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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2022) | Viewed by 33464

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Prof. Dr. Zbysław Dymaczewski

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Guest Editor

Institute of Environmental Engineering and Building Installations, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
Interests: water and wastewater treatment; nutrient removal and recovery

Prof. Dr. Jacek Mąkinia

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
Interests: wastewater treatment; nutrient removal and recovery; carbon footprint; Anammox; mathematical modeling
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Prof. Dr. Jan Oleszkiewicz

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Civil Engineering Department, University of Manitoba, 15 Gillson St. Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 5V6, Canada
Interests: wastewater treatment; nutrient removal and recovery; sludge management

Prof. Dr. Joanna Jeż-Walkowiak

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Guest Editor

Institute of Environmental Engineering and Building Installations, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
Interests: water and wastewater treatment

Dr. Jędrzej Bylka

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy Poznan, University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
Interests: energy assessment of water transport system; water supply network modelling and optimisation; water-energy nexus; exergy analyses

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Water is one of the most precious resources on Earth. Although 70% of our planet is covered by water, only a very small portion can be used relatively easily and affordably to meet people’s needs. Due to climate change, providing good and safe water to many communities becomes more and more challenging and expensive. Protecting water resources by wastewater treatment requires significant energy input, so new—more energy efficient—technologies are being developed. Water reuse and recovery, energy and resource recovery from wastewater, and closing of the water cycle are becoming the most important activities for the sustainable development of our communities. Evaluation of energy transformations which occur during water and wastewater treatment as well as in the systems for water supply and for collection of wastewater allows better management and optimization of these systems.

This Special Issue of Energies addresses all the abovementioned issues.

We would like to invite you to submit manuscripts, especially in the following areas: energy and other resource recovery at wastewater treatment plants, intensification of water and wastewater treatment processes, sludge management, water reuse in urban areas, smart water systems, water–energy nexus, energy optimization for water and wastewater systems, energy and exergy analyses for water and wastewater systems, smart cities, and life cycle assessment for water and wastewater systems.

Prof. Dr. Zbysław Dymaczewski
Prof. Dr. Jacek Mąkinia
Prof. Dr. Jan Oleszkiewicz
Prof. Dr. Joanna Jeż-Walkowiak
Dr. Jędrzej Bylka
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

wastewater treatment
nutrient removal
anaerobic digestion
sludge management
sustainability
water–energy nexus
energy assessment
smart water systems
circular economy
energy recovery
energy conservation

Published Papers (13 papers)

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15 pages, 3214 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Field Olfactometry to Monitor the Odour Impact of a Municipal Sewage System

by Andrzej Kulig, Mirosław Szyłak-Szydłowski and Marta Wiśniewska

Energies 2022, 15(11), 4015; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15114015 - 30 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1615

Abstract

Odorant emissions are associated with, among other things, wastewater transport in sewer networks; they contribute to air pollution and result in complaints from residents living close to emission sources. The critical location in terms of the formation of unpleasant odour compounds is the pressure line that connects the pumping station and the expansion well; this is where they are released into the atmosphere. This paper presents comprehensive results of olfactometric and chromatographic tests in the Polish city of Białystok using portable devices that allow for multiple determinations and instant results. The study attempts to investigate the relationship between odour and odorant concentrations and check the suitability of field olfactometry as a tool for the ongoing monitoring of the emission of noxious odours and for verifying complaints submitted by residents. Statistical analysis shows a very high correlation coefficient between c_od and the concentrations of individual odorants, ranging from 0.82 to 0.91. This olfactometric research, mainly conducted in situ, can be an appropriate method for the ad hoc monitoring of processes in sewage networks. This method allows the detection of unwanted emissions of odours at individual points in the network in concentrations that are not detected by standard sensors but that nevertheless cause odour nuisances, complaints, and social conflict. The research results provide evidence in favour of the energetic usage of wastewater, which is in line with circular economy conception, since odour nuisance is one of its indicators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wastewater, Water and Energy)

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18 pages, 2606 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Inhibitory Effect of Free Nitrous Acid and Free Ammonia on the Anoxic Phosphorus Uptake Rate of Polyphosphate-Accumulating Organisms

by Dimitris Andreadakis, Constantinos Noutsopoulos, Daniel Mamais, Vera Charalambous, Asimina Koukoura and Simos Malamis

Energies 2022, 15(6), 2108; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15062108 - 14 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1310

