage (ES), curtailing of RES production (EC), and the development of the distribution grid (GD). Different types of RES and loads are considered, represented by generation/demand profiles reflecting their typical operating conditions. RES allocation indicates the node in the distribution system and the power level for each type of RES that may be built. Energy storage (ES) allows generation to be transferred from the demand valley to the peak load. Curtailment of RES generation indicates the moment and level of power by which generation will be reduced, while the grid development (GD) determines between which network nodes a new power line should be built. All these activities allow to minimize the costs of planning work and development of the distribution system at a specific level of energy consumption from RES in the analyzed distribution system using a Mixed Integer-Linear Programming (MILP). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar and Wind Power and Energy Forecasting)
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31 pages, 1862 KiB  
Article
Benchmark Comparison of Analytical, Data-Based and Hybrid Models for Multi-Step Short-Term Photovoltaic Power Generation Forecasting
by Athanasios I. Salamanis, Georgia Xanthopoulou, Napoleon Bezas, Christos Timplalexis, Angelina D. Bintoudi, Lampros Zyglakis, Apostolos C. Tsolakis, Dimosthenis Ioannidis, Dionysios Kehagias and Dimitrios Tzovaras
Energies 2020, 13(22), 5978; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13225978 - 16 Nov 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3141
Abstract
Accurately forecasting power generation in photovoltaic (PV) installations is a challenging task, due to the volatile and highly intermittent nature of solar-based renewable energy sources. In recent years, several PV power generation forecasting models have been proposed in the relevant literature. However, there [...] Read more.
Accurately forecasting power generation in photovoltaic (PV) installations is a challenging task, due to the volatile and highly intermittent nature of solar-based renewable energy sources. In recent years, several PV power generation forecasting models have been proposed in the relevant literature. However, there is no consensus regarding which models perform better in which cases. Moreover, literature lacks of works presenting detailed experimental evaluations of different types of models on the same data and forecasting conditions. This paper attempts to fill in this gap by presenting a comprehensive benchmarking framework for several analytical, data-based and hybrid models for multi-step short-term PV power generation forecasting. All models were evaluated on the same real PV power generation data, gathered from the realisation of a small scale pilot site in Thessaloniki, Greece. The models predicted PV power generation on multiple horizons, namely for 15 min, 30 min, 60 min, 120 min and 180 min ahead of time. Based on the analysis of the experimental results we identify the cases, in which specific models (or types of models) perform better compared to others, and explain the rationale behind those model performances. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar and Wind Power and Energy Forecasting)
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23 pages, 5836 KiB  
Article
Deterministic and Interval Wind Speed Prediction Method in Offshore Wind Farm Considering the Randomness of Wind
by Qin Chen, Yan Chen and Xingzhi Bai
Energies 2020, 13(21), 5595; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13215595 - 26 Oct 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1647
Abstract
In order to improve the prediction accuracy of wind speed, this paper proposes a hybrid wind speed prediction (WSP) method considering the fluctuation, randomness and nonlinear of wind, which can be applied to short-term deterministic and interval prediction. Variational mode decomposition (VMD) decomposes [...] Read more.
In order to improve the prediction accuracy of wind speed, this paper proposes a hybrid wind speed prediction (WSP) method considering the fluctuation, randomness and nonlinear of wind, which can be applied to short-term deterministic and interval prediction. Variational mode decomposition (VMD) decomposes wind speed time series into nonlinear series Intrinsic mode function 1 (IMF1), stationary time series IMF2 and error sreies (ER). Principal component analysis-Radial basis function (PCA-RBF) model is used to model the nonlinear series IMF1, where PCA is applied to reduce the redundant information. Long short-term memory (LSTM) is used to establish a stationary time series model for IMF2, which can better describe the fluctuation trend of wind speed; mixture Gaussian process regression (MGPR) is used to predict ER to obtain deterministic and interval prediction results simultaneously. Finally, above methods are reconstructed to form VMD-PRBF-LSTM-MGPR which is the abbreviation of hybrid model to obtain the final results of WSP, which can better reflect the volatility of wind speed. Nine comparison models are built to verify the availability of the hybrid model. The mean absolute percentage error (MAE) and mean square error (MSE) of deterministic WSP of the proposed model are only 0.0713 and 0.3158 respectively, which are significantly smaller than the prediction results of comparison models. In addition, confidence intervals (CIs) and prediction interval (PIs) are compared in this paper. The experimental results show that both of them can quantify and represent forecast uncertainty and the PIs is wider than the corresponding CIs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar and Wind Power and Energy Forecasting)
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28 pages, 2056 KiB  
Article
Multiple Site Intraday Solar Irradiance Forecasting by Machine Learning Algorithms: MGGP and MLP Neural Networks
by Gabriel Mendonça de Paiva, Sergio Pires Pimentel, Bernardo Pinheiro Alvarenga, Enes Gonçalves Marra, Marco Mussetta and Sonia Leva
Energies 2020, 13(11), 3005; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13113005 - 11 Jun 2020
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 3472
Abstract
The forecasting of solar irradiance in photovoltaic power generation is an important tool for the integration of intermittent renewable energy sources (RES) in electrical utility grids. This study evaluates two machine learning (ML) algorithms for intraday solar irradiance forecasting: multigene genetic programming (MGGP) [...] Read more.
