Research

Jump to: Review

13 pages, 3705 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of an Injectable Shear-Thinning Nanocomposite Hydrogel for Cardiac Tissue Engineering

by Samaneh Soltani, Rahmatollah Emadi, Shaghayegh Haghjooy Javanmard, Mahshid Kharaziha, Abbas Rahmati, Vijay Kumar Thakur and Saeid Lotfian

Gels 2022, 8(2), 121; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels8020121 - 14 Feb 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2389

Abstract

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) offer a promising therapeutic method for cardiac tissue regeneration. However, to monitor the fate of MSCs for tissue repair, a better stem cell delivery carrier is needed. Developing a unique injectable and shear-thinning dual cross-linked hybrid hydrogel [...] Read more.

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) offer a promising therapeutic method for cardiac tissue regeneration. However, to monitor the fate of MSCs for tissue repair, a better stem cell delivery carrier is needed. Developing a unique injectable and shear-thinning dual cross-linked hybrid hydrogel for MSC delivery for cardiac tissue engineering is highly desirable. This hydrogel was synthesised using guest: host reaction based on alginate-cyclodextrin (Alg-CD) and adamantane-graphene oxide (Ad-GO). Here, the role of macromere concentration (10 and 12%) on the MSC function is discussed. Our hybrid hydrogels reveal a suitable oxygen pathway required for cell survival. However, this value is strongly dependent on the macromere concentrations, while the hydrogels with 12% macromere concentration (2DC12) significantly enhanced the oxygen permeability value (1.16-fold). Moreover, after two weeks of culture, rat MSCs (rMSCs) encapsulated in Alg-GO hydrogels expressed troponin T (TNT) and GATA4 markers. Noticeably, the 2DC12 hydrogels enhance rMSCs differentiation markers (1.30-times for TNT and 1.21-times for GATA4). Overall, our findings indicate that tuning the hydrogel compositions regulates the fate of encapsulated rMSCs within hydrogels. These outcomes may promote the advancement of new multifunctional platforms that consider the spatial and transient guidelines of undifferentiated cell destiny and capacity even after transplantation for heart tissue regeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2623 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Additive Soft Matter Design by UV-Induced Polymer Hydrogel Inter-Crosslinking

by Talika A. Neuendorf, Niclas Weigel, Michelle Vigogne and Julian Thiele

Gels 2022, 8(2), 117; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels8020117 - 14 Feb 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2452

Abstract

In recent years, stimuli-responsive hydrogels have gained tremendous interest in designing complex smart 4D materials for applications ranging from biomedicine to soft electronics that can change their properties on demand over time. However, at present, a hydrogel’s response is often induced by merely [...] Read more.

In recent years, stimuli-responsive hydrogels have gained tremendous interest in designing complex smart 4D materials for applications ranging from biomedicine to soft electronics that can change their properties on demand over time. However, at present, a hydrogel’s response is often induced by merely a single stimulus, restricting its broader applicability. The controlled hierarchical assembly of various hydrogel building blocks, each with a tailored set of mechanical and physicochemical properties as well as programmed stimulus response, may potentially enable the design and fabrication of multi-responsive polymer parts that process complex operations, like signal routing dependent on different stimuli. Since inter-connection stability of such building blocks directly accompanies the transmission of information across building blocks and is as important as the building property itself to create complex 4D materials, we provide a study on the utility of an inter-crosslinking mechanism based on UV-induced 2,3-dimethylmaleimide (DMMI) dimerization to inter-connect acrylamide-based and N-isopropylacrylamide-based millimeter-sized cubic building blocks, respectively. The resulting dual-crosslinked assemblies are freestanding and stable against contraction–expansion cycles in solution. In addition, the approach is also applicable for connecting microfluidically fabricated, micrometer-sized hydrogel spheres, with the resulting assemblies being processable and mechanical stable, likewise resisting contraction–expansion in different solvents, for instance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 2312 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Self-Healable and Super-Tough Double-Network Hydrogel Fibers from Dynamic Acylhydrazone Bonding and Supramolecular Interactions

by Jiachuan Hua, Chang Liu, Bin Fei and Zunfeng Liu

Gels 2022, 8(2), 101; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels8020101 - 08 Feb 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3050

Abstract

Macroscopic hydrogel fibers are highly desirable for smart textiles, but the fabrication of self-healable and super-tough covalent/physical double-network hydrogels is rarely reported. Herein, copolymers containing ketone groups were synthesized and prepared into a dynamic covalent hydrogel via acylhydrazone chemistry. Double-network hydrogels were constructed [...] Read more.

Macroscopic hydrogel fibers are highly desirable for smart textiles, but the fabrication of self-healable and super-tough covalent/physical double-network hydrogels is rarely reported. Herein, copolymers containing ketone groups were synthesized and prepared into a dynamic covalent hydrogel via acylhydrazone chemistry. Double-network hydrogels were constructed via the dynamic covalent crosslinking of copolymers and the supramolecular interactions of iota-carrageenan. Tensile tests on double-network and parental hydrogels revealed the successful construction of strong and tough hydrogels. The double-network hydrogel precursor was wet spun to obtain macroscopic fibers with controlled drawing ratios. The resultant fibers reached a high strength of 1.35 MPa or a large toughness of 1.22 MJ/m³. Highly efficient self-healing performances were observed in hydrogel fibers and their bulk specimens. Through the simultaneous healing of covalent and supramolecular networks under acidic and heated conditions, fibers achieved rapid and near-complete healing with 96% efficiency. Such self-healable and super-tough hydrogel fibers were applied as shape memory fibers for repetitive actuating in response to water, indicating their potential in intelligent fabrics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 3217 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Porous Reservoir-Backed Boronate Gel Microneedle for Efficient Skin Penetration and Sustained Glucose-Responsive Insulin Delivery

by Siyuan Chen, Takuya Miyazaki, Michiko Itoh, Hiroko Matsumoto, Yuki Moro-oka, Miyako Tanaka, Yuji Miyahara, Takayoshi Suganami and Akira Matsumoto

Gels 2022, 8(2), 74; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels8020074 - 24 Jan 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3374

Abstract

Recently, phenylboronic acid (PBA) gel containing microneedle (MN) technology with acute and sustained glucose-sensitive functionality has attracted significant research attention. Herein, we report a polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)-coated MNs patch with an interconnected porous gel drug reservoir for enhanced skin penetration efficiency and mechanical strength. [...] Read more.

