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Forests
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Protection and Modification of Wood and Bamboo Materials
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Protection and Modification of Wood and Bamboo Materials

A special issue of Forests (ISSN 1999-4907). This special issue belongs to the section "Wood Science and Forest Products".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (16 October 2022) | Viewed by 25765

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Youming Dong

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
Interests: wood; wood polymer composites; wood modification; bamboo; bamboo composites; dimensinal stability
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Yutao Yan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Agricultural & Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
Interests: wood; wood composites; bio-based materials; wood modification; bamboo glulam
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Wood is a CO2-neutral, renewable, versatile, and natural material that is widely used in different applications. With the increasing environmental and health concerns, the development and application of wood-based materials have attracted increasing attention. Simultaneously, as the most promising woody herbaceous plant substitute of wood in some applications, bamboo has also been studied extensively in recent decades. However, these materials have several undesirable properties, such as biodeterioration, dimensional instability, inflammability, and photodegradation—all drawbacks which severely restrict their utilization in a variety of applications.

Numerous efforts have been made to overcome these issues and further improve the properties of wood and bamboo. Innovative approaches and environmentally friendly regents are being sought.

This Special Issue, entitled “Protection and Modification of Wood and Bamboo Materials”, welcomes research and review papers covering all aspects related to the protection and modification of wood and bamboo materials, including but not limited to wood preservation, weathering, flame retardance, wood polymer composites, dimensional stability, mechanical properties, mildew resistance, termite resistance, wood adhesives, and coatings.

Dr. Youming Dong
Dr. Yutao Yan
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Forests is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • wood
  • bamboo
  • wood modification
  • weathering
  • decay
  • physical and mechanical properties
  • mildew
  • flame retardance
  • composites

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 1043 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Cell Structural Characters of Moso Bamboo  (Phyllostachys edulis (Carriere) J. Houzeau) and Its Varieties
by Wenbo Zhang, Zehui Jiang, Yanting Chang, Benhua Fei, Yanjun Ma, Yayun Deng, Xue Zhang and Tao Hu
Forests 2023, 14(2), 235; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f14020235 - 27 Jan 2023
Viewed by 1203
Abstract
In recent years, bamboo has been well exploited in the pulp and paper industry. Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis (Carriere) J. Houzeau; hereafter M), originated from China with a long history of cultivation as the most abundant resource with the widest distribution area [...] Read more.
In recent years, bamboo has been well exploited in the pulp and paper industry. Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis (Carriere) J. Houzeau; hereafter M), originated from China with a long history of cultivation as the most abundant resource with the widest distribution area among bamboo plants in China. In this study, Moso bamboo (M) and nine bamboo varieties were selected in the bamboo germplasm resources storage bank of the Anhui Taiping Experimental Station of ICBR. The characteristics of their cell structures were compared, and the differences were analyzed from a genetic perspective. The results showed that M had the highest fiber cell length, fiber cell width, length, and parenchyma width, while GJ showed the lowest of these measurements [P. edulis ’Kikko-chiku’,G.H.Lai]. The fiber wall thickness of Q [P. edulis f. obliquinoda (Z.P.Wang et N.X.Ma) Ohrnberger] was the smallest, while its fiber lumen diameter was the highest in the group. The parenchyma wall thickness and parenchyma lumen diameter of Q were the smallest in the group. The fiber cells of M and Q had better flexibility, which is conducive to improving the tensile strength, break resistance, and folding resistance of paper made from these materials. SY and GJ may be more suitable for ornamental items because of their special appearances. The purpose of this study was to explore the genetic variation patterns of various cell structure indicators among Moso bamboo and its varieties, as well as to develop a strategy of bamboo growing and lumbering based on the local conditions, providing reference data for the utilization of non-woody forest resources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protection and Modification of Wood and Bamboo Materials)
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11 pages, 3351 KiB  
Article
Axial Compression Behaviors of Columns Fabricated from Bamboo Oriented Strand Boards
by Yuhui Sun, Jingya Gong, Huanrong Liu and Changhua Fang
Forests 2022, 13(11), 1817; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13111817 - 31 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1116
Abstract
Due to the low specific strength of bamboo oriented strand boards compared with the commonly used wooden building materials, reasonable and novel cross-section designs of bamboo columns fabricated from bamboo oriented strand boards as structural members were investigated. An axial compression experiment was [...] Read more.
