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Food Origin Analysis with Isotope Fingerprints
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Food Origin Analysis with Isotope Fingerprints

A special issue of Foods (ISSN 2304-8158). This special issue belongs to the section "Food Analytical Methods".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 26448

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Micha Horacek

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
HBLFA Francisco-Josephinum BLT Wieselburg, Wieselburg, Austria
Interests: food science; stable isotopes; isotopic signatures; soil, water, forage; geographic origin, authenticity, traceability, drought stress, geology
Prof. Dr. Andrew Cannavan

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
Head of Food and Environmental Protection Laboratory, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), Vienna, Austria
Interests: food chemistry; food quality; food safety; food engineering; food analysis; mass spectrometry; liquid chromatography; high performance liquid chromatography
Prof. Dr. Nives Ogrinc

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39 1000, Ljubljana
Interests: food chemistry; isotope analysis; geographic variability; authenticity
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The control of the geographic origin of food has become of increasing importance, as consumers prefer regionality, high quality, sustainability, a small(er) carbon footprint, short distances, animal welfare, support of local farmers and national/regional economy, and many more claims connected to food of regional production. In many countries, food of national and regional production is preferred to food coming from abroad, albeit with some exceptions. Also, countries aim to increase consumer awareness with respect to regional production, as this strengthens regional economy and agriculture, and an increase in demand usually leads to a higher price that the consumer is willing to pay with respect to competing products from abroad. Other issues requiring the control of geographic origin of food include cases of contamination, when the source of contamination needs to be identified and cannot be found by the accompanying paper documents, taxes, export support and customs fraud, product piracy/brand counterfeiting, forensic cases, etc.

The determination and control of geographic origin of food is conventionally carried out by stable isotope analysis, but other methods, such as trace element profiles, molecular markers, metabolomics, etc., are also applied and have recently gained attention and produced success stories.

In the proposed Special Issue, contributions on state-of-the-art methodology and new research on stable isotope analysis and additional techniques for the control and determination of geographic origin are welcome. Research articles and review articles as well as short communications are invited.

Dr. Micha Horacek
Prof. Dr. Andrew Cannavan
Prof. Dr. Nives Ogrinc
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Foods is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • provenance
  • stable isotope pattern
  • fingerprint
  • environmental conditions
  • consumer deception
  • protected designation of origin (PDO)
  • protected geographical indication (PGI)
  • traditional specialties guaranteed (TSG)
  • feed
  • water
  • agricultural practice

Published Papers (19 papers)

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10 pages, 1649 KiB  
Communication
δ34S and Geochemical Analyses for the Determination of, and Discrimination between, Salt Samples of Different Geographic Origin: A Feasibility Study
by Micha Horacek
Foods 2023, 12(8), 1572; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods12081572 - 07 Apr 2023
Viewed by 883
Abstract
The geographic origin of salt is usually regarded as unimportant, as it is a one-quality product produced in vast quantities. However, certain salt brands, especially sea salt (fleur de sel), are sold at significantly higher prices. Thus, it is necessary to control the [...] Read more.
The geographic origin of salt is usually regarded as unimportant, as it is a one-quality product produced in vast quantities. However, certain salt brands, especially sea salt (fleur de sel), are sold at significantly higher prices. Thus, it is necessary to control the declared geographic origin of salt. Such controls are already frequently carried out for foodstuffs, but salt is an inorganic commodity. Thus, δ34S analysis combined with element concentration analysis was carried out. The results show very similar δ34S values for all sea salt samples, which is to be expected due to the homogenous marine δ34S value. Still, slightly higher values have been found in Mediterranean salt samples. Rock salt samples show differing δ34S values depending on the time they were formed, and if the salt samples are of marine or terrestrial origin. Terrestrial/continental salt samples are characterized by elemental patterns significantly differing from marine ones. However, within marine samples (sea salt and rock salt) there also exist differences enabling the differentiation of samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Origin Analysis with Isotope Fingerprints)
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15 pages, 2212 KiB  
Article
Differentiation of Geographic Origin of South African Wines from Austrian Wines by IRMS and SNIF-NMR
by Micha Horacek, Helene Nieuwoudt, Florian F. Bauer, Bahareh Bagheri and Mathabatha E. Setati
Foods 2023, 12(6), 1175; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods12061175 - 10 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1210
Abstract
Geographic origin and terroir are very important parameters for wine and significantly impact price. Incorrect declarations are known to occur intentionally to increase profit, thus, measures for control are required. Accompanying paperwork has been shown to be unreliable, thus, control of the product [...] Read more.
