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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "J: Thermal Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2022) | Viewed by 11438
Submit your paper and select the Journal “Energies” and the Special Issue “Thermal and Combustion Applications” via: https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?journal=energies. Please contact the guest editor or the journal editor ([email protected]) for any queries.

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Dr. Rafał Longwic

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
Interests: combustion; alternative fuel; canola oil; diesel engine; diesel fuel; n-hexane; transient conditions

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to offer the opportunity to publish your original research paper in the journal Energies, Special Issue: “Thermal and Combustion Applications”. This issue is dedicated to applications of the combustion process. The areas of interest are traction and stationary (cogeneration) combustion engines. Articles may concern the combustion process in these engines when powered by new types of fuel (for example: biofuels, hydrogen) under specific operating conditions. The main thrust of this Special Issue is to show how combustion in internal combustion engines can be adapted to meet the changing demands of the modern world. We invite you to publish your articles.

Dr. Rafał Longwic
Guest Editor

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Keywords

Internal combustion engines
Combustion process
Biofuels
Hydrogen
Atmosphere protection

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 6258 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of the Combustion Process Parameters in a Diesel Engine Powered by Second-Generation Biodiesel Compared to the First-Generation Biodiesel

by Piotr Łagowski, Grzegorz Wcisło and Dariusz Kurczyński

Energies 2022, 15(18), 6835; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15186835 - 19 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1522

Abstract

The use of biofuels to power compression–ignition engines makes it possible to reduce emissions of certain harmful components of exhaust gases. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of second-generation biofuels on the course of indicator graphs and heat release characteristics of the Perkins 1104D-44TA compression–ignition engine. For comparative purposes, the same tests were carried out by feeding the engine with first-generation biofuel and diesel fuel. Babassu butyl esters (BBuE) were used as the second-generation biofuel. The second fuel was a first-generation biofuel—rapeseed oil methyl esters (RME). Analysis of the results made it possible to draw conclusions about the effect of using 2nd and 1st generation biofuels on the parameters of the combustion process. When the DF engine was powered, the lowest fuel dose per work cycle was obtained. In the case of RME and BBuE fuels, it depends on the engine load. For low loads, higher consumption is for RME, and for higher loads, fuel consumption for BBuE in-creases most often. This is due to the lower calorific value of the esters. The results of these tests indicate that feeding the engine with BBuE and RME fuel in most loads resulted in higher maximum combustion pressures compared to feeding the engine with DF which may be directly related to the higher cetane number of these fuels compared to DF and the oxygen content of these fuels. Feeding the engine with BBuE and RME esters compared to DF did not result in large differences in the maximum heat release rates HRmax. However, the values of the first and second maximum heat release rates x_1max and x_2max, in addition to the type of fuel, are strongly influenced by the operating conditions, especially the engine load. Analyzing the combustion angles of 5, 10, 50, and 90% of the fuel dose, it can be seen that feeding the engine with BBuE and RME esters for most measurement points results in faster combustion of the fuel dose compared to DF. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal and Combustion Applications)

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18 pages, 4956 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physicochemical Properties of Diethyl Ether—Sunflower Oil Blends and Their Impact on Diesel Engine Emissions

by Krzysztof Górski, Ruslans Smigins, Jonas Matijošius, Alfredas Rimkus and Rafał Longwic

Energies 2022, 15(11), 4133; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15114133 - 04 Jun 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1532