Due to the low specific strength of bamboo oriented strand boards compared with the commonly used wooden building materials, reasonable and novel cross-section designs of bamboo columns fabricated from bamboo oriented strand boards as structural members were investigated. An axial compression experiment was carried out on full-scale bamboo columns to characterize the ultimate behaviors under a concentric load. The ultimate bearing capacities of solid, hollow and five-core columns of the same height were not obviously different from each other. The columns with a larger slenderness ratio showed lower ultimate loads and higher axial deflections. The short columns experienced failure due to material crushing, and the long columns experienced a combination of material crushing and inelastic buckling. The empirical equations for predicting the ultimate bearing capacity for wooden columns showed applicability for bamboo columns. Non-linear finite element modeling analyses were carried out to validate the experimental results, and a satisfactory agreement was found in the failure modes and ultimate bearing capacity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protection and Modification of Wood and Bamboo Materials)
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10 pages, 4284 KiB  
Article
Effect of Acetylation on the Physical and Mechanical Performances of Mechanical Densified Spruce Wood
by Jianhui Guo, Chao Wang, Cheng Li and Yang Liu
Forests 2022, 13(10), 1620; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13101620 - 03 Oct 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1653
Abstract
Inherent drawbacks (e.g., loose structures, dimensional instabilities, and poor mechanical performances) restrict the applications of fast-growing wood species. In this study, a thermal compression treatment was carried out to densify acetylated spruce wood. The aim of acetylation was to improve the plasticity and [...] Read more.
Inherent drawbacks (e.g., loose structures, dimensional instabilities, and poor mechanical performances) restrict the applications of fast-growing wood species. In this study, a thermal compression treatment was carried out to densify acetylated spruce wood. The aim of acetylation was to improve the plasticity and water resistance of spruce wood. The water absorption, set-recovery, surface hardness, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and microstructure of the resulting wood were analyzed. The results show that acetylation can improve the plasticity of wood and reduce the interaction between wood and water, significantly reducing the set recovery of the compressed wood. When the water immersion time reaches 168 h, the water absorption rate of wood is reduced by 37% after acetylation, and the densification can further reduce the water absorption (55% for AD-40 and 70% for AD-60). The hardness of the densified wood is significantly higher than that of control wood and increases with the increase of the compression ratio. The cell wall of acetylated wood is thicker than that of control wood, which could increase the compression density of the wood. As a result, the hardness and MOR of acetylated densified wood are remarkably higher than that of unacetylated densified wood. However, a high compression ratio (60%) could lead to structural damage and, thus, reduce the mechanical properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protection and Modification of Wood and Bamboo Materials)
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12 pages, 2382 KiB  
Article
Modification of Poplar Wood via Polyethylene Glycol Impregnation Coupled with Compression
by Yuhan Liu, Jiangtao Shi, Weiqi Leng and Qiongtao Huang
Forests 2022, 13(8), 1204; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13081204 - 31 Jul 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1814
Abstract
Wood permeability and compressibility are affected by cell wall structure and chemical composition. These properties can be improved by appropriate wood pretreatments. Low-density poplar wood was converted to a more dense structure by the following steps: First, lignin and hemicellulose were removed using [...] Read more.
