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Novel Analytical Methods in Food Analysis
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Novel Analytical Methods in Food Analysis

A special issue of Foods (ISSN 2304-8158). This special issue belongs to the section "Food Analytical Methods".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 August 2021) | Viewed by 46542

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Philippe Delahaut

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Analytical Laboratory, CER Groupe, Rue du Point du Jour 8, 6900 Marloie, Belgium
Interests: analytical methods development and validation; immunoassay; mass spectrometry; veterinary drug residues; allergens; food security
Dr. Riccardo Marega

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Analytical Laboratory, CER Groupe, Rue du Point du Jour 8, 6900, Marloie, Belgium
Interests: antibody development; immunoassay; analytical methods development; nanobiotechnology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Food analysis is a discipline with a huge impact on both economical and medical aspects of modern societies, being that it is at the cornerstone between industrial, medical, and regulatory needs.

The development of analytical methods in food matrices has always been difficult, due to the large variety of their physicochemical properties, which can change analyte structure and extraction efficiencies because of different processing throughout preparation and distribution.

On the one hand, such complexity can be tackled by a combination of sample preparation protocols and use of analytical instrumentation that is typically available in specialized laboratories, in terms of personnel and equipment (e.g., mass spectrometry analysis of food allergens). On the other hand, there is a great demand for the “decentralization” of analytical food methods by means of protocol simplification and on-site analysis (e.g., portable immunoassays). Furthermore, the simultaneous detection of multiple analytes at the same time (multiplexing) is an ongoing trend in the development of methods and instruments that increase throughput while lowering costs and operator intervention.

Integration of biological reactives (antibodies, aptamers), materials (nanoparticles, nanotubes), technologies (microspotting, microfluidics), and physical principles (spectroscopy and spectrometry) is, today, consolidating at both the academic and industrial levels, aiming at the exploration and control of the vast chemical space intersecting with food analysis.

Dr. Philippe Delahaut
Dr. Riccardo Marega
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Foods is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • analytical methods
  • food security
  • immunoassay
  • mass spectrometry
  • Raman spectroscopy
  • NMR spectroscopy
  • Flow cytometry
  • portable assays
  • sample preparation
  • nanomaterials in diagnostics

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

4 pages, 169 KiB  
Editorial
Novel Analytical Methods in Food Analysis
by Philippe Delahaut and Riccardo Marega
Foods 2022, 11(10), 1512; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods11101512 - 23 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1934
Abstract
Food analysis is a discipline with a huge impact on both economical and medical aspects of modern societies, meaning that it is at the cornerstone between industrial, medical, and regulatory needs [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Analytical Methods in Food Analysis)