Geographic origin and terroir are very important parameters for wine and significantly impact price. Incorrect declarations are known to occur intentionally to increase profit, thus, measures for control are required. Accompanying paperwork has been shown to be unreliable, thus, control of the product itself is required. Here we investigate and compare the stable isotope pattern of South African (Western Cape Province) wine, and evaluate its potential for discrimination from Central European/Austrian wine. The results show that the isotope values of the investigated South African wine samples differ significantly from the values of average Austrian (Central European) wines. Thus, a differentiation of the products from these two regions by stable isotope analysis is generally straightforward. However, the data suggest that vintages from years with exceptionally hot and dry summer weather in Europe may reduce the differentiation between these regions. Therefore, this method is a potent tool for the discrimination of Austrian (Central European) and South African wines under current climatic conditions, although drier and hotter summer weather in Europe, which is likely to occur more frequently due to global climate change, may require further method adjustments in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Origin Analysis with Isotope Fingerprints)
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20 pages, 2467 KiB  
Article
Determining the Authenticity of Spirulina Dietary Supplements Based on Stable Isotope and Elemental Composition
by Jasmina Masten Rutar, Lidija Strojnik, Marijan Nečemer, Luana Bontempo and Nives Ogrinc
Foods 2023, 12(3), 562; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods12030562 - 27 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1472
Abstract
While the demand for Spirulina dietary supplements continues to grow, product inspection in terms of authenticity and safety remains limited. This study used the stable isotope ratios of light elements (C, N, S, H, and O) and the elemental composition to characterize Spirulina [...] Read more.
While the demand for Spirulina dietary supplements continues to grow, product inspection in terms of authenticity and safety remains limited. This study used the stable isotope ratios of light elements (C, N, S, H, and O) and the elemental composition to characterize Spirulina dietary supplements available on the Slovenian market. Forty-six samples were labelled as originating from the EU (1), non-EU (6), Hawaii (2), Italy (2), Japan (1), Portugal (2), Taiwan (3), India (4), and China (16), and nine products were without a declared origin. Stable isotope ratio median values were –23.9‰ (–26.0 to –21.8‰) for δ13C, 4.80‰ (1.30–8.02‰) for δ15N, 11.0‰ (6.79–12.7‰) for δ34S, –173‰ (– 190 to –158‰) for δ2H, and 17.2‰ (15.8–18.8‰) for δ18O. Multivariate statistical analyses achieved a reliable differentiation of Hawaiian, Italian, and Portuguese (100%) samples and a good separation of Chinese samples, while the separation of Indian and Taiwanese samples was less successful, but still notable. The study showed that differences in isotopic and elemental composition are indicative of sample origins, cultivation and processing methods, and environmental conditions such that, when combined, they provide a promising tool for determining the authenticity of Spirulina products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Origin Analysis with Isotope Fingerprints)
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19 pages, 4324 KiB  
Article
Isotope Geochemistry for Seafood Traceability and Authentication: The Northern Adriatic Manila Clams Case Study
by Valentina Brombin, Claudio Natali, Gianluca Frijia, Katharina Schmitt, Martina Casalini and Gianluca Bianchini
Foods 2022, 11(19), 3054; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods11193054 - 01 Oct 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1630
Abstract
In Italy, the production of manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum, Adams and Reeve, 1850) is mainly localized in northern Adriatic lagoons in the Po River delta, where shellfish farming provides important socio-economic revenue. However, in our globalized world, the seafood market is [...] Read more.