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of free nitrous acid (FNA) and free ammonia (FA) on the anoxic phosphorus uptake rate (PUR) of polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) via the utilization of nitrite. With this goal, upon developing a PAO-enriched culture in a sequential batch reactor, a series of batch experiments were conducted to examine the effects of nitrite and ammonium on the anoxic phosphorus uptake rate at different pH levels. According to the results, both free nitrous acid and free ammonia were found to inhibit anoxic PUR to a degree similar to their respective effects on aerobic PUR reported in previous studies, suggesting that phosphorus removal via the anoxic pathway may be just as susceptible as that via the aerobic pathway. The effect of FNA on anoxic PUR is optimally described by a non-competitive inhibition model with a K_iFNA value of 1.6 μg N L⁻¹, while the Levenspiel model with an S_FA* value of 37 mg N L⁻¹ provided the best fit for the FA effect on PAOs anoxic activities. The results of this study provide new insights regarding the viability of EBPR under high nitrogen loading conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wastewater, Water and Energy)

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29 pages, 15910 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tap Water Quality and Habits of Its Use: A Comparative Analysis in Poland and Ukraine

by Józef Ober, Janusz Karwot and Serhii Rusakov

Energies 2022, 15(3), 981; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15030981 - 28 Jan 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3164

Abstract

Water, as one of the main media of human existence on earth, is the basis of the functioning of most societies. This article discusses various activities related to water resource management and analyzes the evaluation of selected quality parameters of tap water in Poland and Ukraine. The aim of the manuscript was to compare opinions on tap water quality and habits of its use in Poland and Ukraine, taking into account different seasons of the year as periods of use of supplied water. The hypothesis of the study was that tap water parameters are evaluated differently in Poland and Ukraine at different times of water supply. Due to the complexity of research aspects, a mixed-methods research procedure was used, in which a literature review was combined with a survey and statistical analysis. For the purpose of the survey, the authors’ questionnaire “Survey of customers’ opinions on selected parameters of tap water supplied in Poland and Ukraine” was created. The results of the research confirmed the hypothesis and allowed for the development a model for the evaluation of parameters of tap water supplied on the territory of Poland and Ukraine and to get to know the expectations of customers of these countries. The presented model provides practical indications that can be used to optimize water supply and meet customers’ expectations, including improvement of water quality parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wastewater, Water and Energy)

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12 pages, 2404 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Artificial Infiltration on the Removal of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs during Treatment of Surface Water

by Aleksandra Makała, Zbysław Dymaczewski, Joanna Jeż-Walkowiak, Agnieszka Strykowska and Joanna Zembrzuska

Energies 2021, 14(24), 8406; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14248406 - 13 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1620

Abstract

The content of pharmaceuticals in natural waters is steadily increasing. Especially nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are often detected in natural waters due to their widespread use. This group of compounds includes commonly used representatives, such as paracetamol and ketoprofen. The quality of natural waters determines the processes applied for the treatment of drinking water. The methods used in order to remove pharmaceuticals from treated water include adsorption and biologically active filtration. Both processes also occur during artificial infiltration (forced flow of intake surface water through the ground to the collecting wells) at surface water intakes. The processes, which occur in the soil, change the water quality characteristics to a great extent. The goal of the study was to evaluate the removal efficiency of paracetamol and ketoprofen in the process of artificial infiltration used as a pre-treatment of surface water. The studies were conducted at a field experimental installation located at the technical artificial infiltration intake. The experimental installation consisted of three metering wells (piezometers) which were located on the way between the bank of the infiltration pond and the collecting well. The collected water samples allowed to evaluate the change of selected NSAIDs concentrations during the passage of water through the ground. The analysis procedure included solid phase extraction (SPE) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Removal of the studied NSAIDs in the infiltration process occurred with variable effectiveness throughout the year. Paracetamol was removed with annual efficiency equal to 42%, although no significant removal of ketoprofen was observed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wastewater, Water and Energy)

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17 pages, 5384 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adsorption of Reactive Dye onto Uçá Crab Shell (Ucides cordatus): Scale-Up and Comparative Studies

by Maria Eduarda Araújo Pessoa, Karla Silvana Menezes Gadelha de Sousa, Genaro Zenaide Clericuzi, Andrea Lopes de Oliveira Ferreira, Maria Clara de Souza Soares and José Cavalcante de Queiroz Neto

