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Forests
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Detection and Analysis of Forest Pathogens
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Detection and Analysis of Forest Pathogens

A special issue of Forests (ISSN 1999-4907). This special issue belongs to the section "Forest Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2023) | Viewed by 7352

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Miloň Dvořák

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
Interests: plant pathology; molecular biology; fungi; infection tests; pathogens; fungal biology; aerobiology; phytopathology; real-time PCR; trees

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Diseases of forest trees are caused by various, mainly fungal pathogens with different origins. Some of them are native and have co-evolved with their host trees, and thus they are well known by foresters and therefore quickly detected due to their obvious symptoms. Application of curative measures in such cases is usually optimized, and its effect is, under given circumstances, predictable. On the other hand, there are pathogens recently introduced from alien ecosystems. Depending on their ecological requirements, they colonize more or less specific niches, causing serious ecological disturbances at various levels. First of all, they are causal agents of newly emerging diseases with rapid progress due to the non-existence of specific defence mechanisms of the native hosts. By occupying niches of the original organisms and shortening the life of the hosts, they reduce biodiversity. Forestry and phytosanitary management of such pathogens is usually hampered due to the lack of knowledge about the symptoms, biology and potential risk level of such new threats.

Therefore, this Special Issue of Forests is targeted at expanding the knowledge of forest diseases, especially those caused by emerging and invasive pathogens. Original papers on detection methods and tools, genetic studies, -omic analyses, field surveys, taxonomy, infection tests and other biological analyses of forest pathogens are welcome.

Dr. Miloň Dvořák
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Forests is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • real-time PCR
  • LAMP
  • digital PCR
  • specificity
  • sensitivity
  • early detection
  • necrosis
  • rot
  • canker
  • blight
  • wilting
  • dieback
  • decline
  • defoliation