Recently, phenylboronic acid (PBA) gel containing microneedle (MN) technology with acute and sustained glucose-sensitive functionality has attracted significant research attention. Herein, we report a polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)-coated MNs patch with an interconnected porous gel drug reservoir for enhanced skin penetration efficiency and mechanical strength. The hybrid MNs patch fabricated with a novel, efficient method displayed a “cake-like” two-layer structure, with the tip part being composed of boronate-containing smart gel attached to a porous gel layer as a drug reservoir. The porous structure provides the necessary structural support for skin insertion and space for insulin loading. The mechanical strength of the hybrid MNs patch was further enhanced by surface coating with crystallized PVA. Compared with MNs patches attached to hollow drug reservoirs, this hybrid MNs patch with a porous gel reservoir was shown to be able to penetrate the skin more effectively, and is promising for on-demand, long-acting transdermal insulin delivery with increased patient compliance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 2434 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stiffness Variation of 3D Collagen Networks by Surface Functionalization of Network Fibrils with Sulfonated Polymers

by Philipp Riedl, Maria Schricker and Tilo Pompe

Gels 2021, 7(4), 266; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels7040266 - 16 Dec 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1969

Abstract

Fibrillar collagen is the most prominent protein in the mammalian extracellular matrix. Therefore, it is also widely used for cell culture research and clinical therapy as a biomimetic 3D scaffold. Charged biopolymers, such as sulfated glycosaminoglycans, occur in vivo in close contact with [...] Read more.

Fibrillar collagen is the most prominent protein in the mammalian extracellular matrix. Therefore, it is also widely used for cell culture research and clinical therapy as a biomimetic 3D scaffold. Charged biopolymers, such as sulfated glycosaminoglycans, occur in vivo in close contact with collagen fibrils, affecting many functional properties such as mechanics and binding of growth factors. For in vitro application, the functions of sulfated biopolymer decorations of fibrillar collagen materials are hardly understood. Herein, we report new results on the stiffness dependence of 3D collagen I networks by surface functionalization of the network fibrils with synthetic sulfonated polymers, namely, poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) and poly(vinyl sulfonate) (PVS). A non-monotonic stiffness dependence on the amount of adsorbed polymer was found for both polymers. The stiffness dependence correlated to a transition from mono- to multilayer adsorption of sulfonated polymers on the fibrils, which was most prominent for PVS. PVS mono- and multilayers caused a network stiffness change by a factor of 0.3 and 2, respectively. A charge-dependent weakening of intrafibrillar salt bridges by the adsorbed sulfonated polymers leading to fibrillar softening is discussed as the mechanism for the stiffness decrease in the monolayer regime. In contrast, multilayer adsorption can be assumed to induce interfibrillar bridging and an increase in network stiffness. Our in vitro results have a strong implication on in vivo characteristics of fibrillar collagen I, as sulfated glycosaminoglycans frequently attach to collagen fibrils in various tissues, calling for an up to now overlooked impact on matrix and tendon mechanics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

12 pages, 4134 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploiting Urazole’s Acidity for Fabrication of Hydrogels and Ion-Exchange Materials

by Saltuk B. Hanay, Ali Fallah, Efsun Senturk, Zeliha Yetim, Ferdows Afghah, Hulya Yilmaz, Mustafa Culha, Bahattin Koc, Ali Zarrabi and Rajender S. Varma

Gels 2021, 7(4), 261; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels7040261 - 13 Dec 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2645

Abstract

In this study, the acidity of urazole (pKa 5–6) was exploited to fabricate a hydrogel in two simple and scalable steps. Commercially available poly(hexamethylene)diisocyanate was used as a precursor to synthesize an urazole containing gel. The formation of urazole was confirmed by FT-IR [...] Read more.

In this study, the acidity of urazole (pKa 5–6) was exploited to fabricate a hydrogel in two simple and scalable steps. Commercially available poly(hexamethylene)diisocyanate was used as a precursor to synthesize an urazole containing gel. The formation of urazole was confirmed by FT-IR and ¹H-NMR spectroscopy. The hydrogel was characterized by microscopy imaging as well as spectroscopic and thermo-gravimetric analyses. Mechanical analysis and cell viability tests were performed for its initial biocompatibility evaluation. The prepared hydrogel is a highly porous hydrogel with a Young’s modulus of 0.91 MPa, has a swelling ratio of 87%, and is capable of exchanging ions in a medium. Finally, a general strategy was demonstrated to embed urazole groups directly into a crosslinked material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

32 pages, 8979 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling and Simulation of the Ion-Binding-Mediated Swelling Dynamics of Mucin-like Polyelectrolyte Gels

by Jian Du, Owen L. Lewis, James P. Keener and Aaron L. Fogelson

Gels 2021, 7(4), 244; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels7040244 - 30 Nov 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2275

Abstract

Volume phase transitions in polyeletrolyte gels play important roles in many biophysical processes such as DNA packaging, nerve excitation, and cellular secretion. The swelling and deswelling of these charged polymer gels depend strongly on their ionic environment. In this paper, we present an [...] Read more.