In Italy, the production of manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum, Adams and Reeve, 1850) is mainly localized in northern Adriatic lagoons in the Po River delta, where shellfish farming provides important socio-economic revenue. However, in our globalized world, the seafood market is threated by fraudulent activities, in which agri-food products whose provenance is not certified are sold, posing a risk to consumer health. Multi-isotope ratio analysis is commonly used to trace the provenance of goods produced in different countries with different climatic and environmental conditions. Here, we investigated the reliability of this approach in terms of tracing the exact provenance of manila clams harvested in three Adriatic northern lagoons that are close to each other. We also verified the origin of samples bought at a local supermarket with a certificate of provenance. We carried out elemental analyses of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S) and the respective isotopic ratios (13C/12C; 15N/14N; 34S/32S) on manila clam tissues, plus isotopic analyses of carbon (13C/12C), oxygen (18O/16O), and strontium (87Sr/86Sr) on manila clam shells. Each isotopic parameter can be used to identify the marine and continental contributions of water and/or nutrient supplies occurring in the lagoons. Therefore, the combination of isotopic parameters in a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) allowed for the identification of the lagoons in which the manila clams were produced. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Origin Analysis with Isotope Fingerprints)
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10 pages, 2537 KiB  
Communication
Stable Isotope Analysis for the Discrimination of the Geographical Origin of Greek Bottarga ‘Avgotaracho Messolongiou’: A Preliminary Research
by Anna-Akrivi Thomatou, Eleni Psarra, Eleni C. Mazarakioti, Katerina Katerinopoulou, Georgios Tsirogiannis, Anastasios Zotos, Achilleas Kontogeorgos, Angelos Patakas and Athanasios Ladavos
Foods 2022, 11(19), 2960; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods11192960 - 22 Sep 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1528
Abstract
Consumers are increasingly interested in the geographical origin of the foodstuff they consume as an important characteristic of food authenticity and quality. To assure the authenticity of the geographical origin, various methods have been proposed. Stable isotope analysis is a method that has [...] Read more.
Consumers are increasingly interested in the geographical origin of the foodstuff they consume as an important characteristic of food authenticity and quality. To assure the authenticity of the geographical origin, various methods have been proposed. Stable isotope analysis is a method that has been extensively used for products such as wine, oil, meat, while only a few studies have been conducted for the discrimination of seafood origin and especially for mullet roes or bottarga products. Analysis of the stable isotopes of C, N and S of Bottarga samples from four different origins were carried out. The values of δ15N (5.45‰) and δ34S (4.66‰) for the Greek Bottarga Product named ‘Avgotaracho Messolongiou’, from Messolongi lagoon were lower than other areas while δ13C values were higher (−14.84‰). The first results show that the stable isotopes ratios of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur could be used to discriminate the Greek Protected Designations of Origin Bottarga product ‘Avgotaracho Messolongiou’ from other similar products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Origin Analysis with Isotope Fingerprints)
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10 pages, 1591 KiB  
Communication
Differentiation of Apricots of Different Geographic Origin in Central and Southern Europe by Applying 87Sr/86Sr Analysis: Potential and Limitations
by Micha Horacek, Lenka Klcova, Martina Hudcovicova, Katarina Ondreickova, Jozef Gubis and Stefan Hölzl
Foods 2022, 11(15), 2239; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods11152239 - 27 Jul 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1435
Abstract
Consumers prefer food commodities of certain origins over the same products of other provenances and are willing to pay higher prices for them. Thus, it is possible to increase profit simply by giving an incorrect geographic origin to a product. To effectively control [...] Read more.
Consumers prefer food commodities of certain origins over the same products of other provenances and are willing to pay higher prices for them. Thus, it is possible to increase profit simply by giving an incorrect geographic origin to a product. To effectively control the declared geographic origin of food, the product itself has to be investigated to discover whether it actually originates from the declared origin, or if it has been mislabeled. Conventionally, control of a geographic origin is conducted by stable isotope analysis of the main elements, which has proven to be successful in numerous cases, but often reference data have to be produced anew for every harvest to control, resulting in additional costs and delays. Applying entirely geogenic parameters for the control of provenance requires reference data to be produced only once. As they do not vary between years and harvests, they can often be used for different (food) commodities. Here, we investigate whether the geographic origin of apricot samples can be controlled by their 87Sr/86Sr ratios measured by TIMS. The results show that Slovak and Hungarian apricots can be differentiated from the Wachau apricots, a well-known regional Austrian brand, and those from other regions in Austria, even though the differentiation from the latter is only partial. 87Sr/86Sr investigations can be a very potent tool; however, its success depends on the exact question that needs to be answered. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Origin Analysis with Isotope Fingerprints)
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8 pages, 254 KiB  
Communication
Isotope Fingerprints of Common and Tartary Buckwheat Grains and Milling Fractions: A Preliminary Study
by Lovro Sinkovič, Nives Ogrinc, Doris Potočnik and Vladimir Meglič
Foods 2022, 11(10), 1414; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods11101414 - 13 May 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1592
Abstract
The grains and milling fractions of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.) are widely used for both industrial and small-scale food and non-food products. This paper represents a preliminary study of the isotopic signature ( [...] Read more.