Energies 2021, 14(18), 5876; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14185876 - 17 Sep 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1767

Abstract

The growing interest in using low-cost methods that use natural sources makes the study of adsorption processes increasingly frequent and common. Thus, the use of uçá crab shell (Ucides cordatus) in the adsorption of reactive dye (reactive blue 222) was studied in two systems (S1 and S2) in a finite bath, with a scale-up of 12 times and considering different forms of agitation. The biosorbent material was previously characterized from FTIR and EDX spectroscopies, SEM, physical adsorption of N₂, and point of zero charge. The kinetic study allowed modeling the experimental data and defining the equilibrium time for the S1 system as 400 min, and the S2 system as 360 min. The equilibrium adsorption capacities are 3.623 mg·g⁻¹ (S1) and 4.191 mg·g⁻¹ (S2). The pseudo-second-order (PSO) model best described the experimental data. The favorable multilayer adsorption was confirmed for the isothermal analysis, and the Freundlich and Sips models represented the experimental data of S1 and S2, respectively. The results obtained are positive indications of the scale-up of the S2 system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wastewater, Water and Energy)

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12 pages, 712 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Activated Sludge Process in the Elimination Both ATB-Resistant and ATB-Susceptible E. coli Strains

by Iwona Beata Paśmionka, Karol Bulski, Piotr Herbut, Elżbieta Boligłowa, Frederico Márcio C. Vieira, Gabriela Bonassa, Marina Celant De Prá and Marcelo Bortoli

Energies 2021, 14(18), 5868; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14185868 - 16 Sep 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1542

Abstract

Water reuse is now becoming a global necessity. However, one of the drawbacks in releasing wastewater into the environment is some persistent pollutants that are not completely removed in wastewater treatment plant. Residual bacteria and antibiotics in the inflowing wastewater can contribute to the antibiotic resistance spread in the aquatic environment. This study determined the effectiveness of activated sludge process for fecal coliform bacteria elimination, and also the Escherichia coli resistance to antimicrobial agents as erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim, and metronidazole in treated wastewater. The research was carried out using the membrane filtration technique, and the susceptibility of isolates to antimicrobial agents was tested by the disc diffusion method. The concentrations of fecal coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli differed significantly depending on the seasonal period in which it was carried out. Despite up to 99% reduction in the number of sanitary indicators in biologically treated wastewater, 89% of E. coli isolates resistant to the tested antibiotics was found, while 100% of the isolates were susceptible to metronidazole. Most of the isolates showed resistance to trimethoprim, and the fewest isolates were resistant to ofloxacin, indicating that some strains may react differently to antibiotics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wastewater, Water and Energy)

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10 pages, 1096 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Dairy Wastewater Treatment Systems Using Carbon Footprint Analysis

by Beata Karolinczak, Wojciech Dąbrowski and Radosław Żyłka

Energies 2021, 14(17), 5366; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14175366 - 28 Aug 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2541

Abstract

Modernisation of municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) should be carried out, taking into account its impact on global warming, e.g., through carbon footprint (CF) analysis. An important industrial sector in Poland is the dairy industry. In dairy WWTPs, the aerobic sewage sludge stabilisation applied thus far is being replaced by the anaerobic process. This change is positive due to the possibility of energy production, but it is unclear how it affects greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. The aim of the research was to perform CF analysis for two scenarios of dairy WWTP operation. The analysis was based on the real operating data of the current system (current scenario) and project of its modernisation (alternative scenario). The current scenario consists of mechanical and dissolved air flotation (DAF) treatment, biological treatment in sequence batch reactors (SBRs), aerobic sewage sludge stabilisation and its final farmland usage. The alternative scenario assumes replacing aerobic stabilisation with anaerobic stabilisation and a combined heat and power (CHP) system. The CF calculations were based on empirical models, taking into account different emission input parameters, expressed in CO₂ equivalents (CO_2e). The total CF of the current scenario was 22 kg CO_2e PE⁻¹ year⁻¹, while the alternative was 45 kg CO_2e PE⁻¹ year⁻¹. The largest share in the current scenario belongs to emissions from WWTPs and energy use, while in the alternative, there is the addition of emissions from biogas use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wastewater, Water and Energy)

