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Electrical Power System Dynamics: Stability and Control

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F1: Electrical Power System".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2023) | Viewed by 22732

Special Issue Editors

1. Electrical Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81542, Egypt
2. College of Engineering at Wadi Addawaser, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Wadi Addwaser 11991, Saudi Arabia
Interests: power quality; renewable energy; electric storage devices; smart grids
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
1. Electrical Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81542, Egypt
2. Electrical and Mechatronics department, Tallinn University of technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
Interests: renewable energies; electric storage devices; electric machines
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The increasing trend of renewable energy use and energy storage technologies has led to new practices in modern power systems. These new practices require a strengthening of conventional energy systems to become dynamic networks that can communicate, store data, and make decisions allowing today’s energy industry to switch to modern smart networks, while increasing the use of clean renewables and conventional resources. Hence, efficient procedures are needed to address these issues successfully at academic and industrial levels alike. New solutions should also be sought to enable networks to deal with these developments, creating flexible energy networks that can host a high renewable-energy penetration, while cost-effectively maintaining acceptable levels of reliability and energy quality.

Hence, in this Special Issue, we are calling for original contributions that cover the emerging challenges in power system dynamics, operation, and control, including renewable energy systems, the integration of power electronics with renewable energy systems, and smart grids, all technologies and applications in modern power systems. It is our pleasure to provide a platform to bring together university scientists, researchers, and leading scientists to share their thoughts, ideas, experiences, and research results on all aspects of intelligent networks.

Dr. Ziad M. Ali
Dr. Omar Abdel-Rahim
Dr. Shady H. E. Abdel Aleem
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • decision making
  • energy storage
  • power quality
  • power system dynamics
  • power system operation and control
  • renewable energy systems
  • reliability
  • smart grid
  • sustainability
  • optimization
  • uncertainty
  • future trends
  • power converters for renewable energy applications
  • control of power converters
  • case studies

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

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22 pages, 3671 KiB  
Article
On the Exact Analytical Formulas of Leakage Current-Based Supercapacitor Model Operating in Industrial Applications
by Ziad M. Ali, Martin Calasan, Shady H. E. Abdel Aleem and Hany M. Hasanien
Energies 2023, 16(4), 1903; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16041903 - 14 Feb 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1258
Abstract
The resistance–capacitance (RC) model is one of the most applicable circuits for modeling the charging and discharging processes of supercapacitors (SCs). Although this circuit is usually used in the electric and thermal investigation of the performance of SCs, it does not include leakage [...] Read more.
The resistance–capacitance (RC) model is one of the most applicable circuits for modeling the charging and discharging processes of supercapacitors (SCs). Although this circuit is usually used in the electric and thermal investigation of the performance of SCs, it does not include leakage currents. This paper presents exact analytical formulas of leakage-current-based supercapacitor models that can be used in industrial applications, i.e., constant-power-based applications. In the proposed model, current and voltage are represented as a solution of nonlinear equations that are solved using the standard Newton method. The proposed expressions’ accuracy is compared with the results obtained using traditional numerical integration methods with leakage current formulation and other methods, found in the literature, with no leakage current formulation. The results confirm that including leakage current represents a more accurate and realistic manner of modeling SCs. The results show that the derived expressions are precise, allowing the generation of results that closely match those obtained using traditional numerical-based methods. The derived expressions can be used to investigate SCs further and achieve more accurate and efficient regulation and control of SCs in different applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Power System Dynamics: Stability and Control)
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22 pages, 4446 KiB  
Article
Novel Mathematical Design of Triple-Tuned Filters for Harmonics Distortion Mitigation
by Mohamed Maher, Shady H. E. Abdel Aleem, Ahmed M. Ibrahim and Adel El-Shahat
Energies 2023, 16(1), 39; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16010039 - 21 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1061
Abstract
The design of AC filters must meet the criteria of harmonic distortion mitigation and reactive power support in various operating modes. The stringent reactive power-sharing requirements currently lead to sophisticated filter schemes with high component ratings. In this regard, triple-tuned filters (TTFs) have [...] Read more.