Volume phase transitions in polyeletrolyte gels play important roles in many biophysical processes such as DNA packaging, nerve excitation, and cellular secretion. The swelling and deswelling of these charged polymer gels depend strongly on their ionic environment. In this paper, we present an extension to our previous two-fluid model for ion-binding-mediated gel swelling. The extended model eliminates the assumptions about the size similarity between the network and solvent particles, which makes it suitable for investigating of a large family of biologically relevant problems. The model treats the polyeletrolyte gel as a mixture of two materials, the network and the solvent. The dynamics of gel swelling is governed by the balance between the mechanical and chemical forces on each of these two materials. Simulations based on the model illustrate that the chemical forces are significantly influenced by the binding/unbinding reactions between the ions and the network, as well as the resulting distribution of charges within the gel. The dependence of the swelling rate on ionic bath concentrations is analyzed and this analysis highlights the importance of the electromigration of ions and the induced electric field in regulating gel swelling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 3709 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Highly Effective Covalently Crosslinked Composite Alginate Cryogels for Cationic Dye Removal

by Serap Sezen, Vijay Kumar Thakur and Mehmet Murat Ozmen

Gels 2021, 7(4), 178; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels7040178 - 22 Oct 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2426

Abstract

Currently, macroporous hydrogels have been receiving attention in wastewater treatment due to their unique structures. As a natural polymer, alginate is used to remove cationic dyes due to its sustainable features such as abundance, low cost, processability, and being environmentally friendly. Herein, alginate/montmorillonite [...] Read more.

Currently, macroporous hydrogels have been receiving attention in wastewater treatment due to their unique structures. As a natural polymer, alginate is used to remove cationic dyes due to its sustainable features such as abundance, low cost, processability, and being environmentally friendly. Herein, alginate/montmorillonite composite macroporous hydrogels (cryogels) with high porosity, mechanical elasticity, and high adsorption yield for methylene blue (MB) were generated by the one-step cryogelation technique. These cryogels were synthesized by adding montmorillonite into gel precursor, followed by chemical cross-linking employing carbodiimide chemistry in a frozen state. The as-prepared adsorbents were analyzed by FT-IR, SEM, gel fraction, swelling, uniaxial compression, and MB adsorption tests. The results indicated that alginate/montmorillonite cryogels exhibited high gelation yield (up to 80%), colossal water uptake capacity, elasticity, and effective dye adsorption capacity (93.7%). Maximum adsorption capacity against MB was 559.94 mg g⁻¹ by linear regression of Langmuir model onto experimental data. The Pseudo-Second-Order model was fitted better onto kinetic data compared to the Pseudo-First-Order model. Improved porosity and mechanical elasticity yielding enhanced dye removal capacity make them highly potential alternative adsorbents compared to available alginate/montmorillonite materials for MB removal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 7514 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Formulation and In-Vitro Characterization of pH-Responsive Semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Network Hydrogels for Controlled Release of Ketorolac Tromethamine

by Muhammad Suhail, Yi-Han Hsieh, Yu-Fang Shao, Muhammad Usman Minhas and Pao-Chu Wu

Gels 2021, 7(4), 167; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels7040167 - 13 Oct 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1982

Abstract

Ketorolac tromethamine is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used in the management of severe pain. The half-life of Ketorolac tromethamine is within the range of 2.5–4 h. Hence, repeated doses of Ketorolac tromethamine are needed in a day to maintain the therapeutic level. However, [...] Read more.

Ketorolac tromethamine is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used in the management of severe pain. The half-life of Ketorolac tromethamine is within the range of 2.5–4 h. Hence, repeated doses of Ketorolac tromethamine are needed in a day to maintain the therapeutic level. However, taking several doses of Ketorolac tromethamine in a day generates certain complications, such as acute renal failure and gastrointestinal ulceration. Therefore, a polymeric-controlled drug delivery system is needed that could prolong the release of Ketorolac tromethamine. Therefore, in the current study, pH-responsive carbopol 934/sodium polystyrene sulfonate-co-poly(acrylic acid) (CP/SpScPAA) hydrogels were developed by the free radical polymerization technique for the controlled release of Ketorolac tromethamine. Monomer acrylic acid was crosslinked with the polymers carbopol 934 and sodium polystyrene sulfonate by the cross-linker N’,N’-methylene bisacrylamide. Various studies were conducted to evaluate and assess the various parameters of the fabricated hydrogels. The compatibility of the constituents used in the preparation of hydrogels was confirmed by FTIR analysis, whereas the thermal stability of the unreacted polymers and developed hydrogels was analyzed by TGA and DSC, respectively. A smooth and porous surface was indicated by SEM. The crystallinity of carbopol 934, sodium polystyrene sulfonate, and the prepared hydrogels was evaluated by PXRD, which revealed a reduction in the crystallinity of reactants for the developed hydrogels. The pH sensitivity of the polymeric hydrogel networks was confirmed by dynamic swelling and in vitro release studies with two different pH media i.e., pH 1.2 and 7.4, respectively. Maximum swelling was exhibited at pH 7.4 compared to pH 1.2 and, likewise, a greater percent drug release was perceived at pH 7.4. Conclusively, we can demonstrate that the developed pH-sensitive hydrogel network could be employed as a suitable carrier for the controlled delivery of Ketorolac tromethamine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2749 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Physicochemical Analysis among 1,4-Butanediol Diglycidyl Ether Cross-Linked Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Fillers

by Nicola Zerbinati, Sabrina Sommatis, Cristina Maccario, Maria Chiara Capillo, Giulia Grimaldi, Giuseppe Alonci, Raffaele Rauso, Stefania Guida and Roberto Mocchi