The forecasting of solar irradiance in photovoltaic power generation is an important tool for the integration of intermittent renewable energy sources (RES) in electrical utility grids. This study evaluates two machine learning (ML) algorithms for intraday solar irradiance forecasting: multigene genetic programming (MGGP) and the multilayer perceptron (MLP) artificial neural network (ANN). MGGP is an evolutionary algorithm white-box method and is a novel approach in the field. Persistence, MGGP and MLP were compared to forecast irradiance at six locations, within horizons from 15 to 120 min, in order to compare these methods based on a wide range of reliable results. The assessment of exogenous inputs indicates that the use of additional weather variables improves irradiance forecastability, resulting in improvements of 5.68% for mean absolute error (MAE) and 3.41% for root mean square error (RMSE). It was also verified that iterative predictions improve MGGP accuracy. The obtained results show that location, forecast horizon and error metric definition affect model accuracy dominance. Both Haurwitz and Ineichen clear sky models have been implemented, and the results denoted a low influence of these models in the prediction accuracy of multivariate ML forecasting. In a broad perspective, MGGP presented more accurate and robust results in single prediction cases, providing faster solutions, while ANN presented more accurate results for ensemble forecasting, although it presented higher complexity and requires additional computational effort. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar and Wind Power and Energy Forecasting)
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22 pages, 4725 KiB  
Article
Models for Short-Term Wind Power Forecasting Based on Improved Artificial Neural Network Using Particle Swarm Optimization and Genetic Algorithms
by Dinh Thanh Viet, Vo Van Phuong, Minh Quan Duong and Quoc Tuan Tran
Energies 2020, 13(11), 2873; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13112873 - 04 Jun 2020
Cited by 54 | Viewed by 4204
Abstract
As sources of conventional energy are alarmingly being depleted, leveraging renewable energy sources, especially wind power, has been increasingly important in the electricity market to meet growing global demands for energy. However, the uncertainty in weather factors can cause large errors in wind [...] Read more.
As sources of conventional energy are alarmingly being depleted, leveraging renewable energy sources, especially wind power, has been increasingly important in the electricity market to meet growing global demands for energy. However, the uncertainty in weather factors can cause large errors in wind power forecasts, raising the cost of power reservation in the power system and significantly impacting ancillary services in the electricity market. In pursuance of a higher accuracy level in wind power forecasting, this paper proposes a double-optimization approach to developing a tool for forecasting wind power generation output in the short term, using two novel models that combine an artificial neural network with the particle swarm optimization algorithm and genetic algorithm. In these models, a first particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to adjust the neural network parameters to improve accuracy. Next, the genetic algorithm or another particle swarm optimization is applied to adjust the parameters of the first particle swarm optimization algorithm to enhance the accuracy of the forecasting results. The models were tested with actual data collected from the Tuy Phong wind power plant in Binh Thuan Province, Vietnam. The testing showed improved accuracy and that this model can be widely implemented at other wind farms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar and Wind Power and Energy Forecasting)
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22 pages, 1417 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Prediction of Solar Radiation Using NARX Models with Corrected Input Vectors
by Eduardo Rangel, Erasmo Cadenas, Rafael Campos-Amezcua and Jorge L. Tena
Energies 2020, 13(10), 2576; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13102576 - 19 May 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2191
Abstract
The main objective of this work is to analyze and configure appropriately the input vectors to enhance the performance of NARX models to forecast solar radiation one hour ahead. For this study, Engle–Granger causality tests were implemented. Additionally, collinearity among the meteorological variables [...] Read more.