The design of AC filters must meet the criteria of harmonic distortion mitigation and reactive power support in various operating modes. The stringent reactive power-sharing requirements currently lead to sophisticated filter schemes with high component ratings. In this regard, triple-tuned filters (TTFs) have good potential in harmonic mitigation of a broad range of harmonics. In the literature, the TTF design has been presented using a parametric method, assuming that the TTF is equivalent to a three-arm single-tuned filter (TASTF). However, no direct methods of designing it or finding its optimal parameters have been provided. This paper presents novel mathematical designs of TTFs. Three different design methods are considered—the direct triple-tuned filter (DTTF) design method, as a TASTF, and a method based on the equivalence between the two design methods called the equivalence hypothesis method to design the triple-tuned filter (EHF). The parameters of the three proposed design methods are optimized based on the minimization of a proposed multi-objective function using a recent metaheuristic algorithm called artificial rabbits optimization (ARO) to mitigate harmonics, improve power quality, and minimize power losses in an exemplary system presented in IEEE STD-519. Further, the system’s performance has been compared to the system optimized by the ant lion optimizer (ALO) and whale optimization algorithm (WOA) to validate the effectiveness of the proposed design. Simulation results emphasized harmonics mitigation in the system, the system losses reduction, and power quality improvement with lower reactive power filter ratings than conventional single and double-tuned filters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Power System Dynamics: Stability and Control)
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24 pages, 5882 KiB  
Article
A Neuro-Predictive Controller Scheme for Integration of a Basic Wind Energy Generation Unit with an Electrical Power System
by Mohamed Abd-El-Hakeem Mohamed, Hossam Seddik Abbas, Mokhtar Shouran and Salah Kamel
Energies 2022, 15(16), 5839; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15165839 - 11 Aug 2022
Viewed by 1105
Abstract
Developing control methods that have the ability to preserve the stability and optimum operation of a wind energy generation unit connected to power systems constitutes an essential area of recent research in power systems control. The present work investigates a novel control of [...] Read more.
Developing control methods that have the ability to preserve the stability and optimum operation of a wind energy generation unit connected to power systems constitutes an essential area of recent research in power systems control. The present work investigates a novel control of a wind energy system connected to a power system through a static VAR compensator (SVC). This advanced control is constructed via integration between the model predictive control (MPC) and an artificial neural network (ANN) to collect all of their advantages. The conventional MPC needs a high computational effort, or it can cause difficulties in implementation. These difficulties can be eliminated by using Laguerre-based MPC (LMPC). The ANN has high performance in optimization and modeling, but it is limited in improving dynamic performance. Conversely, MPC operation improves dynamic performance. The integration between ANN and LMPC increases the ability of the Neuro-MPC (LMPC-ANN) control system to conduct smooth tracking, overshoot reduction, optimization, and modeling. The new control scheme has strong, robust properties. Additionally, it can be applied to uncertainties and disturbances which result from high levels of wind speed variation. For comparison purposes, the performance of the studied system is estimated at different levels of wind speed based on different strategies, which are ANN only, Conventional MPC strategy, MPC-LQG strategy, ANN- LQG strategy, and the proposed control. This comparison proved the superiority of the proposed controller (LMPC-ANN) for improving the dynamic response where it mitigates wind fluctuation effects while maintaining the power generated and generator terminal voltage at optimum values. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Power System Dynamics: Stability and Control)
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17 pages, 3458 KiB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of Reactive Power Compensation Devices in a Real Electric Substation
by Hanan Tariq, Stanislaw Czapp, Sarmad Tariq, Khalid Mehmood Cheema, Aqarib Hussain, Ahmad H. Milyani, Sultan Alghamdi and Z. M. Salem Elbarbary
Energies 2022, 15(12), 4453; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15124453 - 18 Jun 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2420
Abstract
A constant worldwide growing load stress over a power system compelled the practice of a reactive power injection to ensure an efficient power network. For this purpose, multiple technologies exist in the knowledge market out of which this paper emphasizes the usage of [...] Read more.
A constant worldwide growing load stress over a power system compelled the practice of a reactive power injection to ensure an efficient power network. For this purpose, multiple technologies exist in the knowledge market out of which this paper emphasizes the usage of the flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) and presents a comparative study of the static var compensator (SVC) with the static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), inducted in a real electric substation. The aim is to improve the power factor (PF) and power quality and to encounter reliably extreme conditions. A 220 kV electric substation was opted for the analysis, and both the static and dynamic conditions were observed with the help of a power system analysis tool termed PowerFactory-DIgSILENT. Multiple aspects were investigated via software simulations to assess the performance of the aforementioned FACTS devices, such as the voltage profile evaluation via the load flow analysis method (LFA), the harmonic response via the power quality and harmonic analysis tool, and the short-circuit response via the RMS simulation tool. The outcomes were verified and compared with permissible values included in the universal standards, such as IEC and IEEE. The superiority of the STATCOM over the SVC was proven in light of the simulative results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Power System Dynamics: Stability and Control)
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19 pages, 1196 KiB  
Article
Greedy Sine-Cosine Non-Hierarchical Grey Wolf Optimizer for Solving Non-Convex Economic Load Dispatch Problems
by Ali S. Alghamdi
Energies 2022, 15(11), 3904; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15113904 - 25 May 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1564
Abstract
Economic load dispatch (ELD) provides significant benefits to the operation of the power system. It appears to be a complex nonconvex optimization problem subject to several equal and unequal constraints. The greedy sine-cosine nonhierarchical gray wolf optimizer (G-SCNHGWO) is introduced in this study [...] Read more.
