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Fermentation
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Anaerobic Fermentation – a Biological Route towards Achieving Net Neutrality
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Anaerobic Fermentation – a Biological Route towards Achieving Net Neutrality

A special issue of Fermentation (ISSN 2311-5637). This special issue belongs to the section "Industrial Fermentation".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2022) | Viewed by 29022

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Sanjay Nagarajan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Lecturer in Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
2. Visiting Scholar, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
Interests: biomass pre-treatment; anaerobic digestion; biorefinery; hydrodynamic cavitation; photocatalysis; advanced oxidation processes

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The international community adopted the Paris Agreement in 2015 to address climate change by keeping the increase in the mean global temperature to less than 2 ℃ above pre-industrial levels. The increase in mean global temperature is directly linked to the green house gas emissions leading to global warming. Therefore, a strong emphasis was put on net neutrality in the Paris Agreement, followed by its secondment in the recently concluded COP26. To achieve net neutrality, a sustainable circular economy approach is preferred. Amongst the available options, biological routes and especially the ‘Anaerobic Fermentation’ route have immense potential to contribute to net neutrality. This ranges from the production of biogas, biohythane, biohydrogen, or volatile fatty acids from anaerobic digestion to classical alcohol/solvent fermentation for the production of biobased solvents and biofuels, such as bioethanol and biobutanol. Beyond these products, novel high-value biorenewable platform chemicals can also be produced via ‘Anaerobic Fermentation’, thereby maximising their potential. In contrast to conventional feedstocks, to support a circular economy it is paramount that the current generation of ‘Anaerobic Fermentation’ focuses on organic wastes/waste gas streams as feedstocks to produce these products to enable net neutrality.

This Special Issue will therefore exclusively focus on innovative research outputs, short communications, and perspective reviews on the production of biofuels and high-value biorenewables via anaerobic fermentation to support net neutrality. The use of biomass pre-treatments to support/enhance fermentation product yields are also of interest. Full-length review articles are also encouraged, but the authors are required to contact the editor to discuss the topic before submission.

Dr. Sanjay Nagarajan
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Fermentation is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • anaerobic digestion
  • biogas
  • biohydrogen
  • biohythane
  • biomass pre-treatment
  • volatile fatty acids
  • gas fermentation
  • high value chemicals (renewable)
  • renewable platform chemicals
  • anaerobic biorefineries
  • microbial electrosynthesis
  • life cycle assessment
  • techno-economic analysis

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

3 pages, 187 KiB  
Editorial
Anaerobic Fermentation—A Biological Route towards Achieving Net Neutrality
by Sanjay Nagarajan
Fermentation 2023, 9(4), 404; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fermentation9040404 - 21 Apr 2023
Viewed by 925
Abstract
Increasing greenhouse gas levels have led to the international community pledging to curb the mean global temperature increase to less than 1.5 C. [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anaerobic Fermentation – a Biological Route towards Achieving Net Neutrality)