Abstract

In this paper, an analysis of the physico-chemical properties of diethyl ether/sunflower oil blends, as well as changes in emissions in work with AD3.152 diesel engine, were realized. The following properties of tested blends have been examined in detail: density (ρ) at 15 °C; kinematic viscosity (v) at 40 °C; cold filter plugging point (CFPP); lower heating value (LHV); flash point (FP); and surface tension (ϭ). In this research, different blends of diethyl ether (DEE) with sunflower oil (SO) in ratios of 10:90, 20:80 and 30:70% by volume were chosen. It was confirmed that DEE impacts significantly on reducing of SO viscosity. Furthermore, the density, as well as the surface tension of tested blends, have been reduced significantly when DEE was blended with SO. In this way, DEE impacts on better atomization of the SO injected into the combustion chamber. It was confirmed that DEE addition improves the low-temperature properties of SO significantly, which indicates the possibility of also using such blends in the winter season. On the other hand, the flammable DEE additive significantly lowers the flash point of the tested blends, which requires compliance with the transport safety rules applicable to gasoline. An engine tests carried out in condition of its partial load i.e., for 80 and 120 Nm, showed that combustion process of DEE/SO blends is more and more similar to the combustion of diesel fuel when adequately higher content of DEE is blended with SO. In particular, it was confirmed that the highest smoke concentration was observed for the engine operated with SO. However, 30% addition of DEE to SO brings this smokiness significantly closer to the value typical for the engine operated with diesel fuel. Additionally, concentration of unburned hydrocarbons (THC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are comparable for diesel fuel and DEE/SO blends. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal and Combustion Applications)

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16 pages, 3151 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Hydrogen Reactors to Improve the Diesel Engine Performance

by Sviatoslav Kryshtopa, Krzysztof Górski, Rafał Longwic, Ruslans Smigins, Liudmyla Kryshtopa and Jonas Matijošius

Energies 2022, 15(9), 3024; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15093024 - 20 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1851

Abstract

This work is aimed at solving the problem of converting diesel power drives to diesel–hydrogen fuels, which are more environmentally friendly and less expensive alternatives to diesel fuel. The method of increasing the energy efficiency of diesel fuels has been improved. The thermochemical essence of using methanol as an alternative fuel to increase energy efficiency based on the provisions of thermotechnics is considered. Alternative methanol fuel has been chosen as the initial product for the hydrogen conversion process, and its energy value, cost, and temperature conditions have been taken into account. Calculations showed that the caloric effect from the combustion of the converted mixture of hydrogen H₂ and carbon monoxide CO exceeds the effect from the combustion of the same amount of methanol fuel. Engine power and fuel energy were increased due to the thermochemical regeneration of engine exhaust gas heat. An experimental setup was created to study the operation of a converted diesel engine on diesel–hydrogen products. Experimental studies of power and environmental parameters of a diesel engine converted for diesel–hydrogen products were performed. The studies showed that the conversion of diesel engines to operate using diesel–hydrogen products is technically feasible. A reduction in energy consumption was accompanied by an improvement in the environmental performance of the diesel–hydrogen engine working together with a chemical methanol conversion thermoreactor. The formation of carbon monoxide occurred in the range of 52–62%; nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gases decreased by 53–60% according to the crankshaft speed and loading on the experimental engine. In addition, soot emissions were reduced by 17% for the engine fueled with the diesel–hydrogen fuel. The conversion of diesel engines for diesel–hydrogen products is very profitable because the price of methanol is, on average, 10–20% of the cost of petroleum fuel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal and Combustion Applications)

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23 pages, 2607 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Method of Biomass Discrimination for Fast Assessment of Calorific Value

by Jarosław Gocławski, Ewa Korzeniewska, Joanna Sekulska-Nalewajko, Paweł Kiełbasa and Tomasz Dróżdż

Energies 2022, 15(7), 2514; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15072514 - 29 Mar 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1344