Wood permeability and compressibility are affected by cell wall structure and chemical composition. These properties can be improved by appropriate wood pretreatments. Low-density poplar wood was converted to a more dense structure by the following steps: First, lignin and hemicellulose were removed using a mixture of NaOH and Na2SO3. Second they were impregnated with polyethylene glycol (PEG, mean molecular weight of 1200), nano-SiO2, and a silane coupling agent at atmospheric temperature and pressure. Finally, impregnated wood was compressed at 150 °C. Results showed that the tracheid lumens on the transverse section of the compressed wood almost vanished. Specifically, the lumens in the wood cells, especially those that were compressed, were almost completely filled with PEG. In FTIR, the asymmetric absorption peaks of Si–O–Si at 1078–1076 cm−1 were clearly observed, which confirms the existence of bonding between nano-SiO2 and wood. The highest melting enthalpy and crystallization enthalpy showed a heat storage capacity of modified wood, which were 20.7 and 9.8 J/g, respectively. Such phase change capabilities may have potential applications in regulating the rate of change of room temperature. In summary, the modified wood could be utilized as material for construction to conserve energy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protection and Modification of Wood and Bamboo Materials)
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12 pages, 4007 KiB  
Article
Study on Performance and Structural Design of Bamboo Helmet
by Lin Chen, Zixuan Yu, Benhua Fei, Chaoyang Lin, Changhua Fang, Huanrong Liu, Xinxin Ma, Xiubiao Zhang and Fengbo Sun
Forests 2022, 13(7), 1091; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13071091 - 12 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1957
Abstract
The helmet is a mandatory tool for safe production, and bamboo helmets can be used as an alternative to the traditional plastic safety helmet. In this study, bamboo helmets were modified with urea-formaldehyde resin and have shown excellent impact resistance, good color sensitivity, [...] Read more.
The helmet is a mandatory tool for safe production, and bamboo helmets can be used as an alternative to the traditional plastic safety helmet. In this study, bamboo helmets were modified with urea-formaldehyde resin and have shown excellent impact resistance, good color sensitivity, and high gloss. The excellent performance of the bamboo helmet comes from the structure designed by imitating the gradient characteristics of bamboo and the modification of urea-formaldehyde resin. The pores and defects of bamboo in the helmet modified by urea-formaldehyde resin are filled and repaired. The chemical combination of urea-formaldehyde resin and bamboo reduces bamboo’s crystallinity and improves the bamboo helmet’s impact resistance. The development of bamboo helmets provides a supplement and option for the traditional helmet market while opening up new ways of bamboo utilization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protection and Modification of Wood and Bamboo Materials)
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10 pages, 2344 KiB  
Article
Decay Resistance of Nano-Zinc Oxide, and PEG 6000, and Thermally Modified Wood
by Ladislav Reinprecht, Miroslav Repák, Ján Iždinský and Zuzana Vidholdová
Forests 2022, 13(5), 731; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13050731 - 07 May 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1767
Abstract
In Central Europe, European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) wood has a high potential for the production of construction and decorative materials, with the aim of replacing Norway spruce, oaks, and other traditionally used tree species. However, the biological resistance of beech wood—to [...] Read more.
In Central Europe, European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) wood has a high potential for the production of construction and decorative materials, with the aim of replacing Norway spruce, oaks, and other traditionally used tree species. However, the biological resistance of beech wood—to decaying fungi, molds, and insects—is low, and in damp conditions its resistance must be increased with suitable preservatives or modification methods. In the present experiment, beech wood was first treated with water systems of nano-zinc oxide (0.1 to 3.3 wt.% of nano-ZnO) and/or polyethylene glycol 6000 (20 wt.% of PEG 6000), without/with additional thermal modification at 190 °C/2 h. In the presence of nano-ZnO, the decay resistance of beech wood to the brown-rot fungus Rhodonia placenta and the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor significantly increased, mainly after its additional thermal modification. The presence of nano-ZnO in beech wood—(a) alone, (b) with a subsequent application of PEG 6000, (c) with additional thermal modification—had a more apparent inhibition effect on T. versicolor than on R. placenta. PEG 6000 alone did not improve the resistance of beech wood to rot. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protection and Modification of Wood and Bamboo Materials)
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14 pages, 1756 KiB  
Article
Drying Behavior of Hardwood Components (Sapwood, Heartwood, and Bark) of Red Oak and Yellow-Poplar
by Sohrab Rahimi, Kaushlendra Singh, David DeVallance, Demiao Chu and Mohsen Bahmani
Forests 2022, 13(5), 722; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13050722 - 05 May 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2217
Abstract
This paper presents differences in the drying behavior of red oak and yellow-poplar sapwood, heartwood, and bark and their relationship with selected physical characteristics. Drying experiments were performed on samples of sapwood, heartwood, and bark of respective species at 105 °C under nitrogen [...] Read more.
