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Fishes
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Fish Nutrition and Physiology
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Fish Nutrition and Physiology

A special issue of Fishes (ISSN 2410-3888). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Feeding".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2022) | Viewed by 23981

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Kangle Lu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
Interests: fish nutrition; feed; fish physiology; aquaculture
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Hongyan Tian

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Marine and bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, No.211 Jianjun East Rd., Yancheng, Jiangsu, 224051, China
Interests: aquatic animal nutrition and metabolism; crustacean molting physiology
Dr. Songlin Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
Interests: aquaculture nutrition; fish physiology; metabolic regulation; intestinal microbiota
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Fish account for 20% of the global population’s animal protein intake. Specially, fish are unique and rich sources of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids with beneficial impacts on human health. Scientists believe that fish farming will be a much more important food source in the future. High-quality feed is crucial for fish growth, health, and reproduction during farming. For a long time, the focus of traditional fish nutrition studies has been mainly on nutrient requirements, but in recent decades the interaction of nutrition and physiology has drawn a great deal of attention. The digestion, absorption, and metabolism of nutrients are associated with the physiological responses of fish. For instance, why high-carbohydrate feeds induce “diabetes” in fish, and whether fish meal can be totally replaced by plant protein are questions that remain to be answered. This Special Issue aims to collect studies (original research articles, perspectives, reviews, and mini-reviews) that focus on the physiology, biochemistry, and physiology of nutrition, and the interaction of nutrients and physiological responses.

Dr. Kangle Lu
Dr. Hongyan Tian
Dr. Songlin Li
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Fishes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • fish
  • nutrition
  • metabolism
  • physiology
  • nutrients

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Editorial

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2 pages, 180 KiB  
Editorial
Fish Nutrition and Physiology
by Xiao-jiang Mao and Kang-le Lu
Fishes 2023, 8(8), 401; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fishes8080401 - 02 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1098
Abstract
Fish account for 20% of the global population’s animal protein intake [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Nutrition and Physiology)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

14 pages, 1044 KiB  
Article
Different Animal Metabolism Markers for Artemia Nauplii in Crude Protein Digestibility Assay for Lophiosilurus alexandri Larvae
by Jaqueline Simões Saliba, Fabio Aremil Costa dos Santos, Eloísa de Oliveira Simões Saliba and Ronald Kennedy Luz
Fishes 2023, 8(2), 110; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fishes8020110 - 14 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1521
Abstract
This work aimed to develop a methodology for marking Artemia with different markers and evaluating their passage rate and digestibility in Lophiosilurus alexandri larvae of different ages. In the first phase, Artemia nauplii were marked 28 h after hatching with chromium oxide, titanium [...] Read more.
This work aimed to develop a methodology for marking Artemia with different markers and evaluating their passage rate and digestibility in Lophiosilurus alexandri larvae of different ages. In the first phase, Artemia nauplii were marked 28 h after hatching with chromium oxide, titanium dioxide and NANOLIPE®. Contact times with the markers were 30, 60, 90 min at a concentration of 500 mg/L. Titanium dioxide had a higher concentration in Artemia than the other markers. The passage rate did not differ significantly between titanium and NANOLIPE®. In the second phase, the apparent digestibility of the protein in Artemia nauplii was evaluated for L. alexandri larvae at three ages. Average real protein digestibility at the three ages was 95.08%, demonstrating Artemia as a good quality food. All ages exhibited the same final time of fecal excretion of 30 min after feeding. Artemia nauplii presented satisfactory results for assimilation for all markers tested. In determining the digestibility of Artemia protein, we can conclude that chromium oxide and NANOLIPE® were good markers of animal metabolism and titanium dioxide was the worst marker of Artemia digestibility for the initial stages of L. alexandri. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Nutrition and Physiology)
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17 pages, 2846 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Artificial Feed and Natural Food by the Growth and Blood Biochemistry in Chinese Sturgeon Acipenser sinensis
by Yueping Zheng, Jiehao Liu, Jianan Xu, Houyong Fan, Youji Wang, Ping Zhuang and Menghong Hu
Fishes 2023, 8(1), 45; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fishes8010045 - 10 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2778
Abstract
As an endangered animal species, the Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) has been artificially cultured during recent years. In the present experiment, the performance of a common formulated feed and a mixed natural feed on the growth and blood physiology of Chinese [...] Read more.