The main objective of this work is to analyze and configure appropriately the input vectors to enhance the performance of NARX models to forecast solar radiation one hour ahead. For this study, Engle–Granger causality tests were implemented. Additionally, collinearity among the meteorological variables of the databases was examined. Different databases were used to test the contribution of these analyses in the improvement of the input vectors. For that, databases from three cities of Mexico with different climates were obtained, namely: Chihuahua, Temixco, and Zacatecas. These databases consisted of hourly measurements of the following variables: solar radiation (SR), wind speed (WS), relative humidity (RH), pressure (P), and temperature (T). Results showed that, in all three cases, proper NARX models were produced even when using input vectors formed only with solar radiation and temperature data. Consequently, it was inferred that pressure, wind speed, and relative humidity could be excluded from the input vectors of the forecasting models since, according to the causality tests, they did not provide relevant information to improve the solar radiation forecast in the studied cases. Conversely, these variables could generate spurious results. Forecasting results obtained with the NARX model were compared to the smart persistence model, commonly used to validate SR prediction. Error measures, such as mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean squared error (RMSE), were used to compare prediction results obtained from different models. In all cases, results obtained from the enhanced NARX model surpassed the results of the smart persistence, namely: in Chihuahua up to 11.5 % , in Temixco up to 15.7 % , and in Zacatecas up to 27.2 % . Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar and Wind Power and Energy Forecasting)
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18 pages, 6112 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Potentials of Artificial Neural Network Trained with Differential Evolution for Estimating Global Solar Radiation
by Olubayo M. Babatunde, Josiah L. Munda and Yskandar Hamam
Energies 2020, 13(10), 2488; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13102488 - 15 May 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2068
Abstract
The use of solar powered systems is gradually getting more attention due to technological advances as well as cost effectiveness. Thus, solar powered systems like photovoltaic, concentrated solar power, concentrator photovoltaics, as well as hydrogen production systems are now commercially available for electricity [...] Read more.
The use of solar powered systems is gradually getting more attention due to technological advances as well as cost effectiveness. Thus, solar powered systems like photovoltaic, concentrated solar power, concentrator photovoltaics, as well as hydrogen production systems are now commercially available for electricity generation. A major input to these systems is solar radiation data which is either partially available or not available in many remote communities. Predictive models can be used in estimating the amount and pattern of solar radiation in any location. This paper presents the use of evolutionary algorithm in improving the generalization capabilities and efficiency of multilayer feed-forward artificial neural network for the prediction of solar radiation using meteorological parameters as input. Meteorological parameters which included monthly average daily of: sunshine hour, solar radiation, maximum temperature and minimum temperature were used in the evaluation. Results show that the proposed model returned a RMSE of 1.1967, NSE of 0.8137 and R 2 of 0.8254. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar and Wind Power and Energy Forecasting)
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15 pages, 516 KiB  
Article
Economic Dispatch of Renewable Generators and BESS in DC Microgrids Using Second-Order Cone Optimization
by Walter Gil-González, Oscar Danilo Montoya, Luis Fernando Grisales-Noreña, Fernando Cruz-Peragón and Gerardo Alcalá
Energies 2020, 13(7), 1703; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13071703 - 03 Apr 2020
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 2750
Abstract
A convex mathematical model based on second-order cone programming (SOCP) for the optimal operation in direct current microgrids (DCMGs) with high-level penetration of renewable energies and battery energy storage systems (BESSs) is developed in this paper. The SOCP formulation allows converting the non-convex [...] Read more.