This paper presents differences in the drying behavior of red oak and yellow-poplar sapwood, heartwood, and bark and their relationship with selected physical characteristics. Drying experiments were performed on samples of sapwood, heartwood, and bark of respective species at 105 °C under nitrogen conditions. In addition, physical characteristics such as green moisture content, specific gravity, volumetric shrinkage, shrinkage of the cell wall, total porosity, pore volume occupied by water, and specific pore volume were calculated. The results showed that the volumetric and cellular shrinkages of sapwood were greater than those of heartwood for both species. For red oak, the specific gravity of sapwood and heartwood was not significantly different. Additionally, the total porosity of heartwood was lower than that of sapwood in red oak. The results also indicated that yellow-poplar dried faster than red oak. Among all three components, bark dried faster than sapwood and heartwood in both species. The activation energy for sapwood drying was less than for heartwood drying. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protection and Modification of Wood and Bamboo Materials)
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12 pages, 6306 KiB  
Article
Effect of High-Temperature Hydrothermal Treatment on Chemical, Mechanical, Physical, and Surface Properties of Moso Bamboo
by Xiaoran Li, Haozhe Peng, Shuaihong Niu, Xiaorong Liu and Yanjun Li
Forests 2022, 13(5), 712; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13050712 - 01 May 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3148
Abstract
Bamboo is an ideal material as it is green, fast-growing, and easy to process. However, the low dimensional stability may limit the application of bamboo due to its richness in hydrophilic groups. Thus, an effective and environment-friendly modification is needed to solve the [...] Read more.
Bamboo is an ideal material as it is green, fast-growing, and easy to process. However, the low dimensional stability may limit the application of bamboo due to its richness in hydrophilic groups. Thus, an effective and environment-friendly modification is needed to solve the aforementioned problems. This study employed high-temperature hydrothermal treatment for the modification of bamboo to offer technical support to further promote the application of bamboo materials. Bamboo was heated at various temperatures (120–160 °C) for diverse durations (60–120 min), and the chemical composition, mechanical properties, dimensional stability, and surface color were studied. Results revealed that the parenchyma cells of bamboo were deformed and the parenchymal cell lumen without starch granules after treatment at 160 °C for 120 min. The cellulose and hemicellulose content of bamboo decreased, and the lignin content increased in relative terms as the temperature and time of high-temperature hydrothermal treatment continued to rise. The mechanical properties of bamboo declined after high temperature hydrothermal treatment, and the modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) of bamboo at 160 °C for 120 min decreased by 47.11% and 16.14%, respectively, compared to untreated bamboo. The swelling test indicated that the dimensional stability of the bamboo was improved, and the swelling ratio of the bamboo was reduced through the high-temperature hydrothermal treatment. The tangential and radial swelling coefficients of bamboo were reduced by 53.28% and 53.59%, respectively, after treatment at 160 °C for 120 min compared to untreated bamboo. The bamboo surface color was darkened after heat treatment, which gives the bamboo better surface decorative properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protection and Modification of Wood and Bamboo Materials)
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11 pages, 8339 KiB  
Article
A Novel Environment-Friendly Adhesive Based on Recycling of Broussonetia papyrifera Leaf Forestry Waste Protein
by Cheng Li, Yang Tang, Yujie Wang, Xiaoyu Yuan, Bengang Zhang, Zhigang Wu and Huafeng Tian
Forests 2022, 13(2), 291; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13020291 - 11 Feb 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1637
Abstract
Wood adhesive was prepared using Broussonetia papyrifera waste leaf protein as the raw material. The performance of the B. papyrifera leaf protein adhesive compared to soy protein was investigated using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results indicated [...] Read more.
