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Forest Restoration and Secondary Succession

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A special issue of Forests (ISSN 1999-4907). This special issue belongs to the section "Forest Ecology and Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2022) | Viewed by 26698

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Mulualem Tigabu

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Guest Editor

Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 49, 23053 Alnarp, Sweden
Interests: regeneration; seedling physiology; light quality and quantity; seedling nutrition; seedling ecology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Deforestation and forest degradation caused by fire, storms, logging, forest pests, and conversion to other land use types have been commonplace in many parts of the world. Cognizant of losses in biodiversity, ecosystem services, land productivity, and climate regulation due to deforestation and forest degradation, several initiatives have been launched to restore degraded landscapes, such as the “Bonne Challenge”. The successes and failures of these forest restoration initiatives need to be better understood, as there is no one-model-fits-all approach. Equally, factors that influence secondary succession and ways by which secondary succession could be expedited need to be further explored. I hope that this Special Issue will attract restoration practitioners and forest scientists who can document site-specific restoration techniques, general restoration pathways, the success and failure of restoration projects, modelling the possible restoration outcomes and socio-economic issues regarding restoration endeavors, and ecosystem services accrued from restored forests. Furthermore, field studies on secondary succession, including influential factors and ways for expedition, are a welcome additions to this Special Issue. We encourage field studies, including experimental studies as well as monitoring and evaluation studies of restoration approaches and models to contribute to this Special Issue in order to promote knowledge and practice for the conservation and future development of forest ecosystems.

Prof. Dr. Mulualem Tigabu
Guest Editor

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Keywords

forest restoration approaches
indicators of restoration success
cost of restoration
succession trajectories
ecosystem services accrued from forest restoration
carbon sequestration and forest restoration
policy and governance related to forest restoration
secondary succession in logged over areas

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 4555 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Plant Biodiversity Homogenization across the Chronosequence in Highly Fragmented Landscapes in the Colombian Andean–Amazonian Transition

by Carlos H. Rodríguez-León, Lilia L. Roa-Fuentes, Armando Sterling and Juan Carlos Suárez

Forests 2022, 13(9), 1422; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13091422 - 05 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1492

Abstract

Succession in abandoned pastures in the tropics can progress along different pathways, and the changes in biodiversity on local and landscape scales, as well as in species turnover (β diversity), are still unclear. This study assessed the role of secondary forests as a plant biodiversity reservoir or as evidence of a pattern of biodiversity homogenization in a chronosequence of abandoned pastures in two highly fragmented landscapes (hills and mountains) in the Colombian Amazon. In each landscape, the plant community composition, growth habits, species richness accumulation, indicator species identification, composition dissimilarity, and influence of above- and below-ground environmental filters were evaluated in four successional stages: (i) degraded pastures (DP) (<3 years old), (ii) early forests (EF) (10–20 years old), (iii) intermediate forests (IF) (25–40 years old), and (iv) old-growth forests (OF) (>90 years old). A total of 918 species, 78 families, and 11,284 individuals were recorded. The most representative growth habits were trees and shrubs, while palms and lianas were minimal. The species accumulated rapidly in DP and EF, contrary to that observed in IF and OF; thus, DP and EF achieve inventory completeness faster than IF and OF. It was necessary to include more plots to obtain inventory completeness in IF and OF. OF had a high α diversity with similar species composition throughout (low β diversity) and high homogeneity, suggesting biotic homogenization. On the other hand, IF presented the highest species differentiation (high β diversity) and a higher divergence in species composition than OF. The spatial distance and environmental dissimilarity had the most important role in determining species composition. Finally, our results show divergence in the plant composition across the chronosequence, where DP was opposite from OF in hills. However, in mountains, DP followed the EF and IF categories. The deviation in the species composition in EF and IF suggests an exchange of species in intermediate forest ages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Restoration and Secondary Succession)

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13 pages, 1381 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Plastic Responses in Growth, Morphology, and Biomass Allocation of Five Subtropical Tree Species to Different Degrees of Shading

by Zhijun Huang, Qingqing Liu, Mulualem Tigabu, Shaofei Jin, Xiangqing Ma and Bo Liu

Forests 2022, 13(7), 996; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13070996 - 24 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1346