A convex mathematical model based on second-order cone programming (SOCP) for the optimal operation in direct current microgrids (DCMGs) with high-level penetration of renewable energies and battery energy storage systems (BESSs) is developed in this paper. The SOCP formulation allows converting the non-convex model of economic dispatch into a convex approach that guarantees the global optimum and has an easy implementation in specialized software, i.e., CVX. This conversion is accomplished by performing a mathematical relaxation to ensure the global optimum in DCMG. The SOCP model includes changeable energy purchase prices in the DCMG operation, which makes it in a suitable formulation to be implemented in real-time operation. An energy short-term forecasting model based on a receding horizon control (RHC) plus an artificial neural network (ANN) is used to forecast primary sources of renewable energy for periods of 0.5h. The proposed mathematical approach is compared to the non-convex model and semidefinite programming (SDP) in three simulation scenarios to validate its accuracy and efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar and Wind Power and Energy Forecasting)
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23 pages, 971 KiB  
Article
The Hybridization of Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Forecasting Models: Application of Short-Term Wind Speed and Power Modeling
by Neeraj Bokde, Andrés Feijóo, Nadhir Al-Ansari, Siyu Tao and Zaher Mundher Yaseen
Energies 2020, 13(7), 1666; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13071666 - 03 Apr 2020
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 2721
Abstract
In this research, two hybrid intelligent models are proposed for prediction accuracy enhancement for wind speed and power modeling. The established models are based on the hybridisation of Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) with a Pattern Sequence-based Forecasting (PSF) model and the integration [...] Read more.
In this research, two hybrid intelligent models are proposed for prediction accuracy enhancement for wind speed and power modeling. The established models are based on the hybridisation of Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) with a Pattern Sequence-based Forecasting (PSF) model and the integration of EEMD-PSF with Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model. In both models (i.e., EEMD-PSF and EEMD-PSF-ARIMA), the EEMD method is used to decompose the time-series into a set of sub-series and the forecasting of each sub-series is initiated by respective prediction models. In the EEMD-PSF model, all sub-series are predicted using the PSF model, whereas in the EEMD-PSF-ARIMA model, the sub-series with high and low frequencies are predicted using PSF and ARIMA, respectively. The selection of the PSF or ARIMA models for the prediction process is dependent on the time-series characteristics of the decomposed series obtained with the EEMD method. The proposed models are examined for predicting wind speed and wind power time-series at Maharashtra state, India. In case of short-term wind power time-series prediction, both proposed methods have shown at least 18.03 and 14.78 percentage improvement in forecast accuracy in terms of root mean square error (RMSE) as compared to contemporary methods considered in this study for direct and iterated strategies, respectively. Similarly, for wind speed data, those improvement observed to be 20.00 and 23.80 percentages, respectively. These attained prediction results evidenced the potential of the proposed models for the wind speed and wind power forecasting. The current proposed methodology is transformed into R package ‘decomposedPSF’ which is discussed in the Appendix. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar and Wind Power and Energy Forecasting)
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19 pages, 1891 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Data-Driven Techniques for Nowcasting Applied to an Industrial-Scale Photovoltaic Plant
by Simone Sala, Alfonso Amendola, Sonia Leva, Marco Mussetta, Alessandro Niccolai and Emanuele Ogliari
Energies 2019, 12(23), 4520; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en12234520 - 27 Nov 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2976
Abstract
The inherently non-dispatchable nature of renewable sources, such as solar photovoltaic, is regarded as one of the main challenges hindering their massive integration in existing electric grids. Accurate forecasting of the power output of the solar plant might therefore play a key role [...] Read more.
The inherently non-dispatchable nature of renewable sources, such as solar photovoltaic, is regarded as one of the main challenges hindering their massive integration in existing electric grids. Accurate forecasting of the power output of the solar plant might therefore play a key role towards this goal. In this paper, we compare several machine learning and deep learning algorithms for intra-hour forecasting of the output power of a 1 MW photovoltaic plant, using meteorological data acquired in the field. With the best performing algorithms, our data-driven workflow provided prediction performance that compares well with the present state of the art and could be applied in an industrial setting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar and Wind Power and Energy Forecasting)
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24 pages, 3200 KiB  
Article
Long-Term Projection of Renewable Energy Technology Diffusion
by Tadeusz Skoczkowski, Sławomir Bielecki and Joanna Wojtyńska
Energies 2019, 12(22), 4261; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en12224261 - 08 Nov 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3574
Abstract
The EU aims at increasing the use of renewable energy sources (RES), mainly solar-photovoltaic (PV) and wind technologies. Projecting the future, in this respect, requires a long-term energy modeling which includes a rate of diffusion of novel technologies into the market and the [...] Read more.