Research

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16 pages, 1762 KiB  
Article
Extending the Lipidome Coverage by Combining Different Mass Spectrometric Platforms: An Innovative Strategy to Answer Chemical Food Safety Issues
by Jérémy Marchand, Yann Guitton, Estelle Martineau, Anne-Lise Royer, David Balgoma, Bruno Le Bizec, Patrick Giraudeau and Gaud Dervilly
Foods 2021, 10(6), 1218; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods10061218 - 28 May 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2376
Abstract
From a general public health perspective, a strategy combining non-targeted and targeted lipidomics MS-based approaches is proposed to identify disrupted patterns in serum lipidome upon growth promoter treatment in pigs. Evaluating the relative contributions of the platforms involved, the study aims at investigating [...] Read more.
From a general public health perspective, a strategy combining non-targeted and targeted lipidomics MS-based approaches is proposed to identify disrupted patterns in serum lipidome upon growth promoter treatment in pigs. Evaluating the relative contributions of the platforms involved, the study aims at investigating the potential of innovative analytical approaches to highlight potential chemical food safety threats. Serum samples collected during an animal experiment involving control and treated pigs, whose food had been supplemented with ractopamine, were extracted and characterised using three MS strategies: Non-targeted RP LC-HRMS; the targeted Lipidyzer™ platform (differential ion mobility associated with shotgun lipidomics) and a homemade LC-HRMS triglyceride platform. The strategy enabled highlighting specific lipid profile patterns involving various lipid classes, mainly in relation to cholesterol esters, sphingomyelins, lactosylceramide, phosphatidylcholines and triglycerides. Thanks to the combination of non-targeted and targeted MS approaches, various compartments of the pig serum lipidome could be explored, including commonly characterised lipids (Lipidyzer™), triglyceride isomers (Triglyceride platform) and unique lipid features (non-targeted LC-HRMS). Thanks to their respective characteristics, the complementarity of the three tools could be demonstrated for public health purposes, with enhanced coverage, level of characterization and applicability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Analytical Methods in Food Analysis)
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14 pages, 955 KiB  
Article
A Novel Method for Antibiotic Detection in Milk Based on Competitive Magnetic Immunodetection
by Jan Pietschmann, Dominik Dittmann, Holger Spiegel, Hans-Joachim Krause and Florian Schröper
Foods 2020, 9(12), 1773; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods9121773 - 30 Nov 2020
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3756
Abstract
The misuse of antibiotics as well as incorrect dosage or insufficient time for detoxification can result in the presence of pharmacologically active molecules in fresh milk. Hence, in many countries, commercially available milk has to be tested with immunological, chromatographic or microbiological analytical [...] Read more.
The misuse of antibiotics as well as incorrect dosage or insufficient time for detoxification can result in the presence of pharmacologically active molecules in fresh milk. Hence, in many countries, commercially available milk has to be tested with immunological, chromatographic or microbiological analytical methods to avoid consumption of antibiotic residues. Here a novel, sensitive and portable assay setup for the detection and quantification of penicillin and kanamycin in whole fat milk (WFM) based on competitive magnetic immunodetection (cMID) is described and assay accuracy determined. For this, penicillin G and kanamycin-conjugates were generated and coated onto a matrix of immunofiltration columns (IFC). Biotinylated penicillin G or kanamycin-specific antibodies were pre-incubated with antibiotics-containing samples and subsequently applied onto IFC to determine the concentration of antibiotics through the competition of antibody-binding to the antibiotic-conjugate molecules. Bound antibodies were labeled with streptavidin-coated magnetic particles and quantified using frequency magnetic mixing technology. Based on calibration measurements in WFM with detection limits of 1.33 ng·mL−1 for penicillin G and 1.0 ng·mL−1 for kanamycin, spiked WFM samples were analyzed, revealing highly accurate recovery rates and assay precision. Our results demonstrate the suitability of cMID-based competition assay for reliable and easy on-site testing of milk. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Analytical Methods in Food Analysis)
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15 pages, 851 KiB  
Article
Vibrational Spectroscopy Coupled to a Multivariate Analysis Tiered Approach for Argentinean Honey Provenance Confirmation
by Tito Damiani, Rosa M. Alonso-Salces, Inés Aubone, Vincent Baeten, Quentin Arnould, Chiara Dall’Asta, Sandra R. Fuselli and Juan Antonio Fernández Pierna
Foods 2020, 9(10), 1450; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods9101450 - 13 Oct 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1930
Abstract
In the present work, the provenance discrimination of Argentinian honeys was used as case study to compare the capabilities of three spectroscopic techniques as fast screening platforms for honey authentication purposes. Multifloral honeys were collected among three main honey-producing regions of Argentina over [...] Read more.