Research

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12 pages, 1844 KiB  
Article
Degradation Kinetics of Lignocellulolytic Enzymes in a Biogas Reactor Using Quantitative Mass Spectrometry
by Jan Küchler, Katharina Willenbücher, Elisabeth Reiß, Lea Nuß, Marius Conrady, Patrice Ramm, Ulrike Schimpf, Udo Reichl, Ulrich Szewzyk and Dirk Benndorf
Fermentation 2023, 9(1), 67; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fermentation9010067 - 12 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1614
Abstract
The supplementation of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes can be used to enhance the performance of biogas production in industrial biogas plants. Since the structural stability of these enzyme preparations is essential for efficient application, reliable methods for the assessment of enzyme stability are crucial. Here, [...] Read more.
The supplementation of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes can be used to enhance the performance of biogas production in industrial biogas plants. Since the structural stability of these enzyme preparations is essential for efficient application, reliable methods for the assessment of enzyme stability are crucial. Here, a mass-spectrometric-based assay was established to monitor the structural stability of enzymes, i.e., the structural integrity of these proteins, in anaerobic digestion (AD). The analysis of extracts of Lentinula edodes revealed the rapid degradation of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes, with an approximate half-life of 1.5 h. The observed low structural stability of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes in AD corresponded with previous results obtained for biogas content. The established workflow can be easily adapted for the monitoring of other enzyme formulations and provides a platform for evaluating the effects of enzyme additions in AD, together with a characterization of the biochemical methane potential used in order to determine the biodegradability of organic substrates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anaerobic Fermentation – a Biological Route towards Achieving Net Neutrality)
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13 pages, 3396 KiB  
Article
Significance of Intermittent Mixing in Mesophilic Anaerobic Digester
by Buta Singh, Kornél L. Kovács, Zoltán Bagi, Máté Petrik, Gábor L. Szepesi, Zoltán Siménfalvi and Zoltán Szamosi
Fermentation 2022, 8(10), 518; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fermentation8100518 - 07 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1778
Abstract
The mixing of slurry in an anaerobic digester (AD) is one of many key parameters, which have a significant effect on specific biogas yield (BY) and volatile solid (VS) removal rate. The determination of the optimum mixing regime in a digester is very [...] Read more.
The mixing of slurry in an anaerobic digester (AD) is one of many key parameters, which have a significant effect on specific biogas yield (BY) and volatile solid (VS) removal rate. The determination of the optimum mixing regime in a digester is very complex as it depends on a large number of internal and external factors such as microbial community, the rheology of slurry, digester and impeller design, mixing intensity, and mixing intervals. The novelty of this study is the investigation of the optimum mixing regime in a lab-scale digester under semi-continuous mixing regimes by the continuous monitoring of the physicochemical properties of the digestate. In this study, a helical ribbon (HR) impeller was used for the agitation of the slurry operated at 67 rpm for 5 min under various agitation intervals (1 h, 2 h, 3 h, and 4 h). The results showed a 6–12% reduction in BY as the time between mixing operations increased. The highest BY was observed at a mixing frequency of 5 min/h, which produced a total of 54.1 L of biogas as compared to the mixing frequencies of 2 h, 3 h, and 4 h, where the BYs were recorded as 51.2 L, 49.8 L, and 47.3 L, respectively. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and FOS/TAC ratio were stabilized at 5–7 Gl−1 and 0.3–0.5, respectively. The appropriate mixing intensity was determined to obtain the highest biogas production, which could lead to lower power consumption for mixing operations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anaerobic Fermentation – a Biological Route towards Achieving Net Neutrality)
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19 pages, 7390 KiB  
Article
Co-Fermenting Pyrolysis Aqueous Condensate and Pyrolysis Syngas with Anaerobic Microbial Communities Enables L-Malate Production in a Secondary Fermentative Stage
by Alberto Robazza, Claudia Welter, Christin Kubisch, Flávio César Freire Baleeiro, Katrin Ochsenreither and Anke Neumann
Fermentation 2022, 8(10), 512; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fermentation8100512 - 04 Oct 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1544
Abstract
The pyrolytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into fuels and chemicals is a promising option for the valorization of agricultural and forestry residues. However, technological developments are still needed to maximize product recovery and carbon fixation of the pyrolysis process. The pyrolysis aqueous condensate [...] Read more.
The pyrolytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into fuels and chemicals is a promising option for the valorization of agricultural and forestry residues. However, technological developments are still needed to maximize product recovery and carbon fixation of the pyrolysis process. The pyrolysis aqueous condensate (PAC), a pyrolysis by-product, has a high water content and is highly toxic, hampering its use. The anaerobic digestion of PAC from different biomasses has been proven a viable technology for PAC valorization and detoxification, but its toxicity limits the methanogenic potential. Alternatively, methanation or VFA production from syngas by anaerobic mixed cultures are technologies of scientific interest. This study investigates the potential of a two-stage process to convert the carbon and energy in syngas and PAC into L-malate. PAC and syngas were co-fermented by two mixed cultures at 37 and 55 °C, identifying kinetic