Wood adhesive was prepared using Broussonetia papyrifera waste leaf protein as the raw material. The performance of the B. papyrifera leaf protein adhesive compared to soy protein was investigated using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results indicated that both B. papyrifera leaf protein and soy protein were spherical proteins that could easily form three-dimensional crosslinked network structures and were of potential for protein adhesive preparation. The B. papyrifera leaf and soy protein-based adhesives had similar curing behaviors, but the crosslinking reaction of B. papyrifera leaf protein-based adhesive seems to be more complex than that of the soy protein-based adhesive. The B. papyrifera leaf protein-based adhesive had a lower increasing trend of particle size and crystallinity than the soy-based protein adhesive, and its water resistance and bonding strength were also weaker. The plywood with BP leaf protein adhesive had dry and wet shear strengths of 0.93 MPa and 0.59 MPa, respectively. These results are promising for future industrial production using Broussonetia papyrifera waste leaf protein as a new protein wood adhesive in the wood industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protection and Modification of Wood and Bamboo Materials)
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19 pages, 2916 KiB  
Article
Correlation between Genetic Characteristics, Cell Structure and Material Properties of Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis (Carriere) J. Houzeau) in Different Areas of China
by Wenbo Zhang, Tao Hu, Yanting Chang, Benhua Fei, Yanjun Ma, Yayun Deng, Mengsi Xia, Keke Fan, Xue Zhang and Zehui Jiang
Forests 2022, 13(1), 107; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13010107 - 12 Jan 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1843
Abstract
Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis (Carriere) J. Houzeau), native to China, is one of the most economically and ecologically important bamboo species. Since the economic interests and the strong clonality, it has been widely cultivated in southern China, which inevitably reduces the natural [...] Read more.
Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis (Carriere) J. Houzeau), native to China, is one of the most economically and ecologically important bamboo species. Since the economic interests and the strong clonality, it has been widely cultivated in southern China, which inevitably reduces the natural stands and leads to gene loss in this species. In this study, three natural populations of Moso bamboo distributed in Anhui, Guangxi, and Zhejiang province, were used to analyze the correlation between phenotypic traits, cell structure, and material properties from the perspective of phenotypic, genetic, and environmental. Among those traits and properties, fiber width was correlated with wall thickness at breast height and average nodes length under branch positively. Leaf length was correlated positively with fiber lumen diameter and parenchyma lumen diameter. Furthermore, it showed a very close correlation between moisture content, bending strength, modulus of elasticity, and diameter at breast height, clear height, and leaf length. The lumen diameter of fiber cell wall thickness is positively correlated with bending strength and modulus of elasticity. Density is positively correlated with parenchyma cell wall thickness. The experimental design is relatively detailed and representative, and the workload is huge. This study reflects the research objectives with scientific and rational experiments and data. This study will analyze the differences of various indicators from the perspective of genetic to build a bridge between micro-structure and macro-structure for rational utilization of the whole area of Moso bamboo resources in China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protection and Modification of Wood and Bamboo Materials)
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14 pages, 5512 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Aerogel Spheres Derived from Salix psammophila in Removal of Heavy Metal Ions in Aqueous Solution
by Yuan Zhong, Yuhong An, Kebing Wang, Wanqi Zhang, Zichu Hu, Zhangjing Chen, Sunguo Wang, Boyun Wang, Xiao Wang, Xinran Li, Xiaotao Zhang and Ximing Wang
Forests 2022, 13(1), 61; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13010061 - 04 Jan 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1636
Abstract
Heavy metal wastewater treatment is a huge problem facing human beings, and the application degree of Salix psammophila resources produced by flat stubble is low. Therefore, it is very important to develop high-value products of Salix psammophila resources and apply them in the [...] Read more.