Gels 2021, 7(3), 139; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels7030139 - 11 Sep 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5172

Abstract

(1) Background: Injectable hyaluronic acid (HA) dermal fillers are used in several chirurgical practices and in aesthetic medicine. HA filler stability can be enhanced through different cross-linking technologies; one of the most frequently cross-linker used is 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE), also present in [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Injectable hyaluronic acid (HA) dermal fillers are used in several chirurgical practices and in aesthetic medicine. HA filler stability can be enhanced through different cross-linking technologies; one of the most frequently cross-linker used is 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE), also present in the HA-BDDE dermal filler family of the company Matex Lab S.p.A. (Brindisi, Italy). Our overview is focused on their characterization, drawing a correlation between matrix structure, rheological and physicochemical properties related to their cross-linking technologies. (2) Methods: Four different injectable HA hydrogels were characterized through optical microscopic examination and rheological behavior investigation. (3) Results: The cross-linked HA dermal fillers showed a fibrous “spiderweb-like” matrix structure and an elastic and solid-like profile. (4) Conclusions: The comparative analysis represents a preliminary characterization of these injectable medical devices in order to identify their best field of application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 92489 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fine-Tuning of Molecular Structures to Generate Carbohydrate Based Super Gelators and Their Applications for Drug Delivery and Dye Absorption

by Jonathan Bietsch, Mary Olson and Guijun Wang

Gels 2021, 7(3), 134; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels7030134 - 07 Sep 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2550

Abstract

Carbohydrate-based low molecular weight gelators (LMWGs) exhibit many desirable properties making them useful in various fields including applications as drug delivery carriers. In order to further understand the structural connection to gelation properties, especially the influence of halide substitutions, we have designed and [...] Read more.

Carbohydrate-based low molecular weight gelators (LMWGs) exhibit many desirable properties making them useful in various fields including applications as drug delivery carriers. In order to further understand the structural connection to gelation properties, especially the influence of halide substitutions, we have designed and synthesized a series of para-chlorobenzylidene acetal protected D-glucosamine amide derivatives. Fifteen different amides were synthesized, and their self-assembling properties were assessed in multiple organic solvents, as well as mixtures of organic solvents with water. All derivatives were found to be gelators for at least one solvent and majority formed gels in multiple solvents at concentrations lower than 2 wt%. A few derivatives rendered remarkably stable gels in aqueous solutions at concentrations below 0.1 wt%. The benzamide 13 formed gels in water and in EtOH/H₂O (v/v 1:2) at 0.36 mg/mL. The gels were characterized using optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy, and the self-assembly mechanism was probed using variable temperature ¹H-NMR spectroscopy. Gel extrusion studies using H₂O/DMSO gels successfully printed lines of gels on glass slides, which retained viscoelasticity based on rheology. Gels formed by the benzamide 13 were used for encapsulation and the controlled release of chloramphenicol and naproxen, as well as for dye removal for toluidine blue aqueous solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 1705 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vivo Evaluation of a Pectin-Honey Hydrogel Coating on Polypropylene Mesh in a Rat Model of Acute Hernia

by Cristina Vercelli, Giovanni Re, Selina Iussich, Rosangela Odore, Emanuela Maria Morello, Marco Gandini and Gessica Giusto

Gels 2021, 7(3), 132; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels7030132 - 31 Aug 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2146

Abstract

Investigations about ventral hernia repair are focused on improving the quality, resistance, and biocompatibility of mesh. This study compared plain polypropylene mesh with a pectin-honey hydrogel-coated polypropylene mesh in an acute hernia model in rats. Forty Wistar rats, randomly assigned to two groups, [...] Read more.

Investigations about ventral hernia repair are focused on improving the quality, resistance, and biocompatibility of mesh. This study compared plain polypropylene mesh with a pectin-honey hydrogel-coated polypropylene mesh in an acute hernia model in rats. Forty Wistar rats, randomly assigned to two groups, were submitted to laparotomy, and a 1 cm × 2 cm fascial defect was created, centered on the midline. Uncoated (group C) or coated mesh (group T) was inserted in an inlay fashion to repair the defect. After 30 days, the rats were euthanized, and the presence of adhesions to the mesh was macroscopically evaluated. Histology and measurement of COX-2 as tissue inflammation markers were used to assess fascia tissue healing. Grades of adhesion were not different between groups. Histological score and COX-2 expression were not significantly different between groups, except for the higher inflammatory response demonstrated in group T. The pectin-hydrogel coated mesh could not reduce adhesion formation compared to uncoated polypropylene mesh but improved peritoneal regeneration and tissue healing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 2878 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceCommunication

Clinical Application of Antibacterial Hydrogel and Coating in Orthopaedic and Traumatology Surgery

by Daniele De Meo, Giancarlo Ceccarelli, Giancarlo Iaiani, Federico Lo Torto, Diego Ribuffo, Pietro Persiani and Ciro Villani

Gels 2021, 7(3), 126; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels7030126 - 25 Aug 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2555

Abstract

Implant related infection is one of the most frequent complications in orthopaedic and trauma surgery. Local antibiotic treatment strategies are becoming part of the prevention and treatment methodology for this fearful complication. To date, there are two coatings available on the market, both [...] Read more.