As an endangered animal species, the Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) has been artificially cultured during recent years. In the present experiment, the performance of a common formulated feed and a mixed natural feed on the growth and blood physiology of Chinese sturgeon were compared during one year of indoor culture. In terms of specific growth rate, the formulated diet group showed a higher value (4.2%) compared with the natural food group (−1.8%) during one year of indoor culture. Alanine aminotransferase activities of the sturgeons in formulated diet group was significantly higher than that in the natural food group throughout whole experiment period (p < 0.05). The total protein albumin, albumin and globulin contents of the natural food group were significantly higher than that of the formulated diet group in February and May (p < 0.05). The C-reactive protein contents of the formulated diet group were significantly higher than that of natural food group in May and August (p < 0.05). The activities of total cholesterol, high-density cholesterol, and low-density cholesterol were significantly higher in the natural food group than those in the formulated diet group (p < 0.05). The activities of triglycerides were significantly higher in the natural food group than those in the formulated diet group in February and May (p < 0.05). Almost half of the biochemical indicators examined show significant seasonal fluctuations, indicating that seasons have a substantial impact on the Chinese sturgeon. Overall, these results indicate that natural food exerted a positive impact on physiological indicators compared to the formulated diet. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Nutrition and Physiology)
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15 pages, 1781 KiB  
Article
Molecular Characterization and Dietary Regulation of Glutaminase 1 (gls1) in Triploid Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus)
by Yangbo Xiao, Rong Huang, Shenping Cao, Dafang Zhao, Zhuangwen Mao, Chuchu Xiao, Zhehua Xu, Xiaomei Zhou, Xinran Zhang, Yu Zhang, Jianzhou Tang, Junyan Jin, Yaoguo Li, Jun Zou and Zhen Liu
Fishes 2022, 7(6), 377; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fishes7060377 - 07 Dec 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1455
Abstract
Kidney-type glutaminase, encoded by the gls1 gene, plays a critical role in glutamate production and improvement of meat flavor. In this study, a gls1 gene encoding 595 amino acids was cloned from triploid crucian carp (Carassius auratus) (TCC) and showed a [...] Read more.
Kidney-type glutaminase, encoded by the gls1 gene, plays a critical role in glutamate production and improvement of meat flavor. In this study, a gls1 gene encoding 595 amino acids was cloned from triploid crucian carp (Carassius auratus) (TCC) and showed a high similarity with the gls1 gene found in Cyprinus carpio, Sinocyclocheilus rhinocerous and Puntigrus tetrazona. Comparing the abundance of gls1 in different tissues, we found its expression level in the brain and liver were significantly higher than that in heart, gut, kidney, spleen and muscle. gls1 expression in the brain reached the highest value. In addition, the expression levels of gls1 also appeared different in diurnal variation, with the highest expression seen at 9:00, while it was low at 3:00, 6:00, 15:00 and 24:00. Furthermore, dietary regulation of gls1 expression was investigated in our study. In each feeding trial, each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate tanks. Fish were fed one of the tested diets up to satiation twice daily. The results showed that gls1 expression increased in 32% protein group and decreased in 35–41% protein group. The results of different protein source experiments showed that the expression of gls1 gene in the mixed protein group (the control group) was significantly higher than that in the fish meal and soybean meal groups. Glutamate treatment revealed that appropriate concentrations (0.10 mg/mL in vivo and 2.00% in vitro) of glutamate remarkably improved the expression of gls1. Besides, diets supplemented with 0.80–1.60% lysine-glutamate dipeptide exhibited a down regulatory impact on gls1 expression. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the expression of gls1 in TCC was increased by 32% protein diet, mixed protein source diet and diet with 2.00% glutamate concentration, while decreased by 0.80–1.60% lysine-glutamate dipeptide. The findings of this study provide a reference for the regulation of gls1 and have a potential application in the optimization of dietary formula in aquaculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Nutrition and Physiology)
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14 pages, 1907 KiB  
Article
Effect of Dietary Moringa oleifera Leaves Nanoparticles on Growth Performance, Physiological, Immunological Responses, and Liver Antioxidant Biomarkers in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) against Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Toxicity
by Heba S. Hamed, Rehab M. Amen, Azza H Elelemi, Heba H. Mahboub, Hiam Elabd, Abdelfattah M. Abdelfattah, Hebatallah Abdel Moniem, Marwa A. El-Beltagy, Mohamed Alkafafy, Engy Mohamed Mohamed Yassin and Ayman K. Ismail
Fishes 2022, 7(6), 360; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fishes7060360 - 29 Nov 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2371
Abstract
The current study addresses the influence of Moringa oleifera leaves nanoparticles (MO-NPs) on growth, biochemical, immunological, and hepatic antioxidant alterations induced by zinc oxide nanoparticles toxicity in Nile tilapia (O. niloticus). Fish (N = 180) were divided into four groups with [...] Read more.