Abstract

We investigated how different degrees of shading affected growth, morphology, and biomass allocation in seedlings from two coniferous and three broadleaved species. The experiment was conducted in a shade house over a 1-year period. Our results showed that under increasing shade, seedlings from most species exhibited lower total biomass, net assimilation rates, relative growth rates, root mass ratios, and root/shoot ratios. In contrast, the slenderness quotients, leaf area ratios, and specific leaf areas increased with increasing shade. For coniferous species, growth traits were relatively more plastic (responsive to shade) than morphology or biomass allocation traits, whereas for broadleaved species, growth and biomass allocation were the most shade-sensitive traits. When comparing coniferous versus broadleaved species, the former had a higher growth plasticity index and lower allocation plasticity than the latter. Root biomass and stem mass ratio were the most and least plastic traits in response to shading. Our results indicate that shade differentially affects coniferous and broadleaved species in terms of their growth, morphology, and biomass allocation. These findings have important implications for the establishment and maintenance of mixed-species stands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Restoration and Secondary Succession)

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16 pages, 2446 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Climate Niche Modelling for Mapping Potential Distributions of Four Framework Tree Species: Implications for Planning Forest Restoration in Tropical and Subtropical Asia

by Pimonrat Tiansawat, Stephen D. Elliott and Prasit Wangpakapattanawong

Forests 2022, 13(7), 993; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13070993 - 24 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2084

Abstract

Selecting tree species to plant for forest ecosystem restoration is critical but problematic. Knowing tree species’ climatic niches can help, but such information is limited for most tropical tree species. Consequently, the research presented here explored the use of climate and species record location data, to map the potential distribution of four tree species across tropical and subtropical Asia based on their modelled climatic niches. All were framework species, of proven effectiveness for forest restoration: Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) B.L. Burtt and A.W. Hill, Ficus hispida L.f., Hovenia dulcis Thunb., and Prunus cerasoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don. Potential species distributions were projected onto maps of known climatic conditions using the maximum entropy algorithm in Maxent software to predict where the climate is conducive for including each species in forest restoration trials. The models predicted species location very well for F. hispida and H. dulcis and fairly well for P. cerasoides and C. axillaris. Climatically suitable areas for C. axillaris were located mostly north of the equator, whilst those of F. hispida, H. dulcis and P. cerasoides extended south of the equator. The importance of each climatic niche variable differed among species. Driest-month precipitation was critical for F. hispida, as well as mean dry-season temperature for C. axillaris and P. cerasoides and cold-season precipitation for H. dulcis. In addition to aiding species selection for forest restoration, potential distribution maps based on climatic niche models can indicate where novel species for tree plantations might be successful and where species might become invasive. Applying such techniques to a large number of species will be needed to significantly improve species selection for forest ecosystem restoration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Restoration and Secondary Succession)

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11 pages, 1876 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nondormant Acorns Show Higher Seed Dispersal Effectiveness Than Dormant Ones

by Yueqin Yang and Xianfeng Yi

Forests 2022, 13(6), 881; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13060881 - 05 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1504

Abstract

Seed dormancy has been thought to be an important survival strategy to tune the seed dispersal timing. Although a theoretical trade-off between seed dormancy and dispersal is often proposed, empirical field evidence of the trade-off between seed dormancy, spatial dispersal, and seedling recruitment is still lacking. Here, we tracked seed dispersal of several Fagaceae species exhibiting different levels of dormancy both in artificial enclosures and in the field. We presented evidence that oak species with nondormant acorns rather than those bearing dormant species exhibit reduced spatial dispersal. Despite the empirical evidence that seed germination is negatively correlated with spatial dispersal, nondormancy rather than dormancy showed higher seed dispersal effectiveness, demonstrating a negative correlation between seed dormancy and dispersal fitness. Our study, using the oak-rodent system, may provide solid evidence of a dispersal–germination trade-off between spatial and temporal correlation, highlighting the ecological role of seed germination schedule in seed dispersal and life-history evolution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Restoration and Secondary Succession)

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14 pages, 2657 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Meta-Analysis of Effects of Forest Litter on Seedling Establishment

by Zhengning Wang, Dayang Wang, Qingqing Liu, Xianshuang Xing, Bo Liu, Shaofei Jin and Mulualem Tigabu

Forests 2022, 13(5), 644; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13050644 - 21 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1856