Implant related infection is one of the most frequent complications in orthopaedic and trauma surgery. Local antibiotic treatment strategies are becoming part of the prevention and treatment methodology for this fearful complication. To date, there are two coatings available on the market, both with a polylactic acid base. Current evidence supports the use of these types of coatings in the prophylaxis of periprosthetic infections and fracture-related infections. However, their therapeutic use has been less investigated. The purpose of this article is to summarise recent evidence relating to the clinical application of antibacterial hydrogels and coatings in orthopaedic and traumatology surgery and indicating which future applications may benefit from it. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 5365 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Photoinduced Porcine Gelatin Cross-Linking by Homobi- and Homotrifunctional Tetrazoles

by Luca Vaghi, Mauro Monti, Marcello Marelli, Elisa Motto, Antonio Papagni and Laura Cipolla

Gels 2021, 7(3), 124; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels7030124 - 20 Aug 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2193

Abstract

Gelatin is a costless polypeptide material of natural origin, able to form hydrogels that are potentially useful in biomaterial scaffold design for drug delivery, cell cultures, and tissue engineering. However, gelatin hydrogels are unstable at physiological conditions, losing their features only after a [...] Read more.

Gelatin is a costless polypeptide material of natural origin, able to form hydrogels that are potentially useful in biomaterial scaffold design for drug delivery, cell cultures, and tissue engineering. However, gelatin hydrogels are unstable at physiological conditions, losing their features only after a few minutes at 37 °C. Accordingly, treatments to address this issue are of great interest. In the present work, we propose for the first time the use of bi- and trifunctional tetrazoles, most of them unknown to date, for photoinduced gelatin cross-linking towards the production of physiologically stable hydrogels. Indeed, after UV-B irradiation, aryl tetrazoles generate a nitrilimine intermediate that is reactive towards different functionalities, some of them constitutively present in the amino acid side chains of gelatin. The efficacy of the treatment strictly depends on the structure of the cross-linking agent used, and substantial improved stability was observed by switching from bifunctional to trifunctional cross-linkers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 4873 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Smart Hydrogels: Preparation, Characterization, and Determination of Transition Points of Crosslinked N-Isopropyl Acrylamide/Acrylamide/Carboxylic Acids Polymers

by Yasemin Işıkver and Dursun Saraydın

Gels 2021, 7(3), 113; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels7030113 - 08 Aug 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2733

Abstract

Smart hydrogels (SH) were prepared by thermal free radical polymerization of N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAAm), acrylamide (AAm) with acrylic acid (A) or maleic acid (M), and N,N′-methylene bisacrylamide. Spectroscopic and thermal characterizations of SHs were performed using FTIR, TGA, and [...] Read more.

Smart hydrogels (SH) were prepared by thermal free radical polymerization of N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAAm), acrylamide (AAm) with acrylic acid (A) or maleic acid (M), and N,N′-methylene bisacrylamide. Spectroscopic and thermal characterizations of SHs were performed using FTIR, TGA, and DSC. To determine the effects of SHs on swelling characteristics, swelling studies were performed in different solvents, solutions, temperatures, pHs, and ionic strengths. In addition, cycle equilibrium swelling studies were carried out at different temperatures and pHs. The temperature and pH transition points of SHs are calculated using a sigmoidal equation. The pH transition points were calculated as 5.2 and 4.2 for SH-M and SH-A, respectively. The NIPAAm/AAm hydrogel exhibits a critical solution temperature (LCST) of 28.35 °C, while the SH-A and SH-M hydrogels exhibit the LCST of 34.215 °C and 28.798 °C, respectively, and the LCST of SH-A is close to the body. temperature. Commercial (CHSA) and blood human serum albumin (BHSA) were used to find the adsorption properties of biopolymers on SHs. SH-M was the most efficient SH, adsorbing 49% of CHSA while absorbing 16% of BHSA. In conclusion, the sigmoidal equation or Gaussian approach can be a useful tool for chemists, chemical engineers, polymer and plastics scientists to find the transition points of smart hydrogels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 1884 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Adsorptive Removal of Heavy Metal Ions, Organic Dyes, and Pharmaceuticals by DNA–Chitosan Hydrogels

by Kayee Chan, Kohki Morikawa, Nobuyuki Shibata and Anatoly Zinchenko

Gels 2021, 7(3), 112; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels7030112 - 06 Aug 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3447

Abstract

DNA–chitosan (DNA–CS) hydrogel was prepared by in situ complexation between oppositely charged DNA and chitosan polyelectrolytes via electrostatic cross-linking to study its adsorption characteristics. The DNA–chitosan hydrogel matrix contains (i) cationic (NH₃⁺) and anionic (PO₄⁻) sites for [...] Read more.

DNA–chitosan (DNA–CS) hydrogel was prepared by in situ complexation between oppositely charged DNA and chitosan polyelectrolytes via electrostatic cross-linking to study its adsorption characteristics. The DNA–chitosan hydrogel matrix contains (i) cationic (NH₃⁺) and anionic (PO₄⁻) sites for electrostatic binding with ionic species, (ii) -OH and -NH₂ groups and heteroaromatic DNA nucleobases for chelation of heavy metal ions, and (iii) DNA double-helix for recognition and binding to small organic molecules of various structures and polarities. DNA–CS hydrogels efficiently bind with Hg²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Cu²⁺ metal cations of significant environmental concern. Adsorption capacities of DNA–CS hydrogels for studied metal ions depend on hydrogel composition and pH of solution and reach ca. 50 mg/g at neutral pHs. Hydrogels with higher DNA contents show better adsorption characteristics and notably higher adsorption capacity to Hg²⁺ ions. Because of the co-existence of cationic and anionic macromolecules in the DNA–CS hydrogel, it demonstrates an affinity to both anionic (Congo Red) and cationic (Methylene Blue) dyes with moderate adsorption capacities of 12.6 mg/g and 29.0 mg/g, respectively. DNA–CS hydrogel can also be used for adsorptive removal of pharmaceuticals on conditions that their molecules are sufficiently hydrophobic and have ionogenic group(s). Facile preparation and multitarget adsorption characteristics of DNA–CS hydrogel coupled with sustainable and environmentally friendly characteristics render this system promising for environmental cleaning applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 2626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Copper Stain Removal from Marble through the Formation of Cu(II) Complexes in Agar Gels

by Antonio Sansonetti, Moira Bertasa, Cristina Corti, Laura Rampazzi, Damiano Monticelli, Dominique Scalarone, Adele Sassella and Carmen Canevali

