Whole Grain Foods, Noodles and Steamed Bread

A special issue of Foods (ISSN 2304-8158). This special issue belongs to the section "Grain".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 December 2021) | Viewed by 40437

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
Interests: noodle; whole grain foods; frozen dough; gluten
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
School of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, China
Interests: whole grain foods; wheat-based foods; food macromolecules; quality control

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleague,

Consumption of whole grain foods is a new trend and has been increasingly considered as a preferred option compared to the traditional refined food products. This is because it is known that whole grain foods are capable of maintaining valuable food nutrients such as dietary fiber as well as other bioactive components (e.g., phenolic). In addition, many studies have reported the health claim of whole grain foods that may potentially reduce the risk of some chronic diseases (e.g., obesity, type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease).

As the most important staple foods, noodles and steamed bread are widespread food products that have long been consumed and favored by consumers, especially in many Asian countries. Usually, these food products are viewed as “refined foods” and possess advantages such as easy-making, good taste and quality. However, with the rapid growth of the world’s population and the high demands for healthy foods from modern consumers, more attention should be paid to better understand the value of whole grains in compensating for the shortcomings of conventional refined plant-based foods including noodles and steamed bread.

Therefore, authors are invited to submit articles to a Special Issue of Foods with the topic of "whole grain foods, noodles and steamed bread". This Special Issue mainly concerns the following, but is not limited to:

  • Novel whole grain ingredients and innovative approaches to develop high-quality food products;
  • Perspectives and applications of the emerging technologies for improving food quality and safety;
  • Addressing new challenges for food nutritional quality and health benefits;
  • Change of components, such as protein, starch, dietary fiber, phenolic, lipid, endogenous enzyme, etc., to influence the quality (e.g., flavor, texture, etc.) and shelf life of whole grain foods during processing, and possible solutions;
  • Future trends and industries in developing whole grain food products (future whole grain foods);
  • Any topics that are deemed relevant to the main scope of this Special Issue.

Prof. Dr. Ke-Xue Zhu
Dr. Man Li
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Foods is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • whole grain
  • noodles
  • steamed bread
  • novel ingredients
  • processing technologies
  • food quality and safety
  • nutritional quality
  • health benefits
  • change of components
  • future whole grain foods

Published Papers (15 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 2425 KiB  
Article
Effects of Processing on Starch Structure, Textural, and Digestive Property of “Horisenbada”, a Traditional Mongolian Food
by Hongyan Li, Zhijun Chen, Yifan Mu, Ruolan Ma, Laxi Namujila and Minghai Fu
Foods 2022, 11(2), 212; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods11020212 - 13 Jan 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1701
Abstract
Horisenbada, prepared by the soaking, steaming, and baking of millets, is a traditional Mongolian food and is characterized by its long shelf life, convenience, and nutrition. In this study, the effect of processing on the starch structure, textural, and digestive property of millets [...] Read more.
Horisenbada, prepared by the soaking, steaming, and baking of millets, is a traditional Mongolian food and is characterized by its long shelf life, convenience, and nutrition. In this study, the effect of processing on the starch structure, textural, and digestive property of millets was investigated. Compared to the soaking treatment, steaming and baking significantly reduced the molecular size and crystallinity of the millet starch, while baking increased the proportion of long amylose chains, partially destroyed starch granules, and formed a closely packed granular structure. Soaking and steaming significantly reduced the hardness of the millets, while the hardness of baked millets is comparable to that of raw millet grains. By fitting digestive curves with a first-order model and logarithm of the slope (LOS) plot, it showed that the baking treatment significantly reduced the digestibility of millets, the steaming treatment increased the digestibility of millets, while the soaked millets displayed a similar digestive property with raw millets, in terms of both digestion rate and digestion degree. This study could improve the understanding of the effects of processing on the palatability and health benefits of Horisenbada. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Whole Grain Foods, Noodles and Steamed Bread)
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13 pages, 2393 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Storage Stability and Quality Properties of Fresh Noodles Mixed with Plasma-Activated Water
by Yawei Wang, Yuchang Liu, Man Li, Meng Ma and Qingjie Sun
Foods 2022, 11(1), 133; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods11010133 - 05 Jan 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3007
Abstract
Enhancing the quality retention of fresh noodles remains challenging. In this study, we investigated the effect of dough mixing with plasma-activated water (PAW) of different activation times on the storage stability and quality characteristics of fresh noodles. It was found that the total [...] Read more.
Enhancing the quality retention of fresh noodles remains challenging. In this study, we investigated the effect of dough mixing with plasma-activated water (PAW) of different activation times on the storage stability and quality characteristics of fresh noodles. It was found that the total plate count in the fresh noodles prepared by PAW (PAWN) showed no obvious inhibition during storage at 25 °C, but could be significantly reduced at 4 °C as compared with the control. The decrease in L* value and pH of the PAWN was significantly retarded during storage, indicating an enhanced storage stability. The stability time of dough mixed with PAW could be significantly improved. PAW treatment decreased the viscosity properties and setback value of starch, while enhancing the interaction of water and non-water components in fresh noodles. In addition, dynamic polymerization and depolymerization of proteins were detected in Size-Exclusion High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (SE-HPLC) profiles of PAWN. The hardness and adhesiveness of the cooked noodles decreased, while the springiness significantly increased. These results implied the potential of PAW in improving the storage stability and quality of fresh noodles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Whole Grain Foods, Noodles and Steamed Bread)
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12 pages, 2574 KiB  
Article
Influence of the Addition of Extruded Endogenous Tartary Buckwheat Starch on Processing and Quality of Gluten-Free Noodles
by Xiao-Miao Han, Jun-Jie Xing, Xiao-Na Guo and Ke-Xue Zhu
Foods 2021, 10(11), 2693; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods10112693 - 04 Nov 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1754
Abstract
Extruded starch could be used as a thickener for food processing due to its pre-gel properties. This study aimed to explore the influence of the addition of extruded endogenous Tartary buckwheat starch (ES) on the process and quality of gluten-free noodles. ES was [...] Read more.
Extruded starch could be used as a thickener for food processing due to its pre-gel properties. This study aimed to explore the influence of the addition of extruded endogenous Tartary buckwheat starch (ES) on the process and quality of gluten-free noodles. ES was mixed with Tartary buckwheat flour in different proportions (10–40%) to prepare the blended flour and noodles. When the content of ES was increased, the swelling power of blended flour at 90 °C had no significant changes, and the decrease in peak viscosity of blended flour was reduced. This indicated that the high-content ES could afford better thermal stability for blended flour and inhibit the swelling ability. The higher level of ES was beneficial to the formation and stabilization of dough, and the improvement of noodle tensile strength. Furthermore, there was no difference in cooking loss between noodles with 30% and 40% ES addition. The microstructure and water distribution of the noodles prepared by blended flour indicated that the gel-entrapped structure organized by the higher content ES could be closely related to the above results. In conclusion, higher ES could contribute to improving the processing properties and quality of noodles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Whole Grain Foods, Noodles and Steamed Bread)
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14 pages, 1579 KiB  
Article
Baking Quality Assessment of Twenty Whole Grain Oat Cultivar Samples
by Saara Sammalisto, Miikka Laitinen and Tuula Sontag-Strohm
Foods 2021, 10(10), 2461; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods10102461 - 15 Oct 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3765
Abstract
Whole grain oat has become an increasingly popular baking ingredient. Still, oat baking poses many industrial challenges because the baking quality criteria have not been set for whole grain oat flours, and cultivar variation remains unknown. We aimed to assess the baking quality [...] Read more.
Whole grain oat has become an increasingly popular baking ingredient. Still, oat baking poses many industrial challenges because the baking quality criteria have not been set for whole grain oat flours, and cultivar variation remains unknown. We aimed to assess the baking quality variation of twenty whole grain oat cultivar samples, and to identify the factors that caused the variation. It was hypothesised that by optimising the water absorption of the dough (i.e., dough yield) by test baking method, the best baking potential could be achieved for all oat cultivar samples. The baking trials were conducted as whole oat baking, without wheat or gluten additions. In most of the samples, good baking quality was obtained by dough yield optimisation. The highest specific volumes (1.9–1.93 mL/g) and best crumb properties were achieved in the samples with the highest optimal dough yields, 205. However, baking quality varied, as all samples could not be baked with good quality at high dough yields. Additionally, small median particle size and high fat content of the oat flours were related to good baking properties of whole grain oat at optimised dough yield (p < 0.05). These findings can benefit the development and the optimisation of industrial oat baking processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Whole Grain Foods, Noodles and Steamed Bread)
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14 pages, 1494 KiB  
Article
Integrated Analysis of Metabolome and Volatile Profiles of Germinated Brown Rice from the Japonica and Indica Subspecies
by Chenguang Zhou, Yaojie Zhou, Yuqian Hu, Bin Li, Roujia Zhang, Kaiyi Zheng, Jie Liu, Jing Wang, Min Zuo and Siyao Liu
Foods 2021, 10(10), 2448; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods10102448 - 14 Oct 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1825
Abstract
In the present study, germinated brown rice (GBR) from three Japonica and three Indica rice cultivars were subjected to metabolomics analysis and volatile profiling. The statistical assessment and pathway analysis of the metabolomics data demonstrated that in spite of significant metabolic changes in [...] Read more.
In the present study, germinated brown rice (GBR) from three Japonica and three Indica rice cultivars were subjected to metabolomics analysis and volatile profiling. The statistical assessment and pathway analysis of the metabolomics data demonstrated that in spite of significant metabolic changes in response to the germination treatment, the Japonica rice cultivars consistently expressed higher levels of several health-promoting compounds, such as essential amino acids and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), than the Indica cultivars. No clear discriminations of the volatile profiles were observed in light of the subspecies, and the concentrations of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including alkenes, aldehydes, furans, ketones, and alcohols, all exhibited significant reductions ranging from 26.8% to 64.1% after the germination. The results suggest that the Japonica cultivars might be desirable as the raw materials for generating and selecting GBR food products for health-conscious consumers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Whole Grain Foods, Noodles and Steamed Bread)
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17 pages, 3622 KiB  
Article
Monitoring the Effects of Hemicellulase on the Different Proofing Stages of Wheat Aleurone-Rich Bread Dough and Bread Quality
by Boyu Tian, Chenxia Zhou, Dongxiao Li, Jiawei Pei, Ailiang Guo, Shuang Liu and Huijing Li
Foods 2021, 10(10), 2427; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods10102427 - 13 Oct 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2562
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a hemicellulase dosage (20, 40, and 60 mg kg−1 of flour) on the bread quality and rheological properties of wheat aleurone-rich flour. The results showed that hemicellulase could soften dough and improve extensibility. At the optimum [...] Read more.
This study investigated the effects of a hemicellulase dosage (20, 40, and 60 mg kg−1 of flour) on the bread quality and rheological properties of wheat aleurone-rich flour. The results showed that hemicellulase could soften dough and improve extensibility. At the optimum hemicellulase dosage (40 mg kg−1 of flour), the bread specific volume increased by 40.91% and firmness of breadcrumb decreased by 104.57% compared to those of the control. Intermolecular forces indicated that the gluten network during the proofing was mainly strengthened via disulfide bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and hydrogen bonds but not through ionic bonds after hemicellulase addition. Fourier infrared spectroscopy indicated that the hydrolytic activity of hemicellulase catalyzed the transition from α-helix to β-sheet, which verified that viscoelasticity of gluten was enhanced at a dosage of 40 mg kg−1 of flour. These results suggested that hydrolyzation of hemicellulase contributed to the structural of gluten changes, thereby improving the quality of wheat aleurone-rich bread. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Whole Grain Foods, Noodles and Steamed Bread)
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8 pages, 810 KiB  
Communication
Effects of Citrus Peel Hydrolysates on Retrogradation of Wheat Starch
by Ho-Young Park, A-Reum Ryu, Ha Ram Kim, Kwang-Soon Shin, Jung Sun Hong and Hee-Don Choi
Foods 2021, 10(10), 2422; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods10102422 - 13 Oct 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1269
Abstract
Retrogradation is the principal cause for bread staling and, therefore, it has attracted a lot of interest from the food industry. In this study, the inhibitory effect of citrus peel hydrolysates (CPH) on retrogradation of wheat starch (WS) in the presence of sucrose [...] Read more.
Retrogradation is the principal cause for bread staling and, therefore, it has attracted a lot of interest from the food industry. In this study, the inhibitory effect of citrus peel hydrolysates (CPH) on retrogradation of wheat starch (WS) in the presence of sucrose was investigated. The pasting properties showed that further addition of CPH caused a lower setback value than the addition of sucrose alone. Hardness of the gel, retrograded at 4 °C for five days, showed a similar tendency, which was reduced more in CPH addition than WS itself or sucrose addition alone. The low retrogradation enthalpy of the CPH including starch gel also indicated the positive effect of CPH on retarding retrogradation. These results suggested that incorporation of CPH in starch-based foods would be effective for inhibiting retrogradation, preventing the deterioration of the quality of food products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Whole Grain Foods, Noodles and Steamed Bread)
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13 pages, 3523 KiB  
Article
Regulation of Structure and Quality of Dried Noodles by Liquid Pre-Fermentation
by Xiaoqing Xiong, Chong Liu and Xueling Zheng
Foods 2021, 10(10), 2408; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods10102408 - 11 Oct 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2549
Abstract
Liquid pre-fermentation technology was innovatively applied to the development of dried fermented noodles. The effects of fermentation time (1, 3 and 6 h) and yeast addition (0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 g/100 g of flour) on the quality, microstructure and flavor of dried noodles [...] Read more.
Liquid pre-fermentation technology was innovatively applied to the development of dried fermented noodles. The effects of fermentation time (1, 3 and 6 h) and yeast addition (0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 g/100 g of flour) on the quality, microstructure and flavor of dried noodles were also investigated in this study. Conspicuous porous structures and greater thickness of dried noodles were found when the fermentation time was ≤ 3 h and the yeast addition was ≥ 0.5 g/100 g of flour, which contributed to the increase in the breaking strength, cooking time and water absorption. However, when the fermentation time increased to 6 h, finer microporous structures, little change related to thickness and richer flavor levels were detected. Additionally, the total titratable acidity of dried fermented noodles was increased to 3.38–4.43 mL compared with the unfermented noodles (2.15 mL). Weaker gluten network structures caused by long-time fermentation and acidic environment led to lower hardness, chewiness, tensile force and tensile distance of cooked fermented noodles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Whole Grain Foods, Noodles and Steamed Bread)
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18 pages, 3693 KiB  
Article
Pasta as a Source of Minerals in the Diets of Poles; Effect of Culinary Processing of Pasta on the Content of Minerals
by Karolina Jachimowicz, Anna Winiarska-Mieczan, Ewa Baranowska-Wójcik and Maciej Bąkowski
Foods 2021, 10(9), 2131; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods10092131 - 09 Sep 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1890
Abstract
Pasta is a product that requires culinary processing which can affect the content of minerals in the finished product. The study aimed to examine how cooking pasta (1) in salted water (1 teaspoon—16 g of salt per 1 litre of water) or unsalted [...] Read more.
Pasta is a product that requires culinary processing which can affect the content of minerals in the finished product. The study aimed to examine how cooking pasta (1) in salted water (1 teaspoon—16 g of salt per 1 litre of water) or unsalted water and (2) rinsing cooked pasta with running water affects the content of minerals. Thirty-five samples of six types of pasta were analysed. The content of minerals was determined using the ICP-OES method. Retention of minerals in the cooked pasta was calculated. Taking the culinary treatment into account, the intake of minerals with pasta was assessed for children, adolescents, and adults, and the values were compared with the recommendations for the population of Poland. The analysed culinary factors had a statistically significant influence on the content of minerals. Adding salt to water when cooking pasta significantly increased the content of Na in the product, which in turn was negatively correlated with the content of other minerals. When pasta was cooked in unsalted water, it contained less Na and more other minerals than pasta cooked in salted water. Rinsing of pasta reduced the content of all minerals. Pasta is an important source of Mg, Cu, and Mn in the diet of Poles. These ingredients are particularly important to ensure correct development and functioning of the human body. The best method of culinary treatment of pasta is cooking in unsalted water without rinsing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Whole Grain Foods, Noodles and Steamed Bread)
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14 pages, 2625 KiB  
Article
Effects of Tartary Buckwheat Bran Flour on Dough Properties and Quality of Steamed Bread
by Sheng Zhang, Si Chen, Sheng Geng, Changzhong Liu, Hanjun Ma and Benguo Liu
Foods 2021, 10(9), 2052; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods10092052 - 31 Aug 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2603
Abstract
Steamed bread is a traditional staple food of China. Replacing wheat flour (WF) with Tartary buckwheat is expected to improve the nutritional value of steamed bread. In this study, Tartary buckwheat flour (TBF), Tartary buckwheat bran flour (TBBF), and Tartary buckwheat core flour [...] Read more.
Steamed bread is a traditional staple food of China. Replacing wheat flour (WF) with Tartary buckwheat is expected to improve the nutritional value of steamed bread. In this study, Tartary buckwheat flour (TBF), Tartary buckwheat bran flour (TBBF), and Tartary buckwheat core flour (TBCF) were prepared, their composition and physicochemical properties were compared. It was found that TBBF had higher protein and rutin contents, so its antioxidant activity and dough rheological properties were obviously superior to those of TBF and TBCF. When TBBF was mixed with WF, its weight proportion in the blend (Wbran) had a significant effect on the dough rheological properties. When Wbran was 30%, the dough had the optimal mixing tolerance, and when Wbran exceeded 30%, it caused dilution effect, weakening the gluten network. With the increase of Wbran, the color of the steamed bread developed by the TBBF–WF blend gradually darkened and yellowed, the specific volume declined, and its hardness, gumminess, and chewiness ascended gradually. The appropriate addition of TBBF (Wbran = 10% and 30%) was beneficial to cell diameter and volume of steamed bread, but the further rise of Wbran would destroy its gas retention ability. The predicted glycemic index (pGI) of steamed bread declined significantly with the increasing Wbran. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Whole Grain Foods, Noodles and Steamed Bread)
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18 pages, 4362 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Transglutaminase and Refrigerated Storage on the Physicochemical Properties of Whole Wheat Dough and Noodles
by Min Jeong Kang, Seo-Jin Chung and Sang Sook Kim
Foods 2021, 10(7), 1675; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods10071675 - 20 Jul 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3161
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of transglutaminase (TG) concentrations (0, 0.1% and 1%) on the physicochemical properties of whole wheat dough (WWD) and noodles (WWN) during refrigerated storage (0, 1, 2, and 3 days). The yield, ferulic acid (FA) content, molecular weight (Mw), [...] Read more.
This study investigated the effects of transglutaminase (TG) concentrations (0, 0.1% and 1%) on the physicochemical properties of whole wheat dough (WWD) and noodles (WWN) during refrigerated storage (0, 1, 2, and 3 days). The yield, ferulic acid (FA) content, molecular weight (Mw), and apparent viscosity (AV) of water extractable arabinoxylan (WEAX) from refrigerated WWDs were analysed. The WEAX yield and FA tended to increase with refrigerated storage, while the Mw decreased. WEAX FA of from WWD with TG tended to be smaller than the control during refrigeration. The AV for all WEAXs gradually decreased during refrigeration. The TG concentration effects on WWD resistance to extension and extensibility and the WWN cooking properties and texture profile analysis (TPA) were studied. The water absorption and swelling index tended to decrease in WWNs with TG depending on refrigeration time compared to the control samples. The TPA results showed that WWNs with TG were significantly harder than the control after two days of refrigeration. This study demonstrated that TG affected not only WWD composition but also WWN physical properties during refrigerated storage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Whole Grain Foods, Noodles and Steamed Bread)
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14 pages, 2471 KiB  
Article
Investigation on the Molecular and Physicochemical Changes of Protein and Starch of Wheat Flour during Heating
by Tao Yang, Pei Wang, Qin Zhou, Xiao Wang, Jian Cai, Mei Huang and Dong Jiang
Foods 2021, 10(6), 1419; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods10061419 - 18 Jun 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3128
Abstract
The behaviors of starch and protein in wheat flour during heating were investigated, and the molecular changes of starch and protein and their effects on the textural characteristics were assessed. The results showed that with the increased temperature, soluble protein aggregated to insoluble [...] Read more.
The behaviors of starch and protein in wheat flour during heating were investigated, and the molecular changes of starch and protein and their effects on the textural characteristics were assessed. The results showed that with the increased temperature, soluble protein aggregated to insoluble high-molecular-weight protein polymers when the heating temperature exceeded 70 °C, and the aggregation of protein was mainly caused by covalent bonds of disulfide (SS) bonds. Hydrophobic interaction was the main noncovalent bond that participated in the formation of protein aggregates. The major change in the secondary structure during heating was a pronounced transition towards β-sheet-like structures. Considerable disruption of ordered structures of starch occurred at 70 °C, and starch was fully gelatinized at 80 °C. Typical starch pasting profiles of cooked flour were observed when the temperature was below 70 °C, and heat treatment decreased the pasting viscosity of the cooked flour from control to 80 °C, whereas the viscosity of the wheat flour increased in heating treatment at 90, 95 and 100 °C. The intense protein-starch interaction during heating affected the textural characteristic of flour gelation, which showed higher strength at 90, 95 and 100 °C. This study may provide a basis for improving wheat flour processing conditions and could lead to the production of new wheat products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Whole Grain Foods, Noodles and Steamed Bread)
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17 pages, 1526 KiB  
Article
Effect of Superheated Steam Treatment on the Lipid Stability of Dried Whole Wheat Noodles during Storage
by Wan-Ting Jia, Zhen Yang, Xiao-Na Guo and Ke-Xue Zhu
Foods 2021, 10(6), 1348; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods10061348 - 11 Jun 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2534
Abstract
Dried whole wheat noodles (DWWN) are a kind of nutritious convenience food with broad market prospects. However, due to the presence of high content of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) and lipid degrading enzymes, the shelf life and edible quality of DWWN are easily [...] Read more.
Dried whole wheat noodles (DWWN) are a kind of nutritious convenience food with broad market prospects. However, due to the presence of high content of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) and lipid degrading enzymes, the shelf life and edible quality of DWWN are easily affected. This study explored the effect of superheated steam treatment (SST-155 °C-10 s, SST-170 °C-10 s, SST-190 °C-5 s) on the lipid stability of DWWN. The lipase, lipoxygenase and peroxidase of the DWWN treated with superheated steam were completely passivated during storage. After 12 weeks of storage, the fatty acid value of DWWN increased by 35.1, 17.9, 15.9, 24.6 mg NaOH/100 g in the groups of control, SST-155 °C-10 s, SST-170 °C-10 s, SST-190 °C-5 s, respectively; whereas the content of UFAs decreased by 13.5%, 6.8%, 5.4%, and 2.7%, respectively. The content of 2-pentylfuran in the SST-155 °C-10 s, SST-170 °C-10 s, SST-190 °C-5 s group was 0.7, 0.6, and 0.4-fold than that of the control group, respectively. In addition, the total tocopherol and total volatile compounds of the SST-190 °C-5 s group were 2.4 and 0.7-fold than that of the control group, respectively. Therefore, SST should be a new technology that can improve the lipid stability of DWWN. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Whole Grain Foods, Noodles and Steamed Bread)
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12 pages, 1255 KiB  
Article
Inhibition of L-Cysteine on the Browning of Fresh Wet Noodles
by Xin-Ting Wu, Xiao-Na Guo and Ke-Xue Zhu
Foods 2021, 10(6), 1156; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods10061156 - 21 May 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2312
Abstract
This research explored the effect of L-cysteine on the browning of fresh wet noodles (FWN). With the increasing addition of L-cysteine (0.02–0.1%), the ΔL* decreased and Δa*, Δb* increased. The L-cysteine could reduce the pH value and [...] Read more.
This research explored the effect of L-cysteine on the browning of fresh wet noodles (FWN). With the increasing addition of L-cysteine (0.02–0.1%), the ΔL* decreased and Δa*, Δb* increased. The L-cysteine could reduce the pH value and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and increase the retention rate of polyphenol of FWN. It suggested that L-cysteine could inhibit the browning of FWN by decreasing pH value, PPO activity, and the oxidation of polyphenols. In the in vitro PPO solution, the inhibitory effect of L-cysteine on PPO activity was related to the decrease in pH and the ability of chelating Cu2+. According to UPLC-TOF-MS analysis, L-cysteine could reduce the generation of browning products, which suggested that L-cysteine could react with the browning intermediate product (quinone) and generate a light-colored substance (-C9H10NO4S). L-cysteine effectively inhibited the browning of FWN and had the potential to be used in noodle industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Whole Grain Foods, Noodles and Steamed Bread)
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11 pages, 1574 KiB  
Article
Effect of Soy Protein Isolate on Textural Properties, Cooking Properties and Flavor of Whole-Grain Flat Rice Noodles
by Zhongfu Cao, Yang Liu, Hong Zhu, Yisi Li, Qian Xiao and Cuiping Yi
Foods 2021, 10(5), 1085; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/foods10051085 - 14 May 2021
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3733
Abstract
To investigate the effect of soy protein isolate on the quality of whole-grain flat rice noodles, the texture as well as the cooking properties and flavor of flat rice noodles, whole-grain flat rice noodles and whole-grain flat rice noodles with soy protein isolate [...] Read more.
To investigate the effect of soy protein isolate on the quality of whole-grain flat rice noodles, the texture as well as the cooking properties and flavor of flat rice noodles, whole-grain flat rice noodles and whole-grain flat rice noodles with soy protein isolate were investigated. Among the three tested rice noodles, whole-grain flat rice noodles with soy protein isolate showed the highest cohesiveness, adhesiveness, resilience, and springiness. Compared to the flat rice noodles and whole-grain flat rice noodles, whole-grain flat rice noodles with soy protein isolate increased their moisture content and water absorption, whereas the opposite trend was observed for their cooking loss. The electronic nose analysis showed stronger response values at W5S, W1W, and W2W. Solid phase micro extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry results showed that aldehydes are the main volatile compounds in whole-grain flat rice noodles and whole-grain flat rice noodles with soy protein isolate. Moreover, seven more volatile compounds were detected in whole-grain flat rice noodles with soy protein isolate compared to flat rice noodles and whole-grain flat rice noodles. The whole-grain flat noodles with the addition of SPI are more sensory acceptable. Thus, soy protein isolate, as a natural and safe additive, could be used to improve the quality and enrich the flavor of whole-grain flat rice noodles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Whole Grain Foods, Noodles and Steamed Bread)
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