Abstract

Litter plays an important role in seedling establishment (emergence, survival, and early growth). Here, we performed a meta-analysis on 404 datasets from 33 independent studies to analyze the effects of litter cover on seedling emergence, survival, height, and biomass (root, stem, leaf, and total). Each dataset was stratified according to experimental conditions, litter type (broadleaf versus needle litter), litter amount (thickness), and seed size. The results showed that litter cover had an overall negative effect on seedling emergence and survival, a neutral effect on root, leaf, total biomass, and a positive effect on stem biomass and seedling height than the no-litter cover control. Compared to thin (<250 g m⁻²) and medium (250–500 g m⁻²) litter layers, thick litter (>500 g m⁻²) was more detrimental for seedling emergence, survival, and total biomass, which could be an adaptation mechanism to prevent the growth of young seedling among high densities of other plants (trees). Broadleaf litter cover had a stronger negative effect on seedling emergence and total biomass than needle litter. Litter cover had a stronger negative effect on emergence of small seeds than on emergence of larger seeds. Similarly, litter cover had a stronger overall negative effect on seedling emergence than on seedling survival. In field and common garden experiments, litter effects were negative for emergence and positive for total biomass. In glasshouse and germination chamber experiments, litter effects were negative for emergence, survival and total biomass. These findings would contribute to advancements in forest management, improving conservation and restoration efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Restoration and Secondary Succession)

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25 pages, 4216 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Soil Amelioration and Vegetation Introduction on the Restoration of Abandoned Coal Mine Spoils in South Korea

by Bong-Soon Lim, A-Reum Kim, Jaewon Seol, Woo-Seok Oh, Ji-Hong An, Chi-Hong Lim and Chang-Seok Lee

Forests 2022, 13(3), 483; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13030483 - 20 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2672

Abstract

In order to ecologically restore coal mine spoils, tolerant species were selected through vegetation surveys on the abandoned coal mine spoils and natural forests established on the poor environment similarly to there. In addition, tolerant species were selected through cultivation experiments in the laboratory. Many C₄ plants were included among the tolerant species selected through cultivation experiments. Soil was ameliorated by applying commercial organic fertilizer that can improve both physical and chemical properties of soil at the same time. Vegetation introduced for restoration was prepared by combining plant species tolerant to the degraded environment of coal mine spoils and the reference information. The treatment with a soil ameliorator improved the chemical properties of soil, such as the pH and nutrient contents, and promoted the growth of sample plants significantly. However, additional improvements were required compared with the chemical properties of healthy forest soil. The sites restored by ameliorating soil and introducing tolerant species showed a more similar species composition to the reference sites compared with the afforested and non-restored sites in both lowland and upland areas. However, such restoration did not play a significant role in increasing species diversity or excluding exotic plants. In this respect, more active restoration is recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Restoration and Secondary Succession)

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15 pages, 4727 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Distribution and Regulating Factors of Soil Nutrient Stocks in Afforested Dump of Pingshuo Opencast Coalmine, China

by Wenxiang Zhou, Mingjie Qian, Shufei Wang, Shengpeng Li and Yingui Cao

Forests 2022, 13(2), 345; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13020345 - 18 Feb 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1595

Abstract

Determining the regulating factors of soil nutrient variations can guide the implementation of land reclamation measures in opencast coalmine regions. In this study, 132 soil samples were collected at 22 sample sites in the South Dump of Pingshuo opencast coalmine, and soil physicochemical properties were separately measured to obtain the related soil information. Geostatistical analyses were employed to analyze the spatial distribution patterns of soil organic carbon stocks (SOCD), total nitrogen stocks (TND), available phosphorus stocks (APD), and available potassium stocks (AKD) at 0–60 cm. The results showed that the spatial distributions of these soil nutrient stocks were characterized by moderate (TND) to strong (SOCD, APD, and AKD) spatial dependence. Meanwhile, the values of SOCD (16.4–60.1 Mg ha⁻¹) and TND (1.9–15.5 Mg ha⁻¹) were much higher than those of APD (0.022–0.095 Mg ha⁻¹) and AKD (0.31–1.40 Mg ha⁻¹). The statistical analyses indicated that the influence of afforestation on SOCD, TND, APD, and AKD was not significant, and the dynamic variations of soil nutrient contents were mainly regulated by soil pH in the South Dump. The findings of this study can provide some scientific guidance for soil nutrient management in the opencast coalmine regions of similar ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Restoration and Secondary Succession)