Gels 2021, 7(3), 111; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels7030111 - 06 Aug 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2259

Abstract

Copper complexes with different ligands (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, EDTA, ammonium citrate tribasic, TAC, and alanine, ALA) were studied in aqueous solutions and hydrogels with the aim of setting the optimal conditions for copper stain removal from marble by agar gels, with damage minimization. The [...] Read more.

Copper complexes with different ligands (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, EDTA, ammonium citrate tribasic, TAC, and alanine, ALA) were studied in aqueous solutions and hydrogels with the aim of setting the optimal conditions for copper stain removal from marble by agar gels, with damage minimization. The stoichiometry and stability of copper complexes were monitored by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and the symmetry of Cu(II) centers in the different gel formulations was studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Cleaning effectiveness in optimized conditions was verified on marble laboratory specimens through color variations and by determining copper on gels by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Two copper complexes with TAC were identified, one having the known stoichiometry 1:1, and the other 1:2, Cu(TAC)₂, never observed before. The stability of all the complexes at different pH was observed to increase with pH. At pH 10.0, the gel’s effectiveness in removing copper salts from marble was the highest in the presence of ALA, followed by EDTA, TAC, and pure agar gel. Limited damage to the marble surface was observed when gels with added EDTA and TAC were employed, whereas agar gel with ALA was determined to be the most efficient and safe cleaning material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 3582 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication and In Vitro Evaluation of pH-Sensitive Polymeric Hydrogels as Controlled Release Carriers

by Muhammad Suhail, Chih-Wun Fang, Arshad Khan, Muhammad Usman Minhas and Pao-Chu Wu

Gels 2021, 7(3), 110; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels7030110 - 05 Aug 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2484

Abstract

The purpose of the current investigation was to develop chondroitin sulfate/carbopol-co-poly(acrylic acid) (CS/CBP-co-PAA) hydrogels for controlled delivery of diclofenac sodium (DS). Different concentrations of polymers chondroitin sulfate (CS), carbopol 934 (CBP), and monomer acrylic acid (AA) were cross-linked by ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate (EGDMA) [...] Read more.

The purpose of the current investigation was to develop chondroitin sulfate/carbopol-co-poly(acrylic acid) (CS/CBP-co-PAA) hydrogels for controlled delivery of diclofenac sodium (DS). Different concentrations of polymers chondroitin sulfate (CS), carbopol 934 (CBP), and monomer acrylic acid (AA) were cross-linked by ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate (EGDMA) in the presence of ammonium peroxodisulfate (APS) (initiator). The fabricated hydrogels were characterized for further experiments. Characterizations such as Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were conducted to understand the surface morphology, thermodynamic stability, crystallinity of the drug, ingredients, and developed hydrogels. The swelling and drug release studies were conducted at two different pH mediums (pH 1.2 and 7.4), and pH-dependent swelling and drug release was shown due to the presence of functional groups of both polymers and monomers; hence, greater swelling and drug release was observed at the higher pH (pH 7.4). The percent drug release of the developed system and commercially available product cataflam was compared and high controlled release of the drug from the developed system was observed at both low and high pH. The mechanism of drug release from the hydrogels followed Korsmeyer–Peppas model. Conclusively, the current research work demonstrated that the prepared hydrogel could be considered as a suitable candidate for controlled delivery of diclofenac sodium. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 3077 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exchange Counterion in Polycationic Hydrogels: Tunability of Hydrophobicity, Water State, and Floating Capability for a Floating pH Device

by Martin Danko, Zuzana Kronekova, Igor Krupa, Jan Tkac, Peter Matúš and Peter Kasak

Gels 2021, 7(3), 109; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels7030109 - 05 Aug 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1818

Abstract

Smart gel materials are capable of controlling and switching swelling, water state, and wettability properties triggered by external stimuli. In this study, we fabricated a series of polyelectrolyte hydrogels bearing a 3-trimethylammoniumpropyl pendant to a methacrylamide-based backbone and examined the switchability with hydrophobic-like [...] Read more.

Smart gel materials are capable of controlling and switching swelling, water state, and wettability properties triggered by external stimuli. In this study, we fabricated a series of polyelectrolyte hydrogels bearing a 3-trimethylammoniumpropyl pendant to a methacrylamide-based backbone and examined the switchability with hydrophobic-like counteranions. The exchange between the initial chloride and camphor sulfate (CaS), dodecyl sulfate (DS), and perfluorooctanoate (PFO) counterions was investigated. The kinetics of the exchange showed that the fast exchange (within 4 h) of PFO allowed for a favorable coordination for ion pairing, resulting in a decrease in hydration. The reversibility of the exchange to the Cl⁻ ion was only enabled for the CaS ion due to its bulkiness, while the PFO and DS hydrogels were unable to exchange, even by using tetrabutylammonium chloride, which is a structurally similar reagent, due to aggregation or the coagulates in the collapsed state of the linear tails of the counterions. The hydrogels exhibited a modulable water state and water swelling. Moreover, the hydrogels containing DS and PFO, as counterions, showed surface hydrophobic (contact angle 90°) and high hydrophobic (110°) behavior, respectively. The Raman spectrometry fluorescence with a pyrene probe indicated an increase in strong hydrogen-bonded water molecules, water confinement, and hydrophobic domains in the PFO hydrogel. Moreover, the PFO-modified hydrogel demonstrated a free-floating ability on the water surface, with a strong water repellency, showing that it has the potential to be applied in a floating pH detection device to distinguish between volatile and nonvolatile bases in a controlled manner. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2945 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Property of Polypropylene Gels Associated with That of Molten Polypropylenes

by Tetsu Ouchi, Misuzu Yamazaki, Tomoki Maeda and Atsushi Hotta

Gels 2021, 7(3), 99; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels7030099 - 23 Jul 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2250