The current study addresses the influence of Moringa oleifera leaves nanoparticles (MO-NPs) on growth, biochemical, immunological, and hepatic antioxidant alterations induced by zinc oxide nanoparticles toxicity in Nile tilapia (O. niloticus). Fish (N = 180) were divided into four groups with replicates. The first one was set as a control group and the second group was fed an MO-NPs-enriched diet (2.5 g/kg diet). The third group was exposed to 8 mg/L ZnO-NPs, while the forth group was exposed to 8 mg/L ZnO-NPs and fed on MO-NPs (2.5 g/kg diet) for 2 months. Exposure of O. niloticus to 8 mg/L ZnO-NPs induced the following consequences: a sharp decrease in the growth parameters; a marked increment in the biochemical biomarkers (glucose, cortisol, and liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP); a significant increase in serum renal products, urea and creatinine, cholesterol, and LDH levels. Nonetheless, the dietary MO-NPs supplementation for 2 months significantly alleviated the ZnO-NPs toxicity and significantly enhanced the growth indices, plus normalizing the physio-biochemical levels in the exposed group to ZnO-NPs toxicity to reach the levels of the control group. The MO-NPs markedly improved hepatic antioxidant biomarkers, MDA, and TAC, while, decreasing SOD, CAT, and GSH levels to be near the control values. Moreover, supplemented fish in MO-NPs (2.5 g/kg diet) and exposed to ZnO-NPs provided a remarkable increase in the immune profile (respiratory burst (RB) activity, lysozyme, and total immunoglobulins (IgM)) compared to the ZnO-NPs-intoxicated group. Based on the findings of the study, the exposed O. niloticus to ZnO-NPs were immune-antioxidant-depressed, besides showing growth retardation, and physio-biochemical alterations. On the other hand, a supplemented diet with MO-NPs is a novel approach to ameliorate ZnO-NPs toxicity for sustaining aquaculture and correspondingly protecting human health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Nutrition and Physiology)
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13 pages, 2751 KiB  
Article
Substituting Fish Meal with a Bacteria Protein (Clostridium autoethanogenum Protein) Derived from Industrial-Scale Gas Fermentation: Effects on Growth and Gut Health of Juvenile Large Yellow Croakers (Larimichthys crocea)
by Jian Zhang, Yanzou Dong, Kai Song, Ling Wang, Xueshan Li, Kangle Lu, Beiping Tan and Chunxiao Zhang
Fishes 2022, 7(5), 228; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fishes7050228 - 01 Sep 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2969
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Clostridiumautoethanogenum protein (CAP) replacement for fish meal (FM) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, humoral immunity and liver and intestinal health in large yellow croakers (Larimichthys crocea). Four experimental diets were [...] Read more.
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Clostridiumautoethanogenum protein (CAP) replacement for fish meal (FM) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, humoral immunity and liver and intestinal health in large yellow croakers (Larimichthys crocea). Four experimental diets were formulated by replacing FM with CAP at different levels—0% (CAP0), 15% (CAP15), 30% (CAP30) and 45% (CAP45). Triplicate groups of juveniles (initial weight = 11.86 ± 0.13 g) were fed the test diets to apparent satiation two times daily for eight weeks. There was no significant difference in final body weight (FBW), weight gain rate (WG) and feed efficiency (FE) between CAP0 and CAP15. However, compared to the CAP0, CAP30 and CAP45 significantly reduced FBW, WG and LDR (p < 0.05), while CAP45 significantly reduced FE and PDR (p < 0.05). The whole-body moisture was significantly increased by CAP replacement of FM while crude lipid content was decreased (p < 0.05). No significant difference in crude protein, ash and liver crude lipid was observed among all groups (p > 0.05). Compared to CAP0, CAP30 and CAP45 significantly reduced serum C4 concentration (p < 0.05), and CAP45 significantly reduced serum AKP activity (p < 0.05) but significantly increased LZM activity (p < 0.05). Serum C3 concentration was significantly increased by CAP15 (p < 0.05). In terms of intestinal histology, CAP addition significantly increased the thickness of intestinal villus (p < 0.05), and CAP15 and CAP45 significantly increased the thickness of intestinal muscular (p < 0.05). The addition of CAP significantly reduced serum DAO and D-lactate concentrations (p < 0.05), indicating the intestinal physical barrier was improved. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that the intestinal microorganisms of large yellow croakers are dominated by organisms from Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. The addition of CAP reduced the relative abundance of Ralstonia and Christensenellaceae and increased the relative abundance of Paenibacillus. Overall, the optimum level of CAP replacement FM in large yellow croakers feed is 15%, which helps to improve humoral immunity and intestinal health with no adverse effects on growth. However, the 30% and 45% substitution levels adversely affect the growth and humoral immunity of large yellow croakers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Nutrition and Physiology)
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13 pages, 1328 KiB  
Article
Molecular Characterization and Nutrition Regulation of the Glutamine Synthetase Gene in Triploid Crucian Carp
by Xiaomei Zhou, Dafang Zhao, Yuan Chen, Yangbo Xiao, Zhuangwen Mao, Shenping Cao, Fufa Qu, Yutong Li, Junyan Jin, Zhen Liu, Jianzhong Li and Zhimin He
Fishes 2022, 7(4), 196; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fishes7040196 - 08 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1688
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate, which plays a role in the promotion of muscle cell growth and in improving the flavor of meats. In this study, a GS gene encoding 371 amino acids [...] Read more.