Economic load dispatch (ELD) provides significant benefits to the operation of the power system. It appears to be a complex nonconvex optimization problem subject to several equal and unequal constraints. The greedy sine-cosine nonhierarchical gray wolf optimizer (G-SCNHGWO) is introduced in this study to solve complex nonconvex ELD optimization problems efficiently and robustly. The sine and cosine functions assist the search agents of the grey wolf optimizer (GWO) algorithm in avoiding trapping in a local optimum. In addition, the greedy nonhierarchical concept is integrated into GWO to enrich the optimization power of the conventional GWO algorithm. Simulations are implemented to validate the capability of the suggested algorithm in solving the different ELD problems. According to the results, the algorithm demonstrates very suitable performance compared to other state-of-the-art methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Power System Dynamics: Stability and Control)
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29 pages, 12565 KiB  
Article
Mitigation of Low-Frequency Oscillation in Power Systems through Optimal Design of Power System Stabilizer Employing ALO
by Endeshaw Solomon Bayu, Baseem Khan, Zaid M. Ali, Zuhair Muhammed Alaas and Om Prakash Mahela
Energies 2022, 15(10), 3809; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15103809 - 22 May 2022
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2086
Abstract
Low-frequency oscillations are an inevitable phenomenon of a power system. This paper proposes an Ant lion optimization approach to optimize the dual-input power system stabilizer (PSS2B) parameters to enhance the transfer capability of the 400 kV line in the North-West region of the [...] Read more.
Low-frequency oscillations are an inevitable phenomenon of a power system. This paper proposes an Ant lion optimization approach to optimize the dual-input power system stabilizer (PSS2B) parameters to enhance the transfer capability of the 400 kV line in the North-West region of the Ethiopian electric network by the damping of low-frequency oscillation. Double-input Power system stabilizers (PSSs) are currently used in power systems to damp out low-frequency oscillations. The gained minimum damping ratio and eigenvalue results of the proposed Ant lion algorithm (ALO) approach are compared with the existing conventional system to get better efficiency at various loading conditions. Additionally, the proposed Ant lion optimization approach requires minimal time to estimate the key parameters of the power oscillation damper (POD). Consequently, the average time taken to optimally size the parameters of the PSS controller was 14.6 s, which is pretty small and indicates real-time implementation of an ALO developed model. The nonlinear equations that represent the system have been linearized and then placed in state-space form in order to study and analyze the dynamic performance of the system by damping out low-frequency oscillation problems. Finally, conventional fixed-gain PSS improves the maximum overshoot by 5.2% and settling time by 51.4%, but the proposed optimally sized PSS employed with the ALO method had improved the maximum overshoot by 16.86% and settling time by 78.7%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Power System Dynamics: Stability and Control)
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25 pages, 6200 KiB  
Article
Control Design and Parameter Tuning for Islanded Microgrids by Combining Different Optimization Algorithms
by Seyedamin Valedsaravi, Abdelali El Aroudi, Jose A. Barrado-Rodrigo, Walid Issa and Luis Martínez-Salamero
Energies 2022, 15(10), 3756; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15103756 - 19 May 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1994
Abstract
Load and supply parameters may be uncertain in microgrids (MGs) due for instance to the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources among others. Guaranteeing reliable and stable MGs despite parameter uncertainties is crucial for their correct operation. Their stability and dynamical features are [...] Read more.