Abstract

This study aims to understand the fundamental mechanical relationship between polypropylene (PP)-gels and solid PPs without solvent through mechanical and thermal analyses, by which the mechanical similarities between molten PPs and PP gels were found, leading to the reliable estimate of the mechanical [...] Read more.

This study aims to understand the fundamental mechanical relationship between polypropylene (PP)-gels and solid PPs without solvent through mechanical and thermal analyses, by which the mechanical similarities between molten PPs and PP gels were found, leading to the reliable estimate of the mechanical properties of semi-crystalline gels. The gelation of syndiotactic and isotactic polypropylenes (sPP and iPP) was found when PPs were dissolved in 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin). Interestingly, it was found that the storage modulus of sPP-gel became higher than that of iPP-gel at low PP concentration (<~40 wt%). The result was distinctly different from the result of neat solid PPs (without solvent), where the modulus of solid sPP is generally significantly lower than that of solid iPP. Such inversion behavior in the mechanical property of semi-crystalline gels had not been reported and discussed before. By further investigation of the storage moduli of neat sPP and iPP, it was found that the storage modulus of sPP became higher than that of iPP above the melting points of PP, which was similar to the behavior of the storage moduli observed in the diluted PP-gels. Such similarity between PP-gels and PP melts was also observed within iPP samples with different molecular weights. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 2152 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation, Characterization and Evaluation of Organogel-Based Lipstick Formulations: Application in Cosmetics

by Cloé L. Esposito and Plamen Kirilov

Gels 2021, 7(3), 97; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels7030097 - 19 Jul 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4965

Abstract

1,3:2,4-Dibenzylidene-D-sorbitol (DBS) and 12-hydroxystearic acid (12-HSA) are well-known as low-molecular-weight organogelators (LMOGs) capable of gelling an organic liquid phase. Considering their unique chemical and physical properties, we assessed their potential effects in new lipstick formulations by discrimination testing; in vitro measurements of the [...] Read more.

1,3:2,4-Dibenzylidene-D-sorbitol (DBS) and 12-hydroxystearic acid (12-HSA) are well-known as low-molecular-weight organogelators (LMOGs) capable of gelling an organic liquid phase. Considering their unique chemical and physical properties, we assessed their potential effects in new lipstick formulations by discrimination testing; in vitro measurements of the sun protection factor (SPF); and thermal, mechanical and texture analyzes. DBS and 12-HSA were used to formulate four types of lipsticks: L1 (1% DBS), L2 (10% 12-HSA), L3 (1.5% DBS) and L4 (control, no LMOGs). The lipsticks were tested for sensory perception with an untrained panel of 16 consumers. LMOG formulations exhibited higher UVA protection factor (UVA-PF) and in vitro SPF, particularly in the 12-HSA-based lipstick. Regarding thermal properties, the 12-HSA-based lipstick and those without LMOGs were more heat-amenable compared to thermoresistant DBS-based lipsticks. The results also showed the viscoelastic and thermally reversible properties of LMOGs and their effect of increasing pay-off values. In general, the texture analysis indicated that 12-HSA-based lipstick was significantly harder to bend compared to control, while the other formulations became softer and easier to bend throughout the stability study. This work suggests the potential use of LMOGs as a structuring agent for lipsticks, paving the way towards more photoprotective and sustainable alternatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 4556 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extrusion-Based 3D Printing for Highly Porous Alginate Materials Production

by Natalia Menshutina, Andrey Abramov, Pavel Tsygankov and Daria Lovskaya

Gels 2021, 7(3), 92; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels7030092 - 14 Jul 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2735

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a promising technology for solving a wide range of problems: regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, chemistry, etc. One of the potential applications of additive technologies is the production of highly porous structures with complex geometries, while printing is carried out [...] Read more.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a promising technology for solving a wide range of problems: regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, chemistry, etc. One of the potential applications of additive technologies is the production of highly porous structures with complex geometries, while printing is carried out using gel-like materials. However, the implementation of precise gel printing is a difficult task due to the high requirements for “ink”. In this paper, we propose the use of gel-like materials based on sodium alginate as “ink” for the implementation of the developed technology of extrusion-based 3D printing. Rheological studies were carried out for the developed alginate ink compositions. The optimal rheological properties are gel-like materials based on 2 wt% sodium alginate and 0.2 wt% calcium chloride. The 3D-printed structures with complex geometry were successfully dried using supercritical drying. The resulting aerogels have a high specific surface area (from 350 to 422 m²/g) and a high pore volume (from 3 to 3.78 cm³/g). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 5317 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Small Oligonucleotides Detection in Three-Dimensional Polymer Network of DNA-PEG Hydrogels

by Alessia Mazzarotta, Tania Mariastella Caputo, Luca Raiola, Edmondo Battista, Paolo Antonio Netti and Filippo Causa

Gels 2021, 7(3), 90; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels7030090 - 12 Jul 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2312

Abstract

The control of the three-dimensional (3D) polymer network structure is important for permselective materials when specific biomolecule detection is needed. Here we investigate conditions to obtain a tailored hydrogel network that combines both molecular filtering and molecular capture capabilities for biosensing applications. Along [...] Read more.