Abstract

Crop byproducts are alternatives to nonrenewable energy resources. Burning biomass results in lower emission of undesirable nitrogen and sulfur oxides and contributes no significant greenhouse effect. There is a diverse range of energy-useful biomass, including in terms of calorific value. This article presents a new method of discriminating biomass, and of determining its calorific value. The method involves extracting the selected texture features on the surface of a briquette from a microscopic image and then classifying them using supervised classification methods. The fractal dimension, local binary pattern (LBP), and Haralick features are computed and then classified by linear discrimination analysis (LDA). The discrimination results are compared with the results obtained by random forest (RF) and deep neural network (DNN) type classifiers. This approach is superior in terms of complexity and operating time to other methods such as, for instance, the calorimetric method or analysis of the chemical composition of elements in a sample. In the normal operation mode, our method identifies the calorific value in the time of about 100 s, i.e., 90 times faster than traditional combustion of material samples. In predicting from a single sample image, the overall average accuracy of 95% was achieved for all tested classifiers. The authors’ idea to use ten input images of the same material and then majority voting after classification increases the discrimination system accuracy above 99%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal and Combustion Applications)

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14 pages, 4461 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modification of Canola Oil Physicochemical Properties by Hexane and Ethanol with Regards of Its Application in Diesel Engine

by Rafał Longwic, Przemysław Sander, Bronisław Jańczuk, Anna Zdziennicka and Katarzyna Szymczyk

Energies 2021, 14(15), 4469; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14154469 - 23 Jul 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1662

Abstract

A mixture of canola oil (Co), n-hexane (Hex), and ethyl alcohol (Et) was proposed as a new energy material for powering diesel engines. For this purpose, surface tension, density, and viscosity measurements, as well as engine tests, were performed for 88%Co10%Hex2%Et and 83%Co15%Hex2%Et mixtures at 20 °C. The adsorption and volumetric properties of these mixtures were compared to those of individual mixture components, as well as diesel fuel (Df) and oleic, linoleic, α-linolenic, palmitic, and stearic acids. It was revealed that the values of surface tension, viscosity, and density of Co were higher than those of the Co components. The addition of 10% Hex and 2% Et to Co caused a more than twofold decrease in its viscosity, while the addition of 15% Hex and 2% Et caused a more than fourfold reduction of Co viscosity. In addition, a mixture of Co with 2% Et and 10% Hex had a density similar to that of Df. In turn, theoretical calculations showed that the addition of n-hexane and ethanol to canola oil only slightly changed its heat of combustion. Engine tests were carried out at fixed engine rotational speeds, with a direct gearbox ratio (4th gear). The quick-changing parameters of the combustion process were registered using an AVL Indimicro system. In these tests it was found that the addition of Et to the mixture of Co and Hex did not significantly shorten the auto-ignition delay, but the kinetic phase during combustion disappeared, which had an impact on the combustion start angle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal and Combustion Applications)

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29 pages, 8646 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study of Energy and Environmental Parameters of a Diesel Engine Running on Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (HVO) with Addition of Biobutanol and Castor Oil

by Gintaras Valeika, Jonas Matijošius, Krzysztof Górski, Alfredas Rimkus and Ruslans Smigins

Energies 2021, 14(13), 3939; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14133939 - 01 Jul 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2558

Abstract

The article analyses energy and environmental operating parameters of a compression ignition internal combustion engine running on HVO-biobutanol and castor oil fuel blends, also comparing them with parameters of an engine running on convection diesel. Since biobutanol is known for poor lubrication characteristics, it was mixed with 5% of castor oil. The obtained blend of biobutanol and castor oil was mixed with HVO at 2/95, 10/90, and 20/80 v/v and fed to the compression ignition internal combustion engine. The presented physicochemical indicators justified the use of the said fuel blends. Constant engine crankshaft speed of 2000 rpm and a variable load expressed as BMEP of 0.1–0.9 MPa was selected in the research. When using the biobutanol–castor oil additive (hereafter simply biobutanol additive) in HVO, an increase in the rate of heat release (ROHR) and the convergence of its value to that of to conventional diesel fuel was observed. A decrease in BTE values was also observed with increasing biobutanol concentration in the blend. Increasing concentration of biobutanol in blends led to an increase in BSFC both in terms of volume and mass; HC and NO_x emissions grew as well, but smoke emissions declined, and no material changes in CO and CO₂ emissions were observed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal and Combustion Applications)

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