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20 pages, 2570 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Toxic Effect of Ammonium Nitrogen on the Nitrification Process and Acclimatisation of Nitrifying Bacteria to High Concentrations of NH₄-N in Wastewater

by Iwona Beata Paśmionka, Karol Bulski, Piotr Herbut, Elżbieta Boligłowa, Frederico Márcio C. Vieira, Gabriela Bonassa, Marcelo Bortoli and Marina Celant de Prá

Energies 2021, 14(17), 5329; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14175329 - 27 Aug 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2951

Abstract

The aim of the conducted research was to assess the effectiveness of the nitrification process, at different concentrations of ammonium nitrogen, in biologically treated wastewater in one of the largest municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants in Poland. The studies also attempted to acclimate nitrifying bacteria to the limited concentration of ammonium nitrogen and determined the efficiency of nitrification under the influence of acclimated activated sludge in the biological wastewater treatment system. The obtained results indicate that the concentration of ammonium nitrogen above 60.00 mg·dm⁻³ inhibits nitrification, even after increasing the biomass of nitrifiers. The increase in the efficiency of the nitrification process in the tested system can be obtained by using the activated sludge inoculated with nitrifiers. For this purpose, nitrifiers should be preacclimated, at least for a period of time, allowing them to colonize the activated sludge. The acclimated activated sludge allows reducing the amount of ammonium nitrogen in treated sewage by approx. 35.0%. The process of stable nitrification in the biological treatment system was observed nine days after introducing the acclimated activated sludge into the aeration chamber. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wastewater, Water and Energy)

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22 pages, 2864 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Real Domestic Hot Water Consumption in Residential Buildings and Its Impact on Buildings’ Energy Performance—Case Study in Poland

by Katarzyna Ratajczak, Katarzyna Michalak, Michał Narojczyk and Łukasz Amanowicz

Energies 2021, 14(16), 5010; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14165010 - 15 Aug 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2569

Abstract

A building’s energy consumption is assessed considering the energy required for heating, cooling, lighting, and domestic hot water (DHW). Methodologies used to calculate energy certificates in European Union countries consider hot water consumption rates per person or per heated (floor) area, giving wide-ranging values (35–88 dm³/person/day). Using extreme parameters, it is possible to obtain a primary energy index that meets the legal requirements, although unrealistically large proportions of domestic hot water use relative to the total energy balance of the building may marginalize the influence of other components, such as fluctuations in heating, ventilation, or lighting. In the current work, the DHW consumption of three residential buildings was measured to verify the energy consumption for hot water preparation. Investigations were conducted based on the consumption of natural gas for DHW preparation. Experimentally obtained water consumption rates were determined per m² of a dwelling and per person living in the building. The calculated indicators (0.85 ± 0.005 dm³/m²/day and 27.4 ± 1.4 dm³/person/day) were lower than those used for energy certifications of buildings. The experimentally obtained indicators were used in further theoretical energy assessments of six residential buildings. By adopting the designated indicators, the analyzed buildings met the legally required primary energy value (<70 kWh/m²/year) when using natural gas as a heat source. Applying more realistic DHW consumption values resulted in more accurate energy certifications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wastewater, Water and Energy)

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23 pages, 20507 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Automatic Identification of Internal Wave Characteristics Affecting Bathymetric Measurement Based on Multibeam Echosounder Water Column Data Analysis

by Karolina Zwolak, Łukasz Marchel, Aileen Bohan, Masanao Sumiyoshi, Jaya Roperez, Artur Grządziel, Rochelle Ann Wigley and Sattiabaruth Seeboruth

Energies 2021, 14(16), 4774; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14164774 - 05 Aug 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2315

Abstract

The accuracy of multibeam echosounder bathymetric measurement depends on the accuracy of the data of the sound speed layers within the water column. This is necessary for the correct modeling of ray bending. It is assumed that the sound speed layers are horizontal and static, according to the sound speed profile traditionally used in the depth calculation. In fact, the boundaries between varying water masses can be curved and oscillate. It is difficult to assess the parameters of these movements based on the sparse sampling of sound velocity profiles (SVP) collected through a survey; thus, alternative or augmented methods are needed to obtain information about water mass stratification for the time of a particular ping or a series of pings. The process of water column data collection and analysis is presented in this paper. The proposed method updates the sound speed profile by the automated detection of varying water mass boundaries, giving the option to adjust the SVP for each beam separately. This can increase the overall accuracy of a bathymetric survey and provide additional oceanographic data about the study area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wastewater, Water and Energy)

