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Forests
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Tree Defense Physiology to Bark Beetles
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Tree Defense Physiology to Bark Beetles

A special issue of Forests (ISSN 1999-4907).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 October 2016) | Viewed by 14605

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Christopher J. Fettig

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 1731 Research Park Drive, Davis, CA 95618, USA
Interests: disturbance ecology; forest entomology; fire ecology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) are a rather host-specific group of insects that colonize the subcortical region of trees, primarily conifers. Several species are regarded among the most important of forest pests. Notable outbreaks may result in the mortality of billions of trees across tens of millions of hectares. Unlike most phytophagous insects, successful reproduction of bark beetles is contingent on death of all or part of the host tree. Consequently, intense selective pressure exists for physiological traits that confer host resistance. These involve formidable constitutive and inducible defenses, including anatomical, physical, and chemical components. At low levels of colonization, trees respond by confining invading beetles and their associated fungi within resin and necrotic lesions containing toxic or inhibitory compounds. However, above some critical minimum number of beetles, the defensive capacity of trees is compromised, and mortality occurs. As such, host colonization, and thus reproduction, are directly related to the depletion of host defenses.

Submitted manuscripts must be original contributions, not ones previously published or submitted to other journals. Papers published or submitted for publication in conference proceedings may be considered, provided that they are considerably extended and improved.

Dr. Christopher J. Fettig
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Forests is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • constitutive defense
  • Dendroctonus
  • host colonization
  • host selection
  • induced defense
  • Ips
  • plant-insect interactions
  • tree physiology

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

1159 KiB  
Article
Host Defense Mechanisms against Bark Beetle Attack Differ between Ponderosa and Lodgepole Pines
by Daniel R. West, Elisa J. Bernklau, Louis B. Bjostad and William R. Jacobi
Forests 2016, 7(10), 248; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f7100248 - 21 Oct 2016
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5073
Abstract
Conifer defenses against bark beetle attack include, but are not limited to, quantitative and qualitative defenses produced prior to attack. Our objective was to assess host defenses of lodgepole pine and ponderosa pine from ecotone stands. These stands provide a transition of host [...] Read more.
Conifer defenses against bark beetle attack include, but are not limited to, quantitative and qualitative defenses produced prior to attack. Our objective was to assess host defenses of lodgepole pine and ponderosa pine from ecotone stands. These stands provide a transition of host species for mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae; MPB). We asked two questions: (1) do the preformed quantitative host defenses (amount of resin) and (2) the preformed qualitative host defenses (monoterpene constituents) differ between lodgepole and ponderosa pines. We collected oleoresins at three locations in the Southern Rocky Mountains from 56 pairs of the pine species of similar size and growing conditions. The amount of preformed-ponderosa pine oleoresins exuded in 24 h (mg) was almost four times that of lodgepole pine. Total qualitative preformed monoterpenes did not differ between the two hosts, though we found differences in all but three monoterpenes. No differences were detected in α-pinene, γ-terpinene, and bornyl acetate. We found greater concentrations of limonene, β-phellandrene, and cymene in lodgepole pines, whereas β-pinene, 3-carene, myrcene, and terpinolene were greater in ponderosa pine. Although we found differences both in quantitative and qualitative preformed oleoresin defenses, the ecological relevance of these differences to bark beetle susceptibility have not been fully tested. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tree Defense Physiology to Bark Beetles)
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1641 KiB  
Article
Influence of Starvation on the Structure of Gut-Associated Bacterial Communities in the Chinese White Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus armandi)
by Xia Hu, Ming Li, Feiping Zhang and Hui Chen
Forests 2016, 7(6), 126; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f7060126 - 20 Jun 2016
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4293
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of starvation on the structure of the gut bacterial community in the Chinese white pine beetle (Dendroctonus armandi). A total of 14 operational taxonomic units (OTUs0.03) clusters belonging to nine genera were identified. Denaturing [...] Read more.
This study investigated the influence of starvation on the structure of the gut bacterial community in the Chinese white pine beetle (Dendroctonus armandi). A total of 14 operational taxonomic units (OTUs0.03) clusters belonging to nine genera were identified. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles of bacterial PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments from the guts of starved male and female adults revealed that the bacterial community diversity increased after starvation. The dominant genus Citrobacter decreased significantly, whereas the genus Serratia increased in both starved female and starved male adults. The most predominant bacterial genus in D. armandi adults was Citrobacter, except for starved male adults, in which Serratia was the most abundant genus (27%). Our findings reveal that starvation affects gut bacterial dynamics in D. armandi, as has been observed in other insect species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tree Defense Physiology to Bark Beetles)
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2097 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Stand Structure through Snag Creation in Northeastern U.S. Forests: Using Ethanol Injections and Bark Beetle Pheromones to Artificially Stress Red Maple and White Pine
by Kevin J. Dodds, Ryan P. Hanavan and Tom Wansleben
Forests 2016, 7(6), 124; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f7060124 - 15 Jun 2016
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4699
Abstract
We investigated two methods to create white pine and red maple snags in a forested setting. The first involved injecting trees with ethanol at two times (single Ethanol (ETOH) and double ETOH injections) to increase attractiveness to insects and elicit attacks on trees. [...] Read more.
We investigated two methods to create white pine and red maple snags in a forested setting. The first involved injecting trees with ethanol at two times (single Ethanol (ETOH) and double ETOH injections) to increase attractiveness to insects and elicit attacks on trees. The second method was unique to white pines and involved both injection treatments in combination with baiting trees with Ips-specific pheromones. Three of five white pines from the double ETOH treatment died in the second year. Species including Ips pini (Say), Ips grandicollis Eichhoff, Orthotomicus caelatus Eichhoff, Crypturgus borealis Swaine and Monochamus notatus (Drury) responded more strongly to at least one of the treatments over control trees. However, there were no differences found in individual Scolytinae or Cerambycidae species response to treatments in red maple. Fitness (FV/FM) and vitality (PIabs) were both significantly reduced in both ETOH treatments compared to controls in white pine. In red maple, fitness was reduced in the double ETOH treated trees but the final mean FV/FM values were within the approximate optimal of health. Ethanol injections, in combination with Ips-specific semiochemicals, show promise for creating standing coarse woody debris (CWD) in white pine. Injecting ethanol was not effective for stressing red maple. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tree Defense Physiology to Bark Beetles)
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