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16 pages, 2747 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Soil Organic Carbon Pools and Associated Soil Chemical Properties under Two Pine Species (Pinus sylvestris L. and Pinus nigra Arn.) Introduced on Reclaimed Sandy Soils

by Bartłomiej Woś, Marek Pająk and Marcin Pietrzykowski

Forests 2022, 13(2), 328; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13020328 - 17 Feb 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1522

Abstract

The roles of different tree species and their impacts are key in assessing the dynamics of soil restoration in afforested post-mining sites. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), which is native to Central Europe and commonly used in afforestation, to that of the non-native black pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) on the development of carbon pools and the chemical properties of reclaimed soils after sand exploitation. The study was carried out in 20- and 35-year-old stands, and the results were compared to undisturbed forest sites. Samples of the litter horizon and mineral soils (0–5 and 5–20 cm) were analyzed for pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), and total nitrogen (Nt). In addition, electrical conductivity (EC), sorption complex properties, water-soluble carbon, and hot-water-extractable carbon were determined from the mineral soil samples. Scots and black pine had a similar effect on the properties of the reclaimed soils. However, the soils under Scots pine were characterized by lower pH values in the litter and 0–5 cm horizons, higher EC in the 0–5 cm horizon, and higher C stocks in the litter horizon. Changes in the C stocks and chemical properties with afforestation years were limited to the uppermost soil horizons (litter and 0–5 cm). For both pine species, soils under the older stands were characterized by lower pH, higher EC, higher exchangeable acidity, higher cation-exchange capacity, lower base saturation, higher SOC and Nt contents, and more stable soil organic matter than soil under younger stands. After 35 years, about 20% and 27% of the C stocks in the reclaimed mine soils had been restored under black pine and Scots pine, respectively (compared to undisturbed soils). This difference between the pine species resulted from the higher C stocks in the litter horizons under Scots pine. Pedogenesis in post-mining sites after sand exploitation under pine species tended to result in more acidic and oligotrophic soils in relation to the undisturbed soils in adjacent forest ecosystems with pine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Restoration and Secondary Succession)

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13 pages, 1522 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Growth Rate and Leaf Functional Traits of Four Broad-Leaved Species Underplanted in Chinese Fir Plantations with Different Tree Density Levels

by Rui Xu, Liyan Wang, Jian Zhang, Jing Zhou, Shundan Cheng, Mulualem Tigabu, Xiangqing Ma, Pengfei Wu and Ming Li

Forests 2022, 13(2), 308; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13020308 - 14 Feb 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2160

Abstract

The close-to-Nature management method of interplanting broad-leaved trees after thinning of monoculture plantations is an important mixed species restoration model to improve the ecological service and functions effectively as well as to reduce the productivity decline of the multi-generation continuous planting of monoculture. Thus, the selection of tree species for establishing mixed forest and its ecological adaptability are the key issues. In this study, we conducted thinning experiment in an 11-year-old Chinese fir plantation with retention density of 900 trees/ha, 1200 trees/ha and 1875 trees/ha, and then underplanted four broad-leaved species, Schima superba, Phoebe bournei, Tsoongiodendron odorum and Michelia macclurei. After three years, we analyzed the growth rate and leaf functional traits of the broad-leaved species and their correlations with stand characteristics. The results showed that growth rate of seedlings of the four broad-leaved species were significantly different (p < 0.05) among different tree density levels and species. Low tree density favored seedling growth compared with high tree density and seedlings of T. odorum and S. superba performed best. However, leaf functional traits varied significantly (p < 0.01) among species only, and T. odorum had the largest specific leaf area, the smallest leaf mass per unit area, the smallest leaf tissue density, relatively large leaf thickness, and relatively small dry matter content. The leaf C content varied significantly among tree density levels and species; leaf N content varied significantly among species only; and leaf p content varied among tree density levels only. Correlation analyses between growth characters and leaf functional traits showed that height growth was significantly correlated with leaf N content (r = 0.686; p = 0.041) and with C:N ratio (r = −0.682; p = 0.043). Root collar diameter growth was significantly correlated with specific leaf area (r = 0.820; p = 0.007), leaf N content (r = 0.685; p = 0.042), leaf thickness (r = −0.706; p = 0.034) and leaf mass per unit area (r = −0.812; p = 0.008). Thus, leaf functional traits possibly predict diameter growth better than height growth. As a whole, growth rate and leaf functional traits could be used as a guide for selection of species for under planting in thinned pure monoculture plantations to establish conifer-broadleaved mixed forests. Based on growth rate and leaf functional traits, T. odorum appeared to be suitable for planting under low tree density stands where the degree of shading is low. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Restoration and Secondary Succession)

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15 pages, 2187 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phenotypic Plasticity of Cunninghamialanceolata (Lamb.) Hook. Seedlings in Response to Varied Light Quality Treatments

by Qingqing Liu, Zhijun Huang, Xiangqing Ma, Mulualem Tigabu, Xianshuang Xing, Shaofei Jin and Bo Liu

Forests 2022, 13(2), 201; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13020201 - 28 Jan 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2040

Abstract

Effects of light quality on phenotypic plasticity in Cunninghamialanceolata (Lamb.) Hook. seedlings during growth and development, and the underlying mechanisms, were investigated. The seedlings showed distinct morphological adjustments when exposed to an equal photosynthetic photon flux density (400 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹) of different light qualities: monochromatic blue (BL), monochromatic red (RL), monochromatic far-red (FrL), mixed RL and FrL at 1:1 (RFr1:1L), mixed RL and FrL at 1:2 (RFr1:2L), and multi-wavelength white (WL, control). Compared with WL, FrL and BL significantly promoted height increment. However, BL was unfavorable for root growth. The seedling biomass was lower and the root-to-shoot ratio was smaller under BL. RL promoted leaf area enlargement, root growth, axillary bud number, and increased the root-to-shoot ratio, but inhibited stem elongation. Low R/Fr ratios or increased FrL proportion increased seedling stem elongation. The seedling growth under RFr1:1L treatment was poorer than that under other treatments; however, the number of axillary buds was the highest. The plasticity of leaf morphology traits was lower in different treatments, and that of axillary bud traits was crucial in the adaptation of C. lanceolata to light quality. Precise management of light quality and wavelength in controlled environments may maximize the economic efficiency of forest production and enhance its quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Restoration and Secondary Succession)

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17 pages, 1711 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regeneration Status and Role of Traditional Ecological Knowledge for Cloud Forest Ecosystem Restoration in Ecuador

by Ana Mariscal, Mulualem Tigabu, Patrice Savadogo and Per Christer Odén

Forests 2022, 13(1), 92; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13010092 - 09 Jan 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2542

Abstract

The importance of forests for biodiversity conservation has been well recognized by the global community; as a result, conservation efforts have increased over the past two decades. In Ecuador, the lack of integrated information for defining and assessing the status of local ecosystems is a major challenge for designing conservation and restoration plans. Thus, the objectives of this study were (1) to examine the regeneration status of cloud forest remnants, some of which had experienced past human disturbance events, (2) to explore a local rural community’s traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) relevant for restoration and (3) to investigate the integration between TEK and ecological science-based approaches. A survey of regeneration status was conducted in four remnants of cloud forests (n = 16) in Cosanga, Napo Province, in the Andes of northeastern Ecuador. The species of young trees (0.5–5 m height) were identified over 0.16 ha. In-depth interviews of individuals from local communities (n = 48) were conducted to identify socio-ecologically important native species. The results showed significant differences (p < 0.001) in species richness and the stem density of seedlings and saplings in gaps. The stem density of Chusquea sp., a bamboo species, explained 63% of the variation in species richness and 48% of the variation in the abundance of seedlings and saplings between plots. Informants cited 32 socio-ecologically important species, of which 26 species were cited as sources of food and habitats for wildlife. The ranking of species based on a relative importance index and a cultural value index—taking into account both the spread of knowledge among local informants and the multiplicity of uses—revealed that Hyeromina duquei, Citharexylum montanum, Eugenia crassimarginata and Sapium contortum were traditionally the most valuable species for both humans and wildlife. Informants also recommended 27 species for future planting, of which 19 species were amongst the rarest species in the regeneration survey. In conclusion, the results demonstrate a synergy between TEK and ecological science-based approaches (regeneration survey) to natural ecosystem research. Thus, traditional ecological knowledge can provide insights into ecosystem–plant–animal interaction, and to identify native species useful for both humans and wildlife for forest restoration projects to reconnect isolated cloud forest fragments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Restoration and Secondary Succession)

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21 pages, 6559 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tree Diversity and Soil Characteristics in a Tea–Forest Interface in Southwest Sri Lanka

by Nalaka Geekiyanage, Srimal Rathnayaka, Sriyani Gamage, Adikari Appuhamilage Dulanjala Sandamali, Shamodi Nanayakkara, Don Menige Sudesh Duminda, Savitri Gunatilleke and Nimal Gunatilleke

Forests 2021, 12(11), 1506; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f12111506 - 31 Oct 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2455

Abstract

Fragmented and degraded ecosystems should be restored to ensure the biological connectivity among fragmented forest landscapes. The tropical rainforests of Southwestern Sri Lanka are highly degraded and fragmented due to plantation agriculture and human settlements. However, the high spatial variation in environmental factors and ecosystem functions challenge the success rate of restoration interventions. The aim of this study was to assess the vegetation composition and stand structure in relation to the spatial variation in key soil physicochemical parameters in the Endane Biodiversity Corridor that links peripheral forest reserve to the Sinharaja Rainforest Complex (SRC). The site that extends over 24 ha was classified into five land-use categories (productive tea lands, marginal tea lands, scrub—abandoned three years ago, and two woodlands—abandoned 15 years ago) in which the vegetation composition, stand structure, and physicochemical parameters of soil were assessed and mapped. Results revealed that the Shannon diversity index in the scrub and the woodlands were higher than in the tea lands. The diversity among the secondary forest patches was similar. However, with a mean record of 14 species, the species richness was high in sites close to the SRC. In comparison to the SRC (358 Mg ha⁻¹), there was a substantial potential to sequester more carbon in the restoration sites (12–108 Mg ha⁻¹). While explaining 31% of abundance and species distribution, the ordination results revealed a close relationship of the soil parameters to vegetation composition and species abundance. The calculated coefficient variation values for soil parameters (TN, EC, Av.P, Ex.K, OC, and BD) were beyond 12%, indicating high or moderate soil spatial variability among the land use categories. Coefficient of variation for soil pH was estimated to be 9%, revealing low soil spatial variability among the land use categories. The maps of these soil parameters corresponded with the type of land use and fertilizer application to tea fields. The highest and the lowest total N contents were observed in the scrub and woodlands, respectively, which appears to be mediated by the relative composition of N-fixing trees between the two groups. Our results facilitate effective matching of sites to species for restoration of the Endane Biodiversity Corridor that may be replicated in similar restoration contexts in tropical Asia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Restoration and Secondary Succession)

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14 pages, 3254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Forest Restoration: Do Site Selection and Restoration Practices Follow Ecological Criteria? A Case Study in Sweden

by Anouschka R. Hof, Anna Zachrisson and Lina E. Polvi

Forests 2021, 12(8), 988; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f12080988 - 26 Jul 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1918

Abstract

The speed with which restoration will, or can, be accomplished depends on the initial state and location of the sites. However, many factors can undermine the process of choosing sites that are deemed the best ecological choice for restoration. Little attention has been paid to whether site selection follows ecological criteria and how this may affect restoration success. We used habitat inventory data to investigate whether ecological criteria for site selection and restoration have been followed, focusing on restoration for the white-backed woodpecker (Dendrocopos leucotos B.) in Sweden. In our study region, which is situated in an intensively managed forest landscape with dense and young stands dominated by two coniferous species, purely ecological criteria would entail that sites that are targeted for restoration would (1) initially be composed of older and more deciduous trees than the surrounding landscape, and (2) be at a scale relevant for the species. Furthermore, restoration should lead to sites becoming less dense and less dominated by coniferous trees after restoration, which we investigated as an assessment of restoration progress. To contextualize the results, we interviewed people involved in the restoration efforts on site. We show that although the first criterion for ecological site selection was largely met, the second was not. More research is needed to assess the motivations of actors taking part in restoration efforts, as well as how they interlink with public efforts. This would allow us to identify possible synergies that can benefit restoration efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Restoration and Secondary Succession)

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