The grains and milling fractions of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.) are widely used for both industrial and small-scale food and non-food products. This paper represents a preliminary study of the isotopic signature (δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S) to differentiate between buckwheat species (common vs. Tartary), organic and conventional cultivation farming, and different buckwheat fractions (light flour, semolina, and hulls) obtained by a traditional cereal stone-mill. Stable isotope ratios were analyzed using an elemental analyzer coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA/IRMS). The results indicated that δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S values could be used to verify the origin and production practices of buckwheat and even its products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Origin Analysis with Isotope Fingerprints)
16 pages, 2344 KiB  
Article
Stable Isotope and Element Profiling for Determining the Agroclimatic Origin of Cow Milk within a Tropical Country
by Maheshika Kalpage, Champa Dissanayake, Saranga Diyabalanage, Rohana Chandrajith, Russell Frew and Ruchika Fernando
Foods 2022, 11(3), 275; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods11030275 - 20 Jan 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2315
Abstract
Information on the geographic origin of milk is important in determining quality attributes and for economic gain through building brand value associated with origin. Stable isotope signatures and trace element concentrations have been increasingly used in authentication of milk, though information on the [...] Read more.
Information on the geographic origin of milk is important in determining quality attributes and for economic gain through building brand value associated with origin. Stable isotope signatures and trace element concentrations have been increasingly used in authentication of milk, though information on the power of such technology in verifying agroclimatic origin in small continents with diverse climatic, environmental conditions, and animal management practice is scarce. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of using a stable isotope composition of C, N, O, and H and element fingerprints to determine the agroclimatic origin of milk produced in different agroclimatic zones of Sri Lanka. Stable isotopes ratios of C, N, H, and O, and elemental fingerprints of milk samples were determined by IRMS and ICP-MS, respectively. Significant variations were observed in stable isotope ratios, especially δ18O and the mean content of Li, Al, Cr, Mn, and Sr in the bulk milk samples obtained from different agroclimatic zones. A linear discriminant analysis differentiated cow milk produced from four agroclimatic zones based on stable isotope ratios, and the inclusion of elemental ratios enhanced the discriminating ability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Origin Analysis with Isotope Fingerprints)
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12 pages, 2095 KiB  
Article
Tracing the Geographical Origin of Thai Hom Mali Rice in Three Contiguous Provinces of Thailand Using Stable Isotopic and Elemental Markers Combined with Multivariate Analysis
by Supalak Kongsri, Phitchan Sricharoen, Nunticha Limchoowong and Chunyapuk Kukusamude
Foods 2021, 10(10), 2349; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods10102349 - 01 Oct 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2889
Abstract
Rice is a staple food for more than half of the world’s population. The discrimination of geographical origin of rice has emerged as an important issue to prevent mislabeling and adulteration problems and ensure food quality. Here, the discrimination of Thai Hom Mali [...] Read more.
Rice is a staple food for more than half of the world’s population. The discrimination of geographical origin of rice has emerged as an important issue to prevent mislabeling and adulteration problems and ensure food quality. Here, the discrimination of Thai Hom Mali rice (THMR), registered as a European Protected Geographical Indication (PGI), was demonstrated. Elemental compositions (Mn, Rb, Co, and Mo) and stable isotope (δ18O) in the rice were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and elemental analyzer isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS), respectively. The recoveries and precisions of all elements were greater than 98% and lower than 9%, respectively. The analytical precision (±standard deviation) was below ±0.2‰ for δ18O measurement. Mean of Mn, Rb, Co, Mo, and δ18O levels was 14.0 mg kg−1, 5.39 mg kg−1, 0.049 mg kg−1, 0.47 mg kg−1, and 25.22‰, respectively. Only five valuable markers combined with radar plots and multivariate analysis, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) could distinguish THMR cultivated from three contiguous provinces with correct classification and cross-validation of 96.4% and 92.9%, respectively. These results offer valuable insight for the sustainable management and regulation of improper labeling regarding geographical origin of rice in Thailand and other countries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Origin Analysis with Isotope Fingerprints)
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12 pages, 1359 KiB  
Article
Geographical Differentiation of Hom Mali Rice Cultivated in Different Regions of Thailand Using FTIR-ATR and NIR Spectroscopy
by Wannee Srinuttrakul, Alina Mihailova, Marivil D. Islam, Beatrix Liebisch, Florence Maxwell, Simon D. Kelly and Andrew Cannavan
Foods 2021, 10(8), 1951; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods10081951 - 22 Aug 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3412
Abstract
Although Hom Mali rice is considered the highest quality rice in Thailand, it is susceptible to adulteration and substitution. There is a need for rapid, low-cost and efficient analytical techniques for monitoring the authenticity and geographical origin of Thai Hom Mali rice. In [...] Read more.