The EU aims at increasing the use of renewable energy sources (RES), mainly solar-photovoltaic (PV) and wind technologies. Projecting the future, in this respect, requires a long-term energy modeling which includes a rate of diffusion of novel technologies into the market and the prediction of their costs. The aim of this article has been to project the pace at which RES technologies diffused in the past or may diffuse in the future across the power sector. This analysis of the dynamics of technologies historically as well as in modeling, roadmaps and scenarios consists in a consistent analysis of the main parameters of the dynamics (pace of diffusion and extent of diffusion in particular markets). Some scenarios (REMIND, WITCH, WEO, PRIMES) of the development of the selected power generation technologies in the EU till 2050 are compared. Depending on the data available, the learning curves describing the expected development of PV and wind technologies till 2100 have been modeled. The learning curves have been presented as a unit cost of the power versus cumulative installed capacity (market size). As the production capacity increases, the cost per unit is reduced thanks to learning how to streamline the manufacturing process. Complimentary to these learning curves, logistic S-shape functions have been used to describe technology diffusion. PV and wind generation technologies for the EU have been estimated in time domain till 2100. The doubts whether learning curves are a proper method of representing technological change due to various uncertainties have been discussed. A critical analysis of effects of the commonly applied models for a long-term energy projection (REMIND, WITCH) use has been conducted. It has been observed that for the EU the analyzed models, despite differences in the target saturation levels, predict stagnation in the development of PV and wind technologies from around 2040. Key results of the analysis are new insights into the plausibility of future deployment scenarios in different sectors, informed by the analysis of historical dynamics of technology diffusion, using to the extent possible consistent metrics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar and Wind Power and Energy Forecasting)
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17 pages, 4410 KiB  
Article
Hybrid Forecasting Model for Short-Term Wind Power Prediction Using Modified Long Short-Term Memory
by Namrye Son, Seunghak Yang and Jeongseung Na
Energies 2019, 12(20), 3901; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en12203901 - 15 Oct 2019
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2645
Abstract
Renewable energy has recently gained considerable attention. In particular, the interest in wind energy is rapidly growing globally. However, the characteristics of instability and volatility in wind energy systems also affect power systems significantly. To address these issues, many studies have been carried [...] Read more.
Renewable energy has recently gained considerable attention. In particular, the interest in wind energy is rapidly growing globally. However, the characteristics of instability and volatility in wind energy systems also affect power systems significantly. To address these issues, many studies have been carried out to predict wind speed and power. Methods of predicting wind energy are divided into four categories: physical methods, statistical methods, artificial intelligence methods, and hybrid methods. In this study, we proposed a hybrid model using modified LSTM (Long short-term Memory) to predict short-term wind power. The data adopted by modified LSTM use the current observation data (wind power, wind direction, and wind speed) rather than previous data, which are prediction factors of wind power. The performance of modified LSTM was compared among four multivariate models, which are derived from combining the current observation data. Among multivariable models, the proposed hybrid method showed good performance in the initial stage with Model 1 (wind power) and excellent performance in the middle to late stages with Model 3 (wind power, wind speed) in the estimation of short-term wind power. The experiment results showed that the proposed model is more robust and accurate in forecasting short-term wind power than the other models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar and Wind Power and Energy Forecasting)
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15 pages, 2844 KiB  
Article
The Influence of the Wind Measurement Campaign Duration on a Measure-Correlate-Predict (MCP)-Based Wind Resource Assessment
by José V. P. Miguel, Eliane A. Fadigas and Ildo L. Sauer
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3606; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en12193606 - 20 Sep 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2512
Abstract
Driven by the energy auctions system, wind power in Brazil is undergoing a phase of expansion within its electric energy mix. Due to wind’s stochastic nature and variability, the wind measurement campaign duration of a wind farm project is required to last for [...] Read more.