Load and supply parameters may be uncertain in microgrids (MGs) due for instance to the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources among others. Guaranteeing reliable and stable MGs despite parameter uncertainties is crucial for their correct operation. Their stability and dynamical features are directly related to the controllers’ parameters and power-sharing coefficients. Hence, to maintain power good quality within the desirable range of system parameters and to have a satisfactory response to sudden load changes, careful selection of the controllers and power-sharing coefficients are necessary. In this paper, a simple design approach for the optimal design of controllers’ parameters is presented in an islanded MG. To that aim, an optimization problem is formulated based on a small-signal state-space model and solved by three different optimization techniques including particle swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA), and a proposed approach based on the combination of both PSO and GA. The optimized coefficients are selected to guarantee desirable static and dynamic responses in a wide range of operations regardless of the number of inverters, system configuration, output impedance differences, and load types. Through the proposed design and tuning method, the performance of the MG is improved as compared to those obtained using state-of-art techniques. This fact is demonstrated by using numerical simulations performed on a detailed model implemented in PSIM© software. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Power System Dynamics: Stability and Control)
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24 pages, 3133 KiB  
Article
A New Self-Adaptive Teaching–Learning-Based Optimization with Different Distributions for Optimal Reactive Power Control in Power Networks
by Ali S. Alghamdi
Energies 2022, 15(8), 2759; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15082759 - 09 Apr 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1537
Abstract
Teaching–learning-based optimization has the disadvantages of weak population diversity and the tendency to fall into local optima, especially for multimodal and high-dimensional problems such as the optimal reactive power dispatch problem. To overcome these shortcomings, first, in this study, a new enhanced TLBO [...] Read more.
Teaching–learning-based optimization has the disadvantages of weak population diversity and the tendency to fall into local optima, especially for multimodal and high-dimensional problems such as the optimal reactive power dispatch problem. To overcome these shortcomings, first, in this study, a new enhanced TLBO is proposed through novel and effective θ-self-adaptive teaching and learning to optimize voltage and active loss management in power networks, which is called the optimal reactive power control problem with continuous and discontinuous control variables. Voltage and active loss management in any energy network can be optimized by finding the optimal control parameters, including generator voltage, shunt power compensators, and the tap positions of tap changers, among others. As a result, an efficient and powerful optimization algorithm is required to handle this challenging situation. The proposed algorithms utilized in this research were improved by introducing new mutation operators for multi-objective optimal reactive power control in popular standard IEEE 30-bus and IEEE 57-bus networks. The numerical simulation data reveal potential high-quality solutions with better performance and accuracy using the proposed optimization algorithms in comparison with the basic teaching–learning-based optimization algorithm and previously reported results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Power System Dynamics: Stability and Control)
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14 pages, 3614 KiB  
Article
Selection of Inertial and Power Curtailment Control Methods for Wind Power Plants to Enhance Frequency Stability
by SungHoon Lim, Seung-Mook Baek and Jung-Wook Park
Energies 2022, 15(7), 2630; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15072630 - 03 Apr 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1827
Abstract
As renewable energy penetrates the power system, system operators are required to curtail output power from generation units to balance the power supply and demand. However, large curtailment from wind power plants (WPPs) may instantly cause excessive output power decrement, causing system frequency [...] Read more.
As renewable energy penetrates the power system, system operators are required to curtail output power from generation units to balance the power supply and demand. However, large curtailment from wind power plants (WPPs) may instantly cause excessive output power decrement, causing system frequency to drop significantly before reaching its nominal value. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes a cooperative control framework to determine the operation of WPPs in two control methods, which are the stepwise inertial control (SIC) method and the curtailed control method. The proposed framework first determines the WPPs to operate in the curtailed control method to provide the required power curtailment. Next, it determines the WPPs to operate in the SIC method considering their releasable kinetic energy to provide an effective inertial response and compensate for the sudden excessive output power decrement caused by other WPPs operated in the curtailed control method. Therefore, each WPP is operated in one of two control methods to provide required power curtailment while reducing the sudden excessive output power decrement. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed cooperative control framework, several case studies are carried out on the practical South Korea electric power system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Power System Dynamics: Stability and Control)
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20 pages, 3019 KiB  
Article
Optimal Service Restoration Scheme for Radial Distribution Network Using Teaching Learning Based Optimization
by Mulusew Ayalew, Baseem Khan and Zuhair Muhammed Alaas
Energies 2022, 15(7), 2505; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15072505 - 29 Mar 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1460
Abstract
In the event of a fault isolation process, all loads located downstream from the faulted point become out of service, and as a consequence, the power interruption affects a greater portion of the radial distribution system. This paper proposes an optimal Service Restoration [...] Read more.
In the event of a fault isolation process, all loads located downstream from the faulted point become out of service, and as a consequence, the power interruption affects a greater portion of the radial distribution system. This paper proposes an optimal Service Restoration (SR) method that entails changing the network topology configuration via optimal tie-switch and section switch combinations. However, when the network topology configuration is performed, it results in increased load currents. As a result, some Protective Devices (PDs) can operate undesirably and some network branches may become unprotected. Therefore, it is essential to consider protection constraints in the SR problem to maintain service continuity during power interruptions. The proposed method aims at optimal SR with minimum out-of-service loads, minimum power loss, and improved voltage profiles and at the same time ensures PDs operate correctly during the normal and overloading conditions. The proposed method was carried out on the Debre Markos distribution networks, using the Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Differential Evolutionary (DEV) algorithms. The proposed SR was carried out considering and without considering protection constraints. The obtained SR topology was not feasible for SR without considering protection constraints, since some PDs fail to operate properly in normal loading conditions. After executing the proposed SR algorithms by considering protection constraints for a single fault case, the power loss reductions in TLBO, DEV, and PSO were 64.9073%, 45.9073%, and 55.358 %, respectively. The minimum voltage profiles obtained in each proposed TLBO, DEV, and PSO algorithm were 0.96%, 0.95%, and 0.96%, respectively. In each algorithm, except for the branch under fault, all healthy out-of-service branches were restored. When the protection constraints were considered in an optimal SR, load current did not exceed the rating of the fuses. The results show the importance of considering protection constraints during SR to prevent dysfunction of the PDs in the network. Comparative analyses were carried out on each algorithm and TLBO algorithms performed better than PSO and DEV for search functions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Power System Dynamics: Stability and Control)
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Review

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41 pages, 6061 KiB  
Review
Applications of Energy Storage Systems in Enhancing Energy Management and Access in Microgrids: A Review
by Ziad M. Ali, Martin Calasan, Shady H. E. Abdel Aleem, Francisco Jurado and Foad H. Gandoman
Energies 2023, 16(16), 5930; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16165930 - 10 Aug 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2462
Abstract
As the world’s population continues to grow and the demand for energy increases, there is an urgent need for sustainable and efficient energy systems. Renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, have the potential to play a significant role in meeting [...] Read more.
As the world’s population continues to grow and the demand for energy increases, there is an urgent need for sustainable and efficient energy systems. Renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, have the potential to play a significant role in meeting this demand, but their intermittency can make integration into existing energy systems a challenge. Moreover, the development of sustainable energy systems has become even more critical in recent years, due to a confluence of events, including the decline in fuel prices, geopolitical conflicts, and the recent COVID-19 pandemic. The decrease in fuel prices has led to a decline in investment in renewable energy and has slowed the transition to sustainable energy systems. Additionally, geopolitical conflicts and pandemics have highlighted the need for resilient and self-sufficient energy systems that can operate independently of external factors. Also, energy storage technologies play a critical role in achieving this goal by providing reliable backup power and enabling microgrids to operate independently of the larger power grid. As such, developing efficient and effective energy storage technologies is essential for creating sustainable energy systems that can meet the demands of modern society while mitigating the impact of external factors. In this regard, this work provides an overview of microgrids’ latest energy storage technologies, including their applications, types, integration strategies, optimization algorithms, software, and uncertainty analysis. Energy storage technologies have a wide range of applications in microgrids, including providing backup power and balancing the supply and demand of energy. Different energy storage techniques have been discussed, including batteries, flywheels, supercapacitors, pumped hydro energy storage, and others. Moreover, integration strategies of energy storage in microgrids, models, assessment indices, and optimization algorithms used in the design of energy storage systems are presented in detail. The capabilities of software used in energy storage sizing are explored. Further, uncertainty analysis in modeling energy storage devices is presented and discussed. This state-of-the-art technology has been prepared to demonstrate the effectiveness of energy storage technologies in microgrids, providing valuable insights for future developments in the field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Power System Dynamics: Stability and Control)
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22 pages, 2355 KiB  
Review
A Review of Grid Code Requirements for the Integration of Renewable Energy Sources in Ethiopia
by Baseem Khan, Josep M. Guerrero, Sanjay Chaudhary, Juan C. Vasquez, Kenn H. B. Frederiksen and Ying Wu
Energies 2022, 15(14), 5197; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15145197 - 18 Jul 2022
Viewed by 1770
Abstract
Rapid integration of renewable energy into the electric grid has ramifications for grid management and planning. Therefore, system operators have formulated grid code requirements to ensure that the grid continues to operate in a secure, safe, and cost-effective manner. The current state of [...] Read more.
Rapid integration of renewable energy into the electric grid has ramifications for grid management and planning. Therefore, system operators have formulated grid code requirements to ensure that the grid continues to operate in a secure, safe, and cost-effective manner. The current state of grid code in Ethiopia, as well as the need for it, is discussed in this article. It lays out the technological grid integration requirements, with a focus on small and microgrids, which are especially important for the integration of renewable. The barriers to grid code normalization and renewable energy grid compatibility testing are identified, and suggestions for continued grid code development in Ethiopia based on Danish observations are provided. Further, a detailed comparative analysis of the Ethiopian grid code with the IEEE 1547-2003 and IEEE 1547-2018 standards is presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Power System Dynamics: Stability and Control)
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