Although Hom Mali rice is considered the highest quality rice in Thailand, it is susceptible to adulteration and substitution. There is a need for rapid, low-cost and efficient analytical techniques for monitoring the authenticity and geographical origin of Thai Hom Mali rice. In this study, two infrared spectroscopy techniques, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, were applied and compared for the differentiation of Thai Hom Mali rice from two geographical regions over two production years. The Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) model, built using spectral data from the benchtop FTIR-ATR, achieved 96.97% and 100% correct classification of the test dataset for each of the production years, respectively. The OPLS-DA model, built using spectral data from the portable handheld NIR, achieved 84.85% and 86.96% correct classification of the test dataset for each of the production years, respectively. Direct NIR analysis of the polished rice grains (i.e., no sample preparation) was determined as reliable for analysis of ground rice samples. FTIR-ATR and NIR spectroscopic analysis both have significant potential as screening tools for the rapid detection of fraud issues related to the geographical origin of Thai Hom Mali rice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Origin Analysis with Isotope Fingerprints)
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15 pages, 1674 KiB  
Article
Differences in the Levels of the Selected Phytoestrogens and Stable Isotopes in Organic vs. Conventional Hops and Beer
by Jelena B. Golubović, Ester Heath, Iztok Jože Košir, Nives Ogrinc, Doris Potočnik, Lidija Strojnik and David Heath
Foods 2021, 10(8), 1839; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods10081839 - 09 Aug 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1954
Abstract
Xanthohumol (XN), isoxanthohumol (IX) and 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN) are important prenylflavonoids present in hops with potential beneficial properties. In this study, we examined differences in the content of XN, IX and 8-PN in hops and beer produced under organic and conventional production regimes. A [...] Read more.
Xanthohumol (XN), isoxanthohumol (IX) and 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN) are important prenylflavonoids present in hops with potential beneficial properties. In this study, we examined differences in the content of XN, IX and 8-PN in hops and beer produced under organic and conventional production regimes. A An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for analysing XN, IX and 8-PN in hops and beer was developed and validated, with LOQ ranging from 0.5 to 10 ng/mL. Finally, we examined 15N/14N and 12C/13C isotope ratios in the hops and beer using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). The results show no statistically significant difference in the content of the selected prenylflavonoids between organic and conventionally produced hops and beer—in the whole sample group, as well as between the matched pairs. Stable isotope analysis indicated that only δ15N values are statistically higher in organically produced hops and beer. However, the differentiation according to the type of production could not be made solely based on the δ15N signature, but it could be used to provide supporting evidence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Origin Analysis with Isotope Fingerprints)
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15 pages, 3587 KiB  
Article
The Provenance of Slovenian Milk Using 87Sr/86Sr Isotope Ratios
by Staša Hamzić Gregorčič, Nives Ogrinc, Russell Frew, Marijan Nečemer, Lidija Strojnik and Tea Zuliani
Foods 2021, 10(8), 1729; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods10081729 - 27 Jul 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2624
Abstract
This work presents the first use of Sr isotope ratios for determining the provenance of bovine milk from different regions of Slovenia. The analytical protocol for the determination of 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratio was optimised and applied to authentic milk samples. [...] Read more.