Heavy metal wastewater treatment is a huge problem facing human beings, and the application degree of Salix psammophila resources produced by flat stubble is low. Therefore, it is very important to develop high-value products of Salix psammophila resources and apply them in the removal heavy metal from effluent. In this work, we extracted the cellulose from Salix psammophila, and cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were prepared through TEMPO oxidation/ultrasound. The aerogel spheres derived from Salix psammophila (ASSP) were prepared with the hanging drop method. The experimental results showed that the Cu(II) adsorption capacity of the ASSP composite (267.64 mg/g) doped with TOCNF was significantly higher than that of pure cellulose aerogel spheres (52.75 mg/g). The presence of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups in ASSP enhanced the adsorption capacity of heavy metals. ASSP is an excellent heavy metal adsorbent, and its maximum adsorption values for Cu(II), Mn(II), and Zn(II) were found to be 272.69, 253.25, and 143.00 mg/g, respectively. The abandoned sand shrub resource of SP was used to adsorb heavy metals from effluent, which provides an important reference value for the development of forestry in this sandy area and will have a great application potential in the fields of the adsorption of heavy metals in soil and antibiotics in water. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protection and Modification of Wood and Bamboo Materials)
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11 pages, 4159 KiB  
Article
Determination of the Effects of Superheated Steam on Microstructure and Micromechanical Properties of Bamboo Cell Walls Using Quasi-Static Nanoindentation
by Tiancheng Yuan, Xiaorong Liu, Youming Dong, Xinzhou Wang and Yanjun Li
Forests 2021, 12(12), 1742; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f12121742 - 10 Dec 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1880
Abstract
In this paper, quasi-static nanoindentation was applied for investigating the influence of superheated steam on microstructure and micromechanical properties of Moso bamboo cell walls. The changes of mico-morphology, chemical composition, cellulose crystallinity index, micro-mechanical properties of bamboo were analyzed via scanning electron microscopy [...] Read more.
In this paper, quasi-static nanoindentation was applied for investigating the influence of superheated steam on microstructure and micromechanical properties of Moso bamboo cell walls. The changes of mico-morphology, chemical composition, cellulose crystallinity index, micro-mechanical properties of bamboo were analyzed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and nanoindentation. As expected, the content of hemicellulose and cellulose showed a downward trend, whereas the relative lignin content increased. Elastic modulus and hardness of the cell wall increased compared with that of the untreated sample. The elastic modulus and hardness of bamboo increased from 11.5 GPa to 19.5 GPa and from 0.35 GPa to 0.59 GPa. Furthermore, results showed that the creep resistance positively correlated to treatment severity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protection and Modification of Wood and Bamboo Materials)
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12 pages, 3599 KiB  
Article
Measuring the Damping Performance of Gradient-Structured Bamboo Using the Resonance Method
by Xiaoyi Chen, Liping Deng, Xin Wei, Mingpeng Li, Ge Wang and Fuming Chen
Forests 2021, 12(12), 1654; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f12121654 - 29 Nov 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2220
Abstract
Bamboo has natural damping properties, but, due to the obvious gradient differences in bamboo walls, the damping properties of different layers may vary. Using bamboo slivers as the research object, this study investigated the underlying mechanism of the effect of microstructural and chemical [...] Read more.
Bamboo has natural damping properties, but, due to the obvious gradient differences in bamboo walls, the damping properties of different layers may vary. Using bamboo slivers as the research object, this study investigated the underlying mechanism of the effect of microstructural and chemical components on the damping properties (η, damping ratio) of bamboo using the resonance and nonresonance methods. The damping ratio decreased on L3 (inner layer), L2 (middle layer), and L1 (outer layer) due to lower microfibril angles, increased crystallinity of cellulose, and decreased hemicellulose content. All of these limited the motion of the bamboo’s molecular chains. The damping ratio successively increased in the oven-dried, air-dried, and water saturated states because water acted as a plasticizer. The damping ratio of L1, in the oven-dried state, was slightly higher than that of the air-dried state because L1 had the lowest water content. This allowed less water to escape during drying, which intensified the molecular distortion. The initial tan δ (tangent of the loss angle) decreased successively on the L3, L2, and L1 layers of the bamboo, and the tan δ of L3 was lower than that of L2 due to changes in the temperature sensitivity of hemicellulose. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protection and Modification of Wood and Bamboo Materials)
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