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22 pages, 3039 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tap Water Quality: Seasonal User Surveys in Poland

by Józef Ober and Janusz Karwot

Energies 2021, 14(13), 3841; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14133841 - 25 Jun 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2986

Abstract

Security of supply of water, which meets the quality parameters specified in applicable standards, is now the basis for the functioning of most societies. In addition to climatic, biological, chemical, and physical hazards, it is worth paying attention to consumers’ subjective perception of the quality of tap water supplied in the area of Poland. The article discusses various activities related to water resources management and analyses the results of an evaluation of selected quality parameters of tap water in Poland. A novelty on a European scale here is an examination of the evaluation of these parameters based on potential seasonal differences (spring, summer, autumn, winter). For the first time in the world literature, PROFIT analysis was used to evaluate selected parameters of tap water quality. The aim of the article was to present a model for the evaluation of the parameters of tap water supplied in different seasons of the year in Poland. Due to the complexity of the research aspects, a mixed-methods research procedure was used in which a literature review was combined with a survey and statistical analysis. For the purpose of the survey, an original survey questionnaire called “Survey of customer opinions on selected parameters of tap water supplied in Poland” was developed especially for this study. The conducted research confirmed the adopted hypothesis that the results of evaluation of selected tap water parameters vary depending on the period (spring, summer, autumn, winter) in Poland. The model developed by means of PROFIT analysis makes it possible to highlight to water suppliers the specific quality parameters in particular seasons of the year (spring, summer, autumn, winter), which may improve the quality of water supplied in Poland and thus, in the long-term perspective, increase the level of satisfaction of water recipients and confidence in drinking tap water in Poland. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wastewater, Water and Energy)

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16 pages, 6276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exergy Evaluation of a Water Distribution System

by Jedrzej Bylka and Tomasz Mróz

Energies 2020, 13(23), 6221; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13236221 - 26 Nov 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1740

Abstract

The water supply system is one of the most important elements in a city. Currently, many cities struggle with a water deficit problem. Water is a commonly available resource and constitutes the majority of land cover; however, its quality, in many cases, makes it impossible to use as drinking water. To treat and distribute water, it is necessary to supply a certain amount of energy to the system. An important goal of water utility operators is to assess the energy efficiency of the processes and components. Energy assessments are usually limited to the calculation of energy dissipation (sometimes called “energy loss”). From a physical point of view, the formulation of “energy loss” is incorrect; energy in water transport systems is not consumed but only transformed (dissipated) into other, less usable forms. In the water supply process, the quality of energy—exergy (ability to convert into another form)—is consumed; hence, a new evaluation approach is needed. The motivation for this study was the fact that there are no tools for exergy evaluation of water distribution systems. A model of the exergy balances for a water distribution system was proposed, which was tested for the selected case studies of a water supply system and a water treatment station. The tool developed allows us to identify the places with the highest exergy destructions. In the analysed case studies, the highest exergy destruction results from excess pressure (3939 kWh in a water supply system and 1082 kWh in a water treatment plant). The exergy analysis is more accurate for assessing the system compared to the commonly used energy-based methods. The result can be used for assessing and planning water supply system modernisation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wastewater, Water and Energy)

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16 pages, 4934 KiB

Open AccessTechnical Note

The Importance of Under-Keel Sound Velocity Sensor in Measuring Water Depth with Multibeam Echosounder

by Artur Grządziel

Energies 2021, 14(17), 5267; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14175267 - 25 Aug 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4171

Abstract

The basic and most commonly used application of modern multibeam echosounders (MBES) is the bathymetric survey. Surface sound velocity errors introduce errors on beam steering angles and consequently errors in depth and position values. Due to systematic malfunction and troubleshooting of the sound velocity sensor (SVS) on board Polish Navy hydrographic ship Arctowski, attempts to solve the problem were made. All the inspections and cleaning of the sensor were performed with the use of divers or while staying in the shipyard. Diving work did not always bring the expected results and periodic ship docking was quite expensive. The article shows the importance of the SVS sensor in bathymetric measurements using multibeam echosounder. Selected problems of the sensor operation and temporary solutions were presented. The paper provides a description of practical solutions implemented aboard the navy ship Arctowski. The idea and implementation were the result of the author’s experience gained during 18 years of service on board that ship. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wastewater, Water and Energy)

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