In the present work, the provenance discrimination of Argentinian honeys was used as case study to compare the capabilities of three spectroscopic techniques as fast screening platforms for honey authentication purposes. Multifloral honeys were collected among three main honey-producing regions of Argentina over four harvesting seasons. Each sample was fingerprinted by FT-MIR, NIR and FT-Raman spectroscopy. The spectroscopic platforms were compared on the basis of the classification performance achieved under a supervised chemometric approach. Furthermore, low- mid- and high-level data fusion were attempted in order to enhance the classification results. Finally, the best-performing solution underwent to SIMCA modelling with the purpose of reproducing a food authentication scenario. All the developed classification models underwent to a “year-by-year” validation strategy, enabling a sound assessment of their long-term robustness and excluding any issue of model overfitting. Excellent classification scores were achieved by all the technologies and nearly perfect classification was provided by FT-MIR. All the data fusion strategies provided satisfying outcomes, with the mid- and high-level approaches outperforming the low-level data fusion. However, no significant advantage over the FT-MIR alone was obtained. SIMCA modelling of FT-MIR data produced highly sensitive and specific models and an overall prediction ability improvement was achieved when more harvesting seasons were used for the model calibration (86.7% sensitivity and 91.1% specificity). The results obtained in the present work suggested the major potential of FT-MIR for fingerprinting-based honey authentication and demonstrated that accuracy levels that may be commercially useful can be reached. On the other hand, the combination of multiple vibrational spectroscopic fingerprints represents a choice that should be carefully evaluated from a cost/benefit standpoint within the industrial context. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Analytical Methods in Food Analysis)
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12 pages, 2722 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Amyloid β42 Aggregation Inhibitory Activity of Commercial Dressings by A Microliter-Scale High-Throughput Screening System Using Quantum-Dot Nanoprobes
by Masahiro Kuragano, Wataru Yoshinari, Xuguang Lin, Keiya Shimamori, Koji Uwai and Kiyotaka Tokuraku
Foods 2020, 9(6), 825; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods9060825 - 24 Jun 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3320
Abstract
The aggregation and accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) in the brain is a trigger of pathogenesis for Alzheimer’s disease. Previously, we developed a microliter-scale high-throughput screening (MSHTS) system for Aβ42 aggregation inhibitors using quantum-dot nanoprobes. The MSHTS system is seldom influenced by [...] Read more.
The aggregation and accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) in the brain is a trigger of pathogenesis for Alzheimer’s disease. Previously, we developed a microliter-scale high-throughput screening (MSHTS) system for Aβ42 aggregation inhibitors using quantum-dot nanoprobes. The MSHTS system is seldom influenced by contaminants in samples and is able to directly evaluate Aβ42 aggregation inhibitory activity of samples containing various compounds. In this study, to elucidate whether the MSHTS system could be applied to the evaluation of processed foods, we examined Aβ42 aggregation inhibitory activity of salad dressings, including soy sauces. We estimated the 50% effective concentration (EC50) from serial diluted dressings. Interestingly, all 19 commercial dressings tested showed Aβ42 aggregation inhibitory activity. It was suggested that EC50 differed by as much as 100 times between the dressings with the most (0.065 ± 0.020 v/v%) and least (6.737 ± 5.054 v/v%) inhibitory activity. The highest activity sample is traditional Japanese dressing, soy sauce. It is known that soy sauce is roughly classified into a heat-treated variety and a non-heat-treated variety. We demonstrated that non-heat-treated raw soy sauce exhibited higher Aβ42 aggregation inhibitory activity than heat-treated soy sauce. Herein, we propose that MSHTS system can be applied to processed foods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Analytical Methods in Food Analysis)
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13 pages, 1020 KiB  
Article
Food Authentication: Identification and Quantitation of Different Tuber Species via Capillary Gel Electrophoresis and Real-Time PCR
by Stefanie Schelm, Melanie Siemt, Janin Pfeiffer, Christina Lang, Hans-Volker Tichy and Markus Fischer
Foods 2020, 9(4), 501; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods9040501 - 16 Apr 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3659
Abstract
Truffles are hypogeous fungi mainly found in Europe and Asia. Due to their special aroma and taste, some truffle species are sold on the international market at an extremely high price. Among the economically relevant species, the white Alba truffle (Tuber magnatum [...] Read more.
Truffles are hypogeous fungi mainly found in Europe and Asia. Due to their special aroma and taste, some truffle species are sold on the international market at an extremely high price. Among the economically relevant species, the white Alba truffle (Tuber magnatum) and the black Périgord truffle (T. melanosporum) are the most appreciated species. The fruiting bodies of the Asian black truffle are morphologically very similar to T. melanosporum, and those of the Bianchetto truffle (T. albidum Pico) are similar to T. magnatum, but are of little economic value. Highly valued species are adulterated with cheaper ones, especially. Because of this problem, the aim of this study was the development of methods for detecting possible admixtures to protect consumers from fraud. This study is based on seven different truffle species (117 fruiting bodies) from different growing regions. Additionally, selected truffle products were included. Using this material, a real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction) assay allowing the detection and quantitation of Asian black truffles in T. melanosporum up to 0.5% was developed. In addition, a capillary gel electrophoresis assay was designed, which allows the identification and quantitation of different species. The methods can be used to ensure the integrity of truffle products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Analytical Methods in Food Analysis)
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Review