Driven by the energy auctions system, wind power in Brazil is undergoing a phase of expansion within its electric energy mix. Due to wind’s stochastic nature and variability, the wind measurement campaign duration of a wind farm project is required to last for a minimum of 36 months in order for it to partake in energy auctions. In this respect, the influence of such duration on a measure-correlate-predict (MCP) based wind resource assessment was studied to assess the accuracy of generation forecasts. For this purpose, three databases containing time series of wind speed belonging to a site were considered. Campaigns with durations varying from 2 to 6 years were simulated to evaluate the behavior of the uncertainty in the long-term wind resource and to analyze how it impacts a wind farm power output estimation. As the wind measurement campaign length is increased, the uncertainty in the long-term wind resource diminished, thereby reducing the overall uncertainty that pervades the wind power harnessing. Larger monitoring campaigns implied larger quantities of data, thus enabling a better assessment of wind speed variability within that target location. Consequently, the energy production estimation decreased, allowing an improvement in the accuracy of the energy generation prediction by not overestimating it, which could benefit the reliability of the Brazilian electric system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar and Wind Power and Energy Forecasting)
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13 pages, 5837 KiB  
Article
Weighting Factor Selection of the Ensemble Model for Improving Forecast Accuracy of Photovoltaic Generating Resources
by Kihan Kim and Jin Hur
Energies 2019, 12(17), 3315; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en12173315 - 28 Aug 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2204
Abstract
Among renewable energy sources, solar power is rapidly growing as a major power source for future power systems. However, solar power has uncertainty due to the effects of weather factors, and if the penetration rate of solar power in the future increases, it [...] Read more.
Among renewable energy sources, solar power is rapidly growing as a major power source for future power systems. However, solar power has uncertainty due to the effects of weather factors, and if the penetration rate of solar power in the future increases, it could reduce the reliability of the power system. A study of accurate solar power forecasting should be done to improve the stability of the power system operation. Using the empirical data from solar power plants in South Korea, the short-term forecasting of solar power outputs were carried out for 2016. We performed solar power forecasting with the support vector regression (SVR) model, the naïve Bayes classifier (NBC), and the hourly regression model. We proposed the ensemble method including the selection of weighting factors for each model to improve forecasting accuracy. The forecasted solar power generation error was indicated using normalized mean absolute error (NMAE) compared to the plant capacity. For the ensemble method, the results of each forecasting model were weighted with the reciprocal of the standard deviation of the forecast error, thus improving the solar power outputs forecast accuracy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar and Wind Power and Energy Forecasting)
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21 pages, 6772 KiB  
Article
A New Hybrid Approach to Forecast Wind Power for Large Scale Wind Turbine Data Using Deep Learning with TensorFlow Framework and Principal Component Analysis
by Mansoor Khan, Tianqi Liu and Farhan Ullah
Energies 2019, 12(12), 2229; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en12122229 - 12 Jun 2019
Cited by 42 | Viewed by 5169
Abstract
Wind power forecasting plays a vital role in renewable energy production. Accurately forecasting wind energy is a significant challenge due to the uncertain and complex behavior of wind signals. For this purpose, accurate prediction methods are required. This paper presents a new hybrid [...] Read more.
Wind power forecasting plays a vital role in renewable energy production. Accurately forecasting wind energy is a significant challenge due to the uncertain and complex behavior of wind signals. For this purpose, accurate prediction methods are required. This paper presents a new hybrid approach of principal component analysis (PCA) and deep learning to uncover the hidden patterns from wind data and to forecast accurate wind power. PCA is applied to wind data to extract the hidden features from wind data and to identify meaningful information. It is also used to remove high correlation among the values. Further, an optimized deep learning algorithm with a TensorFlow framework is used to accurately forecast wind power from significant features. Finally, the deep learning algorithm is fine-tuned with learning error rate, optimizer function, dropout layer, activation and loss function. The algorithm uses a neural network and intelligent algorithm to predict the wind signals. The proposed idea is applied to three different datasets (hourly, monthly, yearly) gathered from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) transforming energy database. The forecasting results show that the proposed research can accurately predict wind power using a span ranging from hours to years. A comparison is made with popular state of the art algorithms and it is demonstrated that the proposed research yields better predictions results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar and Wind Power and Energy Forecasting)
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21 pages, 7495 KiB  
Article
Wind Energy Potential Assessment by Weibull Parameter Estimation Using Multiverse Optimization Method: A Case Study of Tirumala Region in India
by Mekalathur B Hemanth Kumar, Saravanan Balasubramaniyan, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban and Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen
Energies 2019, 12(11), 2158; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en12112158 - 05 Jun 2019
Cited by 49 | Viewed by 3794
Abstract
In this paper the multiverse optimization (MVO) was used for estimating Weibull parameters. These parameters were further used to analyze the wind data available at a particular location in the Tirumala region in India. An effort had been made to study the wind [...] Read more.