Glutamine synthetase (GS) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate, which plays a role in the promotion of muscle cell growth and in improving the flavor of meats. In this study, a GS gene encoding 371 amino acids was cloned from triploid crucian carp and showed the highest level of similarity with the GS gene found in Cyprinus carpio. Meanwhile, GS was differentially expressed in different tissues, and its day–night expression changes showed obvious oscillation. Additionally, the effects of glutamate and glutamine on GS expression in muscle cells were investigated in vitro and in vivo. We found that its expression was obviously increased due to high levels of glutamate (2 mg/mL) but decreased by glutamine in vitro. However, it was significantly promoted by glutamate and glutamine in vivo, with an optimal concentration of 2%. Furthermore, the use of lysine–glutamate dipeptides as feed additives also had a positive influence on GS expression (the optimal concentration is 0.8%). Finally, we explored the effects of different protein levels and sources on the expression of GS, and the results demonstrated that GS had the highest expression at the 35% protein level, but no significant differences were observed in the different protein sources between the fish meal diet (FM) and the mixed diet comprising soybean meal and rapeseed meal (SM). This study sheds new light on the regulation of GS in teleost fish and provides new perceptions and strategies for the formulation of high-quality feed for triploid crucian carp. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Nutrition and Physiology)
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17 pages, 725 KiB  
Article
Dietary Arachidonic Acid (20:4n-6) Levels and Its Effect on Growth Performance, Fatty Acid Profile, Gene Expression for Lipid Metabolism, and Health Status of Juvenile California Yellowtail (Seriola dorsalis)
by Bruno Cavalheiro Araújo, Arleta Krystyna Skrzynska, Victor Hugo Marques, Aurora Tinajero, Oscar Basílio Del Rio-Zaragoza, Maria Teresa Viana and José Antonio Mata-Sotres
Fishes 2022, 7(4), 185; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fishes7040185 - 25 Jul 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2978
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) fed to Seriola dorsalis juveniles at different levels was evaluated. After a seven-week feeding trial, growth performance, hepatopancreas and muscle fatty acid (FA) composition, expression of lipid-relevant genes, and blood parameters were evaluated. Four isoproteic and isolipidic experimental diets [...] Read more.
Arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) fed to Seriola dorsalis juveniles at different levels was evaluated. After a seven-week feeding trial, growth performance, hepatopancreas and muscle fatty acid (FA) composition, expression of lipid-relevant genes, and blood parameters were evaluated. Four isoproteic and isolipidic experimental diets were formulated to contain 44% crude protein and 11% lipids with graded inclusion levels of ARA, 0% (Control), 0.4, 0.9, and 1.4% of the total diet. S. dorsalis juveniles (14.54 ± 0.18 g) were randomly divided into twelve tanks with fifteen animals each. The animals were hand fed three times per day to apparent satiation. Dietary treatments did not significantly affect the growth performance, SGR, FCR, and feed intake of fish. Different levels of ARA in the experimental diets directly influenced liver and muscle FA profiles, with significant changes in ARA and EPA deposition between Control treatment and 1.4%, in both tissues. The expression of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (alox5), acyl-CoA dehydrogenase very long chain (acadvl), carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1(cpt1a) was significantly affected by dietary treatments, with an expression increasing accordingly to the increasing ARA levels. In contrast, a reduction of fatty acid synthase (fas) and proliferator-activated receptor alpha (ppara) expression was significantly reduced as ARA increased in the diet. In addition, a significant reduction in blood cortisol and glucose was found at a 0.9% ARA level compared to the other treatments. Based on the performance, cortisol levels, the gene expression for eicosanoids synthesis, and lipid metabolic pathways, the present study suggests a maximum ARA inclusion of 0.9% in diets for California yellowtail juveniles, S. dorsalis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Nutrition and Physiology)
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12 pages, 2892 KiB  
Article
Hydroxytyrosol Attenuates High-Fat-Diet-Induced Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis and Inflammation of Blunt Snout Bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) through Its Regulation of Mitochondrial Homeostasis
by Yanzou Dong, Tian Xia, Manhan Yu, Ling Wang, Kai Song, Chunxiao Zhang and Kangle Lu
Fishes 2022, 7(2), 78; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fishes7020078 - 31 Mar 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2395
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary hydroxytyrosol (HT) on oxidative stress, inflammation and mitochondrial homeostasis in blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Fish were fed a low-fat diet (LFD, 5% lipid), a high-fat diet (HFD, 15% lipid), [...] Read more.
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary hydroxytyrosol (HT) on oxidative stress, inflammation and mitochondrial homeostasis in blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Fish were fed a low-fat diet (LFD, 5% lipid), a high-fat diet (HFD, 15% lipid), an LFD supplementing 200 mg/kg HT, or an HFD supplementing 200 mg/kg HT. After 10-week feeding, significant reduction of growth was observed in fish fed HFD, compared with other groups. HFD caused oxidative stress and more apoptosis of hepatocytes, while HT addition resulted in significant decrease of ROS and MDA contents, and the apoptotic hepatocytes. Moreover, the expression of genes involving inflammation of HFD group were elevated. Supplementing HT to HFD can attenuate this. All the activities of complexes of mitochondria in the HFD group were decreased compared with those in the LFD group, while supplementing HT to HFD significantly increased complex I-III activities. Furthermore, HFD downregulated the expressions of Atg5 and NRF-1 which induced the failure of mitophagy and biogenesis, while, supplementing HT to HFD reversed these expressions involving mitochondrial autophagy and biogenesis. In summary, adding HT to HFD relieved oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation, likely due to its regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Nutrition and Physiology)
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14 pages, 588 KiB  
Article
Effect of Partial Soybean Replacement by Shrimp By-Products on the Productive and Economic Performances in African Catfish (Clarias lazera) Diets
by Ibrahim S. Abu-Alya, Yousef M. Alharbi, Said I. Fathalla, Ibrahim S. Zahran, Saad M. Shousha and Hassan A. Abdel-Rahman
Fishes 2021, 6(4), 84; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fishes6040084 - 20 Dec 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2852
Abstract
The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of partial replacement of soybean with shrimp by-products (SBp) in African catfish (Clarias lazera) diets on productive (growth, digestibility, body composition, dressing yield, blood parameters, immunity) and economic performances. Therefore, 750 [...] Read more.
The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of partial replacement of soybean with shrimp by-products (SBp) in African catfish (Clarias lazera) diets on productive (growth, digestibility, body composition, dressing yield, blood parameters, immunity) and economic performances. Therefore, 750 fingerlings (~20.0 g) were distributed into five groups of 150 fingerlings/group with three replicates (n = 50) per group. Group 1 was fed a basal diet, while G2 and G3 were fed diets containing 25% SBp (autoclaved and acid-treated, respectively) as soybean replacer for 12 weeks, while, in G4 and G5, SBp level was 50%. All growth and nutrient utilization parameters (body weight, Wg, ADG, PER, FCR, and digestibility), plasma proteins, and immunity significantly increased in G4 and G5. Anemia screening markers recorded insignificant differences between the tested groups and control one, whereas lipid markers of plasma and fish body decreased by autoclaved SBp and increased by acid-treated SBp. The African catfish body dry matter and crude protein percentages were enriched by the addition of SBp. Replacing the soybean meal decreases diet costs and diet costs/1 kg of weight gain. In conclusion, replacing soybean with SBp (especially 50% acid-treated) positively influenced productive and economic performances with friendly effects to avoid the environmental pollution by these wastes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Nutrition and Physiology)
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