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28 pages, 2643 KiB  
Review
ASSURED Point-of-Need Food Safety Screening: A Critical Assessment of Portable Food Analyzers
by Safiye Jafari, Julian Guercetti, Ariadni Geballa-Koukoula, Aristeidis S. Tsagkaris, Joost L. D. Nelis, M.-Pilar Marco, J.-Pablo Salvador, Arjen Gerssen, Jana Hajslova, Chris Elliott, Katrina Campbell, Davide Migliorelli, Loïc Burr, Silvia Generelli, Michel W. F. Nielen and Shana J. Sturla
Foods 2021, 10(6), 1399; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods10061399 - 17 Jun 2021
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5893
Abstract
Standard methods for chemical food safety testing in official laboratories rely largely on liquid or gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Although these methods are considered the gold standard for quantitative confirmatory analysis, they require sampling, transferring the samples to a central laboratory [...] Read more.
Standard methods for chemical food safety testing in official laboratories rely largely on liquid or gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Although these methods are considered the gold standard for quantitative confirmatory analysis, they require sampling, transferring the samples to a central laboratory to be tested by highly trained personnel, and the use of expensive equipment. Therefore, there is an increasing demand for portable and handheld devices to provide rapid, efficient, and on-site screening of food contaminants. Recent technological advancements in the field include smartphone-based, microfluidic chip-based, and paper-based devices integrated with electrochemical and optical biosensing platforms. Furthermore, the potential application of portable mass spectrometers in food testing might bring the confirmatory analysis from the laboratory to the field in the future. Although such systems open new promising possibilities for portable food testing, few of these devices are commercially available. To understand why barriers remain, portable food analyzers reported in the literature over the last ten years were reviewed. To this end, the analytical performance of these devices and the extent they match the World Health Organization benchmark for diagnostic tests, i.e., the Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User-friendly, Rapid and Robust, Equipment-free, and Deliverable to end-users (ASSURED) criteria, was evaluated critically. A five-star scoring system was used to assess their potential to be implemented as food safety testing systems. The main findings highlight the need for concentrated efforts towards combining the best features of different technologies, to bridge technological gaps and meet commercialization requirements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Analytical Methods in Food Analysis)
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56 pages, 3469 KiB  
Review
Modernization of Control of Pathogenic Micro-Organisms in the Food-Chain Requires a Durable Role for Immunoaffinity-Based Detection Methodology—A Review
by Aldert A. Bergwerff and Sylvia B. Debast
Foods 2021, 10(4), 832; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods10040832 - 11 Apr 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4671
Abstract
Food microbiology is deluged by a vastly growing plethora of analytical methods. This review endeavors to color the context into which methodology has to fit and underlines the importance of sampling and sample treatment. The context is that the highest risk of food [...] Read more.
Food microbiology is deluged by a vastly growing plethora of analytical methods. This review endeavors to color the context into which methodology has to fit and underlines the importance of sampling and sample treatment. The context is that the highest risk of food contamination is through the animal and human fecal route with a majority of foodborne infections originating from sources in mass and domestic kitchens at the end of the food-chain. Containment requires easy-to-use, failsafe, single-use tests giving an overall risk score in situ. Conversely, progressive food-safety systems are relying increasingly on early assessment of batches and groups involving risk-based sampling, monitoring environment and herd/flock health status, and (historic) food-chain information. Accordingly, responsible field laboratories prefer specificity, multi-analyte, and high-throughput procedures. Under certain etiological and epidemiological circumstances, indirect antigen immunoaffinity assays outperform the diagnostic sensitivity and diagnostic specificity of e.g., nucleic acid sequence-based assays. The current bulk of testing involves therefore ante- and post-mortem probing of humoral response to several pathogens. In this review, the inclusion of immunoglobulins against additional invasive micro-organisms indicating the level of hygiene and ergo public health risks in tests is advocated. Immunomagnetic separation, immunochromatography, immunosensor, microsphere array, lab-on-a-chip/disc platforms increasingly in combination with nanotechnologies, are discussed. The heuristic development of portable and ambulant microfluidic devices is intriguing and promising. Tant pis, many new platforms seem unattainable as the industry standard. Comparability of results with those of reference methods hinders the implementation of new technologies. Whatever the scientific and technological excellence and incentives, the decision-maker determines this implementation after weighing mainly costs and business risks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Analytical Methods in Food Analysis)
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19 pages, 327 KiB  
Review
Suitability of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Routine Analysis of Small Molecules in Food, Feed and Water for Safety and Authenticity Purposes: A Review
by Maxime Gavage, Philippe Delahaut and Nathalie Gillard
Foods 2021, 10(3), 601; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods10030601 - 12 Mar 2021
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3695
Abstract
During the last decade, food, feed and environmental analysis using high-resolution mass spectrometry became increasingly popular. Recent accessibility and technological improvements of this system make it a potential tool for routine laboratory work. However, this kind of instrument is still often considered a [...] Read more.