This work presents the first use of Sr isotope ratios for determining the provenance of bovine milk from different regions of Slovenia. The analytical protocol for the determination of 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratio was optimised and applied to authentic milk samples. Considerable variability of 87Sr/86Sr ratios found in Slovenian milk reflects the substantial heterogeneity of the geological background of its origin. The results, although promising, cannot discount possible inter-annual or annual variation of the Sr isotopic composition of milk. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of groundwater and surface waters are in good correlation with milk, indicating that the Sr isotopic fingerprint in milk is reflective of cow drinking water. The 87Sr/86Sr ratio has the potential to distinguish between different milk production areas as long as these areas are characterised by geo-lithology. Discriminant analysis (DA) incorporating the elemental composition and stable isotopes of light elements showed that 87Sr/86Sr ratio together with δ13Ccas and δ15Ncas values have the main discrimination power to distinguish the Quaternary group (group 6) from the others. Group 1 (Cretaceous: Carbonate Rocks and Flysch) is associated with Br content, 1/Sr and δ18Ow values. The overall prediction ability was found to be 63.5%. Pairwise comparisons using OPLS-DA confirmed that diet and geologic parameters are important for the separation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Origin Analysis with Isotope Fingerprints)
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18 pages, 2628 KiB  
Article
Construction of IsoVoc Database for the Authentication of Natural Flavours
by Lidija Strojnik, Jože Hladnik, Nika Cvelbar Weber, Darinka Koron, Matej Stopar, Emil Zlatić, Doris Kokalj, Martin Strojnik and Nives Ogrinc
Foods 2021, 10(7), 1550; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods10071550 - 05 Jul 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2774
Abstract
Flavour is an important quality trait of food and beverages. As the demand for natural aromas increases and the cost of raw materials go up, so does the potential for economically motivated adulteration. In this study, gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) analysis [...] Read more.
Flavour is an important quality trait of food and beverages. As the demand for natural aromas increases and the cost of raw materials go up, so does the potential for economically motivated adulteration. In this study, gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) analysis of volatile fruit compounds, sampled using headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME), is used as a tool to differentiate between synthetic and naturally produced volatile aroma compounds (VOCs). The result is an extensive stable isotope database (IsoVoc—Isotope Volatile organic compounds) consisting of 39 authentic flavour compounds with well-defined origin: apple (148), strawberry (33), raspberry (12), pear (9), blueberry (7), and sour cherry (4) samples. Synthetically derived VOCs (48) were also characterised. Comparing isotope ratios of volatile compounds between distillates and fresh apples and strawberries proved the suitability of using fresh samples to create a database covering the natural variability in δ13C values and range of VOCs. In total, 25 aroma compounds were identified and used to test 33 flavoured commercial products to evaluate the usefulness of the IsoVoc database for fruit flavour authenticity studies. The results revealed the possible falsification for several fruit aroma compounds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Origin Analysis with Isotope Fingerprints)
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13 pages, 2371 KiB  
Article
Combination of Stable Isotopes and Fatty Acid Composition for Geographical Origin Discrimination of One Argan Oil Vintage
by Sara Elgadi, Ahmed Ouhammou, Fouad Taous, Hamza Zine, Eleni G. Papazoglou, Tibari Elghali, Noureddine Amenzou, Hassan El Allali, Abderrahmane Aitlhaj and Abderraouf El Antari
Foods 2021, 10(6), 1274; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods10061274 - 03 Jun 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2642
Abstract
Quality control and traceability of Argan oil requires precise chemical characterization considering different provenances. The fatty acid profile is an essential parameter that certifies the quality and purity of Argan oil. In addition, stable isotopes were recently shown to be accurate as an [...] Read more.
Quality control and traceability of Argan oil requires precise chemical characterization considering different provenances. The fatty acid profile is an essential parameter that certifies the quality and purity of Argan oil. In addition, stable isotopes were recently shown to be accurate as an indicator for geographical origin. In this study, fatty acid composition by gas chromatography (GC) and stable isotope ratio by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) were investigated for classifying Argan oil according to its geographical origin. Forty-one Argan oil samples, belonging to six geographical origins of Moroccan natural Argan population (Safi, Essaouira, Agadir Ida Outanane, Taroudant, Tiznit and Sidi Ifni) were collected and extracted under the same conditions. The results show that the isotope δ13C, palmitic acid (C16:0), linoleic acid (C18:2) and unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) were strongly influenced by ecological parameters. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was performed to discriminate the six studied provenances. Discriminant models predicted the origin of Argan oil with 92.70% success. Samples from Safi, Essaouira and Agadir Ida Outanane presented the highest classification rate (100%). In contrast, the lowest rate was reported for samples from Tiznit (85.70%). The findings obtained for fatty acids and isotope combination might be considered as an accurate tool for determining the geographical origins of Argan oil. Moreover, they can potentially be used as specific markers for oils labeled with Protected Geographical Indication (PGI). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Origin Analysis with Isotope Fingerprints)
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15 pages, 2007 KiB  
Article
Preliminary Study on Tracing the Origin and Exploring the Relations between Growing Conditions and Isotopic and Elemental Fingerprints of Organic and Conventional Cavendish Bananas (Musa spp.)