inhibitions and the effects of increasing PAC concentrations on the product pool. The media from selected mixed culture fermentations were then inoculated with Aspergillus oryzae for L-malate production. The results show that mixed cultures can perform simultaneous syngas fermentation and PAC detoxification. While PAC concentrations above 2% completely inhibited methanogenesis, CO consumption was inhibited at PAC concentrations above 5%, regardless of the temperature. In fermentations where PAC inhibited methanation, the mixed cultures channelled the carbon and electrons from syngas and PAC to volatile fatty acids or acetate/H2 production, depending on the incubation temperature. Substantial detoxification of PAC was observed under PAC concentrations up to 10% independently of the rates of syngas metabolism. PAC detoxification enabled the further valorization of the acetate produced via syngas and PAC fermentations into L-malate, achieving yields up to 0.17 mM/mM. These results are promising for the development of an integrated process that simultaneously detoxifies and recovers value from gaseous and aqueous waste streams originating from pyrolysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anaerobic Fermentation – a Biological Route towards Achieving Net Neutrality)
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19 pages, 685 KiB  
Article
Biohydrogen and Methane Production from Sugarcane Leaves Pretreated by Deep Eutectic Solvents and Enzymatic Hydrolysis by Cellulolytic Consortia
by Apik Khautsart Miftah, Sureewan Sittijunda, Tsuyoshi Imai, Apilak Salakkam and Alissara Reungsang
Fermentation 2022, 8(8), 396; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fermentation8080396 - 16 Aug 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2377
Abstract
This study determined the optimal conditions for the deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment of sugarcane leaves and the best fermentation mode for hydrogen and methane production from DES-pretreated sugarcane leaves. Choline chloride (ChCl):monoethanolamine (MEA) is the most effective solvent for removing lignin from [...] Read more.
This study determined the optimal conditions for the deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment of sugarcane leaves and the best fermentation mode for hydrogen and methane production from DES-pretreated sugarcane leaves. Choline chloride (ChCl):monoethanolamine (MEA) is the most effective solvent for removing lignin from sugarcane leaves. The optimum conditions were a ChCl: MEA molar ratio of 1:6, 120 °C, 3 h, and substrate-to-DES solution ratio of 1:12. Under these conditions, 86.37 ± 0.36% lignin removal and 73.98 ± 0.42% hemicellulose removal were achieved, whereas 84.13 ± 0.77% cellulose was recovered. At a substrate loading of 4 g volatile solids (VS), the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) and separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) processes yielded maximum hydrogen productions of 3187 ± 202 and 2135 ± 315 mL H2/L, respectively. In the second stage, methane was produced using the hydrogenic effluent. SSF produced 5923 ± 251 mL CH4/L, whereas SHF produced 3583 ± 128 mL CH4/L. In a one-stage methane production process, a maximum methane production of 4067 ± 320 mL CH4/L with a substrate loading of 4 g VS was achieved from the SSF process. SSF proved to be more efficient than SHF for producing hydrogen from DES-pretreated sugarcane leaves in a two-stage hydrogen and methane production process as well as a one-stage methane production process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anaerobic Fermentation – a Biological Route towards Achieving Net Neutrality)
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16 pages, 3905 KiB  
Article
Shaping an Open Microbiome for Butanol Production through Process Control
by Tiago Pinto, Antonio Grimalt-Alemany, Xavier Flores-Alsina, Hariklia N. Gavala, Krist V. Gernaey and Helena Junicke
Fermentation 2022, 8(7), 333; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fermentation8070333 - 15 Jul 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1594
Abstract
The growing awareness of limited resource availability has driven production systems towards greater efficiencies, and motivated the transition of wastewater treatment plants to water resource recovery facilities. Open microbiome fermentation offers a robust platform for resource recovery, due to its higher metabolic versatility, [...] Read more.
The growing awareness of limited resource availability has driven production systems towards greater efficiencies, and motivated the transition of wastewater treatment plants to water resource recovery facilities. Open microbiome fermentation offers a robust platform for resource recovery, due to its higher metabolic versatility, which is capable of dealing with even dilute residual liquid streams. Organic matter, e.g., fatty acids, lost in these streams can potentially be recovered into higher value chemicals such as alcohols. This study aims to shape an open microbiome towards butanol production from butyrate and hydrogen through pH control and continuous hydrogen supply. Two sets of experiments were conducted in Scott bottles (1 L) and a lab-fermenter (3 L). The open microbiome produced up to 4.4 mM butanol in 1 L bottles. More promising conversions were obtained when up-scaling to a lab-fermenter with pH control and an increased hydrogen partial pressure of 2 bar; results included a butanol concentration of 10.9 mM and an average volumetric productivity of 0.68 mmol L−1 d−1 after 16 days. This corresponds to 2.98- and 4.65-fold increases, respectively, over previously reported values. Thermodynamic calculations revealed that product formation from butyrate was unfeasible, but energetically favorable from bicarbonate present in the inoculum. For the first time, this study provides insights regarding the community structure of an open microbiome producing butanol from butyrate and hydrogen. DNA sequencing combined with 16S rRNA gene amplicon analysis showed high correlation between Mesotoga spp. and butanol formation. Microbial diversity can also explain the formation of by-products from non-butyrate carbon sources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anaerobic Fermentation – a Biological Route towards Achieving Net Neutrality)