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 1056 KiB  
Article
Volumetric Spore Traps Are a Viable Alternative Tool for Estimating Heterobasidion Infection Risk
by László Benedek Dálya, Miloň Dvořák and Petr Sedlák
Forests 2022, 13(12), 2146; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13122146 - 14 Dec 2022
Viewed by 1071
Abstract
Prophylactic stump treatments against the conifer root rot fungus Heterobasidion annosum s.l. should take into account the airborne inoculum density of the pathogen, in order to be economically feasible. Our objective was to test if an automatic volumetric spore trap (AVST) could be [...] Read more.
Prophylactic stump treatments against the conifer root rot fungus Heterobasidion annosum s.l. should take into account the airborne inoculum density of the pathogen, in order to be economically feasible. Our objective was to test if an automatic volumetric spore trap (AVST) could be used as a sensitive alternative of passive traps for quantifying Heterobasidion airspora in forest stands. The routinely used wood disc exposure method (WDE) was implemented simultaneously with AVST in five coniferous monocultures and three near-natural stands without silvicultural management in Czechia. Air sampling took place for 24-h intervals in five months of the main sporulation period. The atmospheric concentration of H. annosum s.l. spores (cHa) was determined by qPCR with generic and species-specific primers. AVST detected more target species than WDE on 77% of sampling occasions. When comparing the relative abundance of the three European H. annosum s.l. species detected by AVST and WDE, H. parviporum and H. abietinum were found to be overrepresented on wood discs. cHa in November was significantly higher than in May and June, confirming the seasonal pattern typical for temperate Europe. For an accurate and rapid estimation of Heterobasidion primary infection risk, the usage of AVST is highly recommended. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Detection and Analysis of Forest Pathogens)
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12 pages, 2325 KiB  
Article
Arthrinium arundinis, a Novel Causal Agent of Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) Culm Rhomboid Rot and Its Sensitivity to Fungicides
by Shuzhao Zheng, Qinghua Zhang, Zhang Song, Huixia Zhou, Yiran Liao and Feiping Zhang
Forests 2022, 13(10), 1616; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13101616 - 02 Oct 2022
Viewed by 1686
Abstract
Culm rhomboid rot is a new disease of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) and mainly occurs on Moso bamboo grown at an altitude above 800 m. The typical symptoms start with black spots and irregular shapes, which expand vertically into an elongated, [...] Read more.
Culm rhomboid rot is a new disease of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) and mainly occurs on Moso bamboo grown at an altitude above 800 m. The typical symptoms start with black spots and irregular shapes, which expand vertically into an elongated, fusiform, or rhomboid shape up to 15 cm in length. Eleven fungal isolates were isolated from infected tissue, and the isolate BBB1 was confirmed as the pathogen following Koch’s postulates in vitro and in vivo. Regarding morphology, BBB1 was identified as Arthrinium sp.–conidia single-celled, brown to dark, smooth, globose to subglobose, with an equatorial slit, 5.0–9.3 × 3.1–7.3 μm in size. The conidiophores were reduced to conidiogenous cells, pale brown to dark, smooth, and ampulliform. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS-TEF1-α-TUB2 concatenate sequences identified BBB1 as A. arundinis. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the pathogen against six common fungicides was investigated with mycelial growth assays. Prochloraz exhibited the most potent inhibition with an EC50 value of 0.019 mg/L; another effective fungicide was difenoconazole, with an EC50 value of 0.195 mg/L. This is the first report of A. arundinis causing culm rhomboid rot of Moso bamboo in China; the results provide a basis for managing Moso bamboo culm rhomboid rot. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Detection and Analysis of Forest Pathogens)
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17 pages, 5214 KiB  
Article
Development and Comparison of Seminested PCR, qPCR, and LAMP for the Rapid Detection of Arthrinium phaeospermum, the Causal Agent of Bamboo Blight
by Han Zhang, Weiyi Yang, Liling Xie, Tianhui Zhu, Shuying Li, Shan Han, Tiantian Lin and Shujiang Li
Forests 2022, 13(6), 850; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13060850 - 29 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1644
Abstract
Bambusa pervariabilis × Dendrocalamopsis grandis blight is a newly discovered disease in bamboos that has caused substantial economic loss to the affected areas. With the purpose of carrying out rapid detection of Bambusa pervariabilis × Dendrocalamopsis grandis blight caused by Arthrinium phaeospermum during [...] Read more.
Bambusa pervariabilis × Dendrocalamopsis grandis blight is a newly discovered disease in bamboos that has caused substantial economic loss to the affected areas. With the purpose of carrying out rapid detection of Bambusa pervariabilis × Dendrocalamopsis grandis blight caused by Arthrinium phaeospermum during the incubation period, three sets of detection assays were established: seminested PCR, real-time quantitative PCR, and LAMP. The specificity, sensitivity, and effectiveness of these assays were also detected. The results showed that the three assays were able to specifically amplify the target bands from five strains of Arthriniumphaeospermum from different sources, but none of the other 18 strains were able to obtain the specific bands. The sensitivity of the established seminested PCR, LAMP, and real-time quantitative PCR assays were 100, 10, and 1 pg/μL, respectively. The presence of A. phaeospermum could be detected in the early stage of disease using the total DNA of infected hybrid bamboo tissue as a template. The three systems established in this study are of great significance for the early diagnosis and rapid detection of hybrid bamboo blight. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Detection and Analysis of Forest Pathogens)
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17 pages, 3162 KiB  
Article
Molecular Characterization, Pathogenicity and Biological Characterization of Colletotrichum Species Associated with Anthracnose of Camellia yuhsienensis Hu in China
by Xinggang Chen, Lingyu Jiang, Anhua Bao, Changlin Liu, Junang Liu and Guoying Zhou
Forests 2021, 12(12), 1712; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f12121712 - 06 Dec 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2328
Abstract
Camellia yuhsienensis Hu, a species of tea oil tree with resistance to anthracnose, is widely used to breed disease-resistant Camellia varieties. In 2019, anthracnose symptoms were observed on Ca. yuhsienensis for the first time. However, the species and biological characteristics of Colletotrichum spp. [...] Read more.
Camellia yuhsienensis Hu, a species of tea oil tree with resistance to anthracnose, is widely used to breed disease-resistant Camellia varieties. In 2019, anthracnose symptoms were observed on Ca. yuhsienensis for the first time. However, the species and biological characteristics of Colletotrichum spp. isolated from Ca. yuhsienensis (YX-Colletotrichum spp.) have not been elucidated. In this study, five isolates (YX2-5-2, 2YX-3-1, 2YX-5-1, 2YX-8-1-1 and 2YX-8-1-2), which were consistent with the morphological characteristics of Colletotrichum spp., were obtained from Ca. yuhsienensis. A phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that YX2-5-2, 2YX-3-1 and 2YX-8-1-2 belonged to first clade along with Colletotrichum fructicola. 2YX-8-1-1 belonged to the second clade along with Colletotrichum siamense. 2YX-5-1 belonged to the third clade with Colletotrichum camelliae. Pathogenicity tests revealed that the pathogenicity of YX-Colletotrichum spp. was stronger than that of Colletotrichum spp. isolated from Camellia oleifera (GD-Colletotrichum spp.). Biological characteristics illustrated that the mycelial growth of YX-Co. camelliae (2YX-5-1) was slower than that of GD-Co. camelliae when the temperature exceeded 20 °C. In addition, in the presence of ions, the mycelial growth of YX-Co. fructicola (YX2-5-2) and YX-Co. siamense (2YX-8-1-1) was also slower than that of GD-Co. fructicola and GD-Co. siamense. Furthermore, the ability of YX-Colletotrichum spp. to utilize lactose and mannitol was weaker than that of GD-Colletotrichum spp., while the ability to utilize NH4+ was generally stronger than that of GD-Colletotrichum spp. This is the first report of anthracnose of Ca. yuhsienensis induced by Co. fructicola, Co. siamense and Co. camelliae in China. These results will provide theoretical guidance for the study of the pathogenesis and control of anthracnose on Ca. yuhsienensis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Detection and Analysis of Forest Pathogens)
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