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Forests
Special Issues
Exotic Forest Pest and Pathogen Risks
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Exotic Forest Pest and Pathogen Risks

A special issue of Forests (ISSN 1999-4907). This special issue belongs to the section "Forest Ecophysiology and Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 January 2019)

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Angus Carnegie

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Forest Science, NSW Department of Primary Industries - Forestry, L12, 10 Valentine Ave, Parramatta 2150, Australia
Interests: forest health surveillance; pest and disease management; fungal taxonomy; tree improvement

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Exotic forest pests and pathogens are causing increasing damage globally to native forests, plantations and urban trees. Global trade and anthropogenic travel are key drivers increasing the risk of further spread of forest insects and fungi. New pest/pathogen–host associations, host shifts, and a changing climate are also increasing the risk that exotic pests and pathogens will impact on wood and fibre production and conservation and social values of native and urban forests. Understanding the key drivers of spread, impact, and why some insects and fungi become invasive species is vital for developing strategies to reduce further spread and economic and environmental impact. Pest risk and pathway analysis can assist in prioritising activities to reduce pest and pathogen spread and impact. In this Special Issue, we aim to include original research articles and literature reviews in the areas of exotic forest pest and pathogens risk, including management strategies to limit their global and national spread and subsequent impact in plantations, urban and natural systems.

Dr. Angus Carnegie
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Forests is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • invasive species
  • risk analysis
  • pathways
  • biosecurity
  • cost-benefit
  • surveillance

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

22 pages, 1486 KiB  
Article
Post-Border Forest Biosecurity in Australia: Response to Recent Exotic Detections, Current Surveillance and Ongoing Needs
by Angus J. Carnegie and Helen F. Nahrung
Forests 2019, 10(4), 336; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f10040336 - 14 Apr 2019
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 5715
Abstract
Assessing exotic pest response and eradication programs can identify factors that will lead to increased pest detection and provide information for prioritizing and enhancing future eradication attempts. We review the forest-related insect and pathogen detections and responses in Australia between 1996 and 2017. [...] Read more.
Assessing exotic pest response and eradication programs can identify factors that will lead to increased pest detection and provide information for prioritizing and enhancing future eradication attempts. We review the forest-related insect and pathogen detections and responses in Australia between 1996 and 2017. Thirty-four detections of new exotic forest species were made in this timeframe; seventeen each of insects and pathogens. Twenty-nine of the species are now established in mainland Australia and another in the Torres Strait. Four of the established species cause high impact, and three of these were subject to failed eradication programs. Two of the four established high-impact species were not previously recognised as threats; indeed, 85% of all new detections were not considered high-priority risks. Only one forest pest has been successfully eradicated, suggesting a lower success rate of Australian forest eradication programs than the world average. Most of these exotic pests and pathogens were not detected early enough to attempt eradication, or they were not deemed a significant enough pest to warrant an eradication attempt. Early detection is key to successful eradication. We discuss current surveillance programs in Australia and the methods (general, specific), locations (urban, regional, amenity, plantation, nursery, native forest), and surveillance type (public, industry, ad-hoc researcher, forest health surveillance, high-risk site surveillance, pest-specific trapping) that detections were made under. While there has been an increase in detections using specific surveillance since 2010, there remains a need for a structured national approach to forest biosecurity surveillance, preparedness, and responses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exotic Forest Pest and Pathogen Risks)
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17 pages, 5182 KiB  
Article
Modelling the Incursion and Spread of a Forestry Pest: Case Study of Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Victoria
by John Weiss, Kathryn Sheffield, Anna Weeks and David Smith
Forests 2019, 10(2), 198; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f10020198 - 22 Feb 2019
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3042
Abstract
Effective and efficient systems for surveillance, eradication, containment and management of biosecurity threats require methods to predict the establishment, population growth and spread of organisms that pose a potential biosecurity risk. To support Victorian forest biosecurity operations, Agriculture Victoria has developed a landscape-scale, [...] Read more.
Effective and efficient systems for surveillance, eradication, containment and management of biosecurity threats require methods to predict the establishment, population growth and spread of organisms that pose a potential biosecurity risk. To support Victorian forest biosecurity operations, Agriculture Victoria has developed a landscape-scale, spatially explicit, spatio-temporal population growth and dispersal model of a generic pest pine beetle. The model can be used to simulate the incursion of a forestry pest from a nominated location(s), such as an importation business site (approved arrangement, AA), into the surrounding environment. The model provides both illustrative and quantitative data on population dynamics and spread of a forestry pest species. Flexibility built into the model design enables a range of spatial extents to be modelled, from user-defined study areas to the Victoria-wide area. The spatial resolution of the model (size of grid cells) can be altered from 100 m to greater than 1 km. The model allows core parameters to be altered by the user, enabling the spread of a variety of windborne insect species and pathogens to be investigated. We verified the model and its parameters by simulating and comparing the outputs with the 1999/2000 Melbourne incursion, but no establishment of a forestry pest beetle was believed to be Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). The model accurately predicts the distance and direction of the historic incursion, and the subsequent failure to establish is due to low overall population density of the pest species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exotic Forest Pest and Pathogen Risks)
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13 pages, 2571 KiB  
Article
Where Did You Come From? Where Did You Go? Investigating the Origin of Invasive Leptocybe Species Using Distribution Modelling
by Beryn A. Otieno, Helen F. Nahrung and Martin J. Steinbauer
Forests 2019, 10(2), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/f10020115 - 01 Feb 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3012
Abstract
Research Highlights: We present the first attempts to model the distributions of the two cryptic and globally invasive species of Leptocybe invasa sensu lato (Fisher & LaSalle) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in its purported country of origin, namely Australia. Background and Objectives: Leptocybe invasa [...] Read more.
Research Highlights: We present the first attempts to model the distributions of the two cryptic and globally invasive species of Leptocybe invasa sensu lato (Fisher & LaSalle) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in its purported country of origin, namely Australia. Background and Objectives: Leptocybe invasa is an invasive eucalypt-galling wasp that spread quickly all over the world in the early to mid-2000’s, achieving significant pest status through its severe impacts on the growth and productivity of extra-limital eucalypt plantations. Until its discovery in Europe and the Middle East, the genus was undescribed, and its native range remains unclear. Molecular studies indicate the globally invasive population comprises two cryptic species with variable modes of reproduction. Collection records from Australia, the purported origin, represent only one of the invasive lineages, restricted to subtropical and tropical Queensland and northern New South Wales. To date, the original invasive lineage has not been found in Australia, despite searches over the seventeen years that it has been spreading overseas. Materials and Methods: To understand the distributions of the invasive populations, and to infer Leptocybe spp. native ranges within Australia, we used correlative niche modelling in Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) and multivariate analysis, and created a CLIMEX model based on development rates of an invasive population. Results: We used the environmental conditions in the extra-limital range to infer possible origins, with our findings supporting the possibility that the invasive populations may have originated from different populations in Australia. Conclusions: We highlight the need for better understanding of the distribution, genetic diversity, and reproductive mode of the species within Australia. The variety of climatic niches occupied by invasive lineages of the wasp potentially present new threats to eucalypts in previously uninfested habitats. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exotic Forest Pest and Pathogen Risks)
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