by Zhijun Wang, Sara W. Erasmus and Saskia M. van Ruth
Foods 2021, 10(5), 1021; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods10051021 - 08 May 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2322
Abstract
The stable isotopic ratios and elemental compositions of 120 banana samples, Musa spp. (AAA Group, Cavendish Subgroup) cultivar Williams, collected from six countries (Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica Republic, Ecuador, Panama, Peru), were determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass [...] Read more.
The stable isotopic ratios and elemental compositions of 120 banana samples, Musa spp. (AAA Group, Cavendish Subgroup) cultivar Williams, collected from six countries (Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica Republic, Ecuador, Panama, Peru), were determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Growing conditions like altitude, temperature, rainfall and production system (organic or conventional cultivation) were obtained from the sampling farms. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed separation of the farms based on geographical origin and production system. The results showed a significant difference in the stable isotopic ratios (δ13C, δ15N, δ18O) and elemental compositions (Al, Ba, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb) of the pulp and peel samples. Furthermore, δ15N was found to be a good marker for organically produced bananas. A correlation analysis was conducted to show the linkage of growing conditions and compositional attributes. The δ13C of pulp and peel were mainly negatively correlated with the rainfall, while δ18O was moderately positively (R values ~0.5) correlated with altitude and temperature. A moderate correlation was also found between temperature and elements such as Ba, Fe, Mn, Ni and Sr in the pulp and peel samples. The PCA results and correlation analysis suggested that the differences of banana compositions were combined effects of geographical factors and production systems. Ultimately, the findings contribute towards understanding the compositional differences of bananas due to different growing conditions and production systems linked to a defined origin; thereby offering a tool to support the traceability of commercial fruits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Origin Analysis with Isotope Fingerprints)
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3 pages, 210 KiB  
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Reply to Horacek, M.; Cannavan, A. Comment on “Sinkovič et al. Isotope Fingerprints of Common and Tartary Buckwheat Grains and Milling Fractions: A Preliminary Study. Foods 2022, 11, 1414”
by Lovro Sinkovič, Nives Ogrinc, Doris Potočnik and Vladimir Meglič
Foods 2022, 11(17), 2628; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods11172628 - 30 Aug 2022
Viewed by 765
Abstract
We thank Dr. Horacek and Dr. Cannavan for their interest [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Origin Analysis with Isotope Fingerprints)
5 pages, 617 KiB  
Comment
Comment on Sinkovič et al. Isotope Fingerprints of Common and Tartary Buckwheat Grains and Milling Fractions: A Preliminary Study. Foods 2022, 11, 1414
by Micha Horacek and Andrew Cannavan
Foods 2022, 11(17), 2626; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods11172626 - 30 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 819
Abstract
We read with interest the publication by Sinkovic et al. [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Origin Analysis with Isotope Fingerprints)
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2 pages, 169 KiB  
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Reply to Horacek, M. The Need to Consider Geochemistry When Interpreting Sr-Isotopes. Comment on “Gregorčič et al. The Provenance of Slovenian Milk Using 87Sr/86Sr Isotope Ratios. Foods 2021, 10, 1729”
by Staša Hamzić Gregorčič, Nives Ogrinc, Russell Frew, Marijan Nečemer, Lidija Strojnik and Tea Zuliani
Foods 2022, 11(4), 581; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods11040581 - 17 Feb 2022
Viewed by 1010
Abstract
We appreciate Dr Horacek’s interest in our paper and his feedback [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Origin Analysis with Isotope Fingerprints)
5 pages, 1576 KiB  
Comment
The Need to Consider Geochemistry When Interpreting Sr-Isotopes. Comment on Gregorčič et al. The Provenance of Slovenian Milk Using 87Sr/86Sr Isotope Ratios. Foods 2021, 10, 1729
by Micha Horacek
Foods 2022, 11(4), 564; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods11040564 - 16 Feb 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1437
Abstract
I was very interested in the investigation of the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of Slovenian milk by Gregorcic et al. [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Origin Analysis with Isotope Fingerprints)
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