In this paper the multiverse optimization (MVO) was used for estimating Weibull parameters. These parameters were further used to analyze the wind data available at a particular location in the Tirumala region in India. An effort had been made to study the wind potential in this region (13°41′30.4″ N 79°21′34.4″ E) using the Weibull parameters. The wind data had been measured at this site for a period of six years from January 2012 to December 2017. The analysis was performed at two different hub heights of 10 m and 65 m. The frequency distribution of wind speed, wind direction and mean wind speeds were calculated for this region. To compare the performance of the MVO, gray wolf optimizer (GWO), moth flame optimization (MFO), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and other numerical methods were considered. From this study, the performance had been analyzed and the best results were obtained by using the MVO with an error less than one. Along with the Weibull frequency distribution for the selected region, wind direction and wind speed were also provided. From the analysis, wind speed from 2 m/s to 10 m/s was present in sector 260–280° and wind from 0–4 m/s were present in sector 170–180° of the Tirumala region in India. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar and Wind Power and Energy Forecasting)
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15 pages, 5783 KiB  
Article
Day-Ahead Photovoltaic Forecasting: A Comparison of the Most Effective Techniques
by Alfredo Nespoli, Emanuele Ogliari, Sonia Leva, Alessandro Massi Pavan, Adel Mellit, Vanni Lughi and Alberto Dolara
Energies 2019, 12(9), 1621; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en12091621 - 29 Apr 2019
Cited by 144 | Viewed by 7100
Abstract
We compare the 24-hour ahead forecasting performance of two methods commonly used for the prediction of the power output of photovoltaic systems. Both methods are based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), which have been trained on the same dataset, thus enabling a much-needed [...] Read more.
We compare the 24-hour ahead forecasting performance of two methods commonly used for the prediction of the power output of photovoltaic systems. Both methods are based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), which have been trained on the same dataset, thus enabling a much-needed homogeneous comparison currently lacking in the available literature. The dataset consists of an hourly series of simultaneous climatic and PV system parameters covering an entire year, and has been clustered to distinguish sunny from cloudy days and separately train the ANN. One forecasting method feeds only on the available dataset, while the other is a hybrid method as it relies upon the daily weather forecast. For sunny days, the first method shows a very good and stable prediction performance, with an almost constant Normalized Mean Absolute Error, NMAE%, in all cases (1% < NMAE% < 2%); the hybrid method shows an even better performance (NMAE% < 1%) for two of the days considered in this analysis, but overall a less stable performance (NMAE% > 2% and up to 5.3% for all the other cases). For cloudy days, the forecasting performance of both methods typically drops; the performance is rather stable for the method that does not use weather forecasts, while for the hybrid method it varies significantly for the days considered in the analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar and Wind Power and Energy Forecasting)
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15 pages, 3484 KiB  
Article
Short-Term Photovoltaic Power Output Prediction Based on k-Fold Cross-Validation and an Ensemble Model
by Ruijin Zhu, Weilin Guo and Xuejiao Gong
Energies 2019, 12(7), 1220; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en12071220 - 29 Mar 2019
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 4314
Abstract
Short-term photovoltaic power forecasting is of great significance for improving the operation of power systems and increasing the penetration of photovoltaic power. To improve the accuracy of short-term photovoltaic power forecasting, an ensemble-model-based short-term photovoltaic power prediction method is proposed. Firstly, the quartile [...] Read more.
Short-term photovoltaic power forecasting is of great significance for improving the operation of power systems and increasing the penetration of photovoltaic power. To improve the accuracy of short-term photovoltaic power forecasting, an ensemble-model-based short-term photovoltaic power prediction method is proposed. Firstly, the quartile method is used to process raw data, and the Pearson coefficient method is utilized to assess multiple features affecting the short-term photovoltaic power output. Secondly, the structure of the ensemble model is constructed, and a k-fold cross-validation method is used to train the submodels. The prediction results of each submodel are merged. Finally, the validity of the proposed approach is verified using an actual data set from State Power Investment Corporation Limited. The simulation results show that the quartile method can find outliers which contributes to processing the raw data and improving the accuracy of the model. The k-fold cross-validation method can effectively improve the generalization ability of the model, and the ensemble model can achieve higher prediction accuracy than a single model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar and Wind Power and Energy Forecasting)
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