The control of the three-dimensional (3D) polymer network structure is important for permselective materials when specific biomolecule detection is needed. Here we investigate conditions to obtain a tailored hydrogel network that combines both molecular filtering and molecular capture capabilities for biosensing applications. Along this line, short oligonucleotide detection in a displacement assay is set within PEGDA hydrogels synthetized by UV radical photopolymerization. To provide insights on the molecular filter capability, diffusion studies of several probes (sulforhodamine G and dextrans) with different hydrodynamic radii were carried out using NMR technique. Moreover, fluorometric analyses of hybridization of DNA oligonucleotides inside PEGDA hydrogels shed light on the mechanisms of recognition in 3D, highlighting that mesh size and crowding effect greatly impact the hybridization mechanism on a polymer network. Finally, we found the best probe density and diffusion transport conditions to allow the specific oligonucleotide capture and detection inside PEGDA hydrogels for oligonucleotide detection and the filtering out of higher molecular weight molecules. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 1202 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermoreversible Gelation with Two-Component Mixed Cross-Link Junctions of Variable Multiplicity in Ternary Polymer Solutions

by Fumihiko Tanaka

Gels 2021, 7(3), 89; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels7030089 - 11 Jul 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2452

Abstract

Theoretical scheme is developed to study thermoreversible gelation interfering with liquid–liquid phase separation in mixtures of reactive f-functional molecules R{A

_{f}

} and g-functional ones R{B

_{g}

} dissolved in a common solvent. Formed polymer networks are assumed to include multiple [...] Read more.

Theoretical scheme is developed to study thermoreversible gelation interfering with liquid–liquid phase separation in mixtures of reactive f-functional molecules R{A

_{f}

} and g-functional ones R{B

_{g}

} dissolved in a common solvent. Formed polymer networks are assumed to include multiple cross-link junctions containing arbitrary numbers

k_{1}

and

k_{2}

of functional groups A and B of each species. Sol-gel transition lines and spinodal lines are drawn on the ternary phase plane for some important models of multiple cross-link junctions with specified microscopic structure. It is shown that, if the cross-link structure satisfies a certain simple condition, there appears a special molar ratio of the two functional groups at which gelation takes place with a lowest concentration of the solute molecules, as has been often observed in the experiments. This optimal gelation concentration depends on f and g (functionality) of the solute molecules and the numbers

k_{1}

and

k_{2}

(multiplicity) of the functional groups in a cross-link junction. For cross-links which allow variable multiplicity, special attention is paid on the perfectly immiscible cross-links leading to interpenetrating polymer networks, and also on perfectly miscible cross-links leading to reentrant sol-gel-sol transition. Results are compared with recent observations on ion-binding polymer solutions, polymer solutions forming recognizable biomolecular complexes, polymer/surfactant mixtures, hydrogen-bonding polymers, and hydrophobically-modified amphiphilic water-soluble polymers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 3494 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hyaluronic Acid Functionalization with Jeffamine^® M2005: A Comparison of the Thermo-Responsiveness Properties of the Hydrogel Obtained through Two Different Synthesis Routes

by Mathieu Madau, Didier Le Cerf, Virginie Dulong and Luc Picton

Gels 2021, 7(3), 88; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels7030088 - 09 Jul 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2470

Abstract

Hyaluronic acid (HA) of different molar masses (respectively 38,000, 140,000 and 1,200,000 g.mol⁻¹) have been functionalized with a commercial poly(etheramine), Jeffamine^® M2005, in order to devise physical thermo-responsive hydrogels. Two routes have been studied, involving the use of either water [...] Read more.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) of different molar masses (respectively 38,000, 140,000 and 1,200,000 g.mol⁻¹) have been functionalized with a commercial poly(etheramine), Jeffamine^® M2005, in order to devise physical thermo-responsive hydrogels. Two routes have been studied, involving the use of either water for the first one or of N,N′-Dimethylformamide (DMF), a polar aprotic solvent, for the second one. In the case of the water route, the reaction was performed using a mixture of N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) as coupling reagents. The reaction was optimized while making sure no free M2005 remained in the final material, leading to M2005 grafting degrees of about 4%, which enabled the formation of hydrogels by increasing the temperature. In the case of the organic solvent route, propylphosphonic anhydride T3P^® was used as a coupling reagent in DMF, resulting in a M2005 grafting degree of around 8% with better thermo-responsive properties of HA-g-M2005 compared to those obtained when the reaction was performed in water. However, the reaction systematically led to covalent cross-linking in the case of the HA, with the highest starting molar masses resulting in a very different rheological behaviour and with higher gel strength retaining thermo-responsive behaviour but being only poorly soluble in water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 2161 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation, Properties and Cell Biocompatibility of Room Temperature LCST-Hydrogels Based on Thermoresponsive PEO Stars

by Bagus Santoso, Paul R. Turner, Lyall R. Hanton and Stephen C. Moratti

Gels 2021, 7(3), 84; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels7030084 - 06 Jul 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1888

Abstract

A series of star and linear polymers based on a poly(ethylene oxide) core and poly(diethylene glycol ethyl ether acrylate) outer arms were synthesised by atom-transfer radical polymerization. The polydispersity of the polymers were low, showing good control of initiation and growth. They all [...] Read more.

A series of star and linear polymers based on a poly(ethylene oxide) core and poly(diethylene glycol ethyl ether acrylate) outer