During the last decade, food, feed and environmental analysis using high-resolution mass spectrometry became increasingly popular. Recent accessibility and technological improvements of this system make it a potential tool for routine laboratory work. However, this kind of instrument is still often considered a research tool. The wide range of potential contaminants and residues that must be monitored, including pesticides, veterinary drugs and natural toxins, is steadily increasing. Thanks to full-scan analysis and the theoretically unlimited number of compounds that can be screened in a single analysis, high-resolution mass spectrometry is particularly well-suited for food, feed and water analysis. This review aims, through a series of relevant selected studies and developed methods dedicated to the different classes of contaminants and residues, to demonstrate that high-resolution mass spectrometry can reach detection levels in compliance with current legislation and is a versatile and appropriate tool for routine testing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Analytical Methods in Food Analysis)
21 pages, 1232 KiB  
Review
Optical Screening Methods for Pesticide Residue Detection in Food Matrices: Advances and Emerging Analytical Trends
by Aristeidis S. Tsagkaris, Jana Pulkrabova and Jana Hajslova
Foods 2021, 10(1), 88; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods10010088 - 05 Jan 2021
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 5576
Abstract
Pesticides have been extensively used in agriculture to protect crops and enhance their yields, indicating the need to monitor for their toxic residues in foodstuff. To achieve that, chromatographic methods coupled to mass spectrometry is the common analytical approach, combining low limits of [...] Read more.
Pesticides have been extensively used in agriculture to protect crops and enhance their yields, indicating the need to monitor for their toxic residues in foodstuff. To achieve that, chromatographic methods coupled to mass spectrometry is the common analytical approach, combining low limits of detection, wide linear ranges, and high accuracy. However, these methods are also quite expensive, time-consuming, and require highly skilled personnel, indicating the need to seek for alternatives providing simple, low-cost, rapid, and on-site results. In this study, we critically review the available screening methods for pesticide residues on the basis of optical detection during the period 2016–2020. Optical biosensors are commonly miniaturized analytical platforms introducing the point-of-care (POC) era in the field. Various optical detection principles have been utilized, namely, colorimetry, fluorescence (FL), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Nanomaterials can significantly enhance optical detection performance and handheld platforms, for example, handheld SERS devices can revolutionize testing. The hyphenation of optical assays to smartphones is also underlined as it enables unprecedented features such as one-click results using smartphone apps or online result communication. All in all, despite being in an early stage facing several challenges, i.e., long sample preparation protocols or interphone variation results, such POC diagnostics pave a new road into the food safety field in which analysis cost will be reduced and a more intensive testing will be achieved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Analytical Methods in Food Analysis)
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21 pages, 290 KiB  
Review
Dietary Supplement and Food Contaminations and Their Implications for Doping Controls
by Katja Walpurgis, Andreas Thomas, Hans Geyer, Ute Mareck and Mario Thevis
Foods 2020, 9(8), 1012; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods9081012 - 27 Jul 2020
Cited by 69 | Viewed by 7547
Abstract
A narrative review with an overall aim of indicating the current state of knowledge and the relevance concerning food and supplement contamination and/or adulteration with doping agents and the respective implications for sports drug testing is presented. The identification of a doping agent [...] Read more.
A narrative review with an overall aim of indicating the current state of knowledge and the relevance concerning food and supplement contamination and/or adulteration with doping agents and the respective implications for sports drug testing is presented. The identification of a doping agent (or its metabolite) in sports drug testing samples constitutes a violation of the anti-doping rules defined by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Reasons for such Adverse Analytical Findings (AAFs) include the intentional misuse of performance-enhancing/banned drugs; however, also the scenario of inadvertent administrations of doping agents was proven in the past, caused by, amongst others, the ingestion of contaminated dietary supplements, drugs, or food. Even though controversial positions concerning the effectiveness of dietary supplements in healthy subjects exist, they are frequently used by athletes, anticipating positive effects on health, recovery, and performance. However, most supplement users are unaware of the fact that the administration of such products can be associated with unforeseeable health risks and AAFs in sports. In particular anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) and stimulants have been frequently found as undeclared ingredients of dietary supplements, either as a result of cross-contaminations due to substandard manufacturing practices and missing quality controls or an intentional admixture to increase the effectiveness of the preparations. Cross-contaminations were also found to affect therapeutic drug preparations. While the sensitivity of assays employed to test pharmaceuticals for impurities is in accordance with good manufacturing practice guidelines allowing to exclude any physiological effects, minute trace amounts of contaminating compounds can still result in positive doping tests. In addition, food was found to be a potential source of unintentional doping, the most prominent example being meat tainted with the anabolic agent clenbuterol. The athletes’ compliance with anti-doping rules is frequently tested by routine doping controls. Different measures including offers of topical information and education of the athletes as well as the maintenance of databases summarizing low- or high-risk supplements are important cornerstones in preventing unintentional anti-doping rule violations. Further, the collection of additional analytical data has been shown to allow for supporting result management processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Analytical Methods in Food Analysis)
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