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14 pages, 3330 KiB  
Article
Sequencing Batch Reactor Performance Evaluation on Orthophosphates and COD Removal from Brewery Wastewater
by Siphesihle Mangena Khumalo, Babatunde Femi Bakare, Emmanuel Kweinor Tetteh and Sudesh Rathilal
Fermentation 2022, 8(7), 296; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fermentation8070296 - 23 Jun 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1644
Abstract
The discharge of industrial effluent constituting high orthophosphates and organic pollutants in water receiving bodies compromises freshwater quality and perpetuates eutrophication. In this study, an anaerobic–aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) under activated sludge was investigated for orthophosphates and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal [...] Read more.
The discharge of industrial effluent constituting high orthophosphates and organic pollutants in water receiving bodies compromises freshwater quality and perpetuates eutrophication. In this study, an anaerobic–aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) under activated sludge was investigated for orthophosphates and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal from brewery wastewater. Raw brewery wastewater samples were collected on a daily basis for a period of 4 weeks. The findings of the study are reported based on overall removal efficiencies recording 69% for orthophosphates and 54% for total COD for a sludge retention time (SRT) of 7 days and hydraulic retention time of 18 h at mesophilic temperature conditions of ±25 °C. Moreover, the SBR system showed stability on orthophosphate removal at a SRT ranging from 3 to 7 days with a variation in organic volumetric loading rate ranging from 1.14 to 4.83 kg COD/m3.day. The anaerobic reaction period was experimentally found to be 4 h with the aerobic phase lasting for 14 h. The SBR system demonstrated feasibility on orthophosphates and COD removal with variation in organic loading rate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anaerobic Fermentation – a Biological Route towards Achieving Net Neutrality)
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10 pages, 1956 KiB  
Article
Increasing Anaerobic Digestion Efficiency Using Food-Waste-Based Biochar
by Dong-Chul Shin, I-Tae Kim, Jinhong Jung, Yoonah Jeong, Ye-Eun Lee and Kwang-Ho Ahn
Fermentation 2022, 8(6), 282; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fermentation8060282 - 16 Jun 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3057
Abstract
The efficiency of methane production by anaerobic digestion (AD), during which energy is generated from organic waste, can be increased in various ways. Recent research developments have increased the volume of gas production during AD using biochar. Previous studies have used food waste [...] Read more.
The efficiency of methane production by anaerobic digestion (AD), during which energy is generated from organic waste, can be increased in various ways. Recent research developments have increased the volume of gas production during AD using biochar. Previous studies have used food waste itself in AD, or, added wood-biochar or sewage sludge charcoal as an accelerant of the AD process. The application of food-waste biochar in AD using activated sludge has not yet been studied and is considered a potential method of utilizing food waste. Therefore, this study investigated the use of biochar prepared by the thermal decomposition of food waste as an additive to AD tanks to increase methane production. The addition of food-waste biochar at 1% of the digestion tank volume increased the production of digestion gas by approximately 10% and methane by 4%. We found that food-waste biochar served as a medium with trace elements that promoted the proliferation of microorganisms and increased the efficiency of AD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anaerobic Fermentation – a Biological Route towards Achieving Net Neutrality)
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16 pages, 3462 KiB  
Article
Microbial Communities in Underground Gas Reservoirs Offer Promising Biotechnological Potential
by Iva Buriánková, Anna Molíková, Monika Vítězová, Vladimír Onderka, Tomáš Vítěz, Iva Urbanová, Nikola Hanišáková, Martin Černý, David Novák, Jan Lochman, Josef Zeman, Jakub Javůrek, Markéta Machálková, Linda Dengler and Harald Huber
Fermentation 2022, 8(6), 251; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fermentation8060251 - 26 May 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2495
Abstract
Securing new sources of renewable energy and achieving national self-sufficiency in natural gas have become increasingly important in recent times. The study described in this paper focuses on three geologically diverse underground gas reservoirs (UGS) that are the natural habitat of methane-producing archaea, [...] Read more.
Securing new sources of renewable energy and achieving national self-sufficiency in natural gas have become increasingly important in recent times. The study described in this paper focuses on three geologically diverse underground gas reservoirs (UGS) that are the natural habitat of methane-producing archaea, as well as other microorganisms with which methanogens have various ecological relationships. The objective of this research was to describe the microbial metabolism of methane in these specific anoxic environments during the year. DNA sequencing analyses revealed the presence of different methanogenic communities and their metabolic potential in all sites studied. Hydrogenotrophic Methanobacterium sp. prevailed in Lobodice UGS, members of the hydrogenotrophic order Methanomicrobiales predominated in Dolní Dunajovice UGS and thermophilic hydrogenotrophic members of the Methanothermobacter sp. were prevalent in Tvrdonice UGS. Gas composition and isotope analyses were performed simultaneously. The results suggest that the biotechnological potential of UGS for biomethane production cannot be neglected. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anaerobic Fermentation – a Biological Route towards Achieving Net Neutrality)
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Review

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25 pages, 1119 KiB  
Review
Current Trends in Biological Valorization of Waste-Derived Biomass: The Critical Role of VFAs to Fuel A Biorefinery
by Corine Nzeteu, Fabiana Coelho, Emily Davis, Anna Trego and Vincent O’Flaherty
Fermentation 2022, 8(9), 445; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fermentation8090445 - 07 Sep 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4719
Abstract
The looming climate and energy crises, exacerbated by increased waste generation, are driving research and development of sustainable resource management systems. Research suggests that organic materials, such as food waste, grass, and manure, have potential for biotransformation into a range of products, including: [...] Read more.
The looming climate and energy crises, exacerbated by increased waste generation, are driving research and development of sustainable resource management systems. Research suggests that organic materials, such as food waste, grass, and manure, have potential for biotransformation into a range of products, including: high-value volatile fatty acids (VFAs); various carboxylic acids; bioenergy; and bioplastics. Valorizing these organic residues would additionally reduce the increasing burden on waste management systems. Here, we review the valorization potential of various sustainably sourced feedstocks, particularly food wastes and agricultural and animal residues. Such feedstocks are often micro-organism-rich and well-suited to mixed culture fermentations. Additionally, we touch on the technologies, mainly biological systems including anaerobic digestion, that are being developed for this purpose. In particular, we provide a synthesis of VFA recovery techniques, which remain a significant technological barrier. Furthermore, we highlight a range of challenges and opportunities which will continue to drive research and discovery within the field. Analysis of the literature reveals growing interest in the development of a circular bioeconomy, built upon a biorefinery framework, which utilizes biogenic VFAs for chemical, material, and energy applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anaerobic Fermentation – a Biological Route towards Achieving Net Neutrality)
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39 pages, 2296 KiB  
Review
Intensification of Acidogenic Fermentation for the Production of Biohydrogen and Volatile Fatty Acids—A Perspective
by Sanjay Nagarajan, Rhys Jon Jones, Lucy Oram, Jaime Massanet-Nicolau and Alan Guwy
Fermentation 2022, 8(7), 325; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fermentation8070325 - 11 Jul 2022
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5412
Abstract
Utilising ‘wastes’ as ‘resources’ is key to a circular economy. While there are multiple routes to waste valorisation, anaerobic digestion (AD)—a biochemical means to breakdown organic wastes in the absence of oxygen—is favoured due to its capacity to handle a variety of feedstocks. [...] Read more.
Utilising ‘wastes’ as ‘resources’ is key to a circular economy. While there are multiple routes to waste valorisation, anaerobic digestion (AD)—a biochemical means to breakdown organic wastes in the absence of oxygen—is favoured due to its capacity to handle a variety of feedstocks. Traditional AD focuses on the production of biogas and fertiliser as products; however, such low-value products combined with longer residence times and slow kinetics have paved the way to explore alternative product platforms. The intermediate steps in conventional AD—acidogenesis and acetogenesis—have the capability to produce biohydrogen and volatile fatty acids (VFA) which are gaining increased attention due to the higher energy density (than biogas) and higher market value, respectively. This review hence focusses specifically on the production of biohydrogen and VFAs from organic wastes. With the revived interest in these products, a critical analysis of recent literature is needed to establish the current status. Therefore, intensification strategies in this area involving three main streams: substrate pre-treatment, digestion parameters and product recovery are discussed in detail based on literature reported in the last decade. The techno-economic aspects and future pointers are clearly highlighted to drive research forward in relevant areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anaerobic Fermentation – a Biological Route towards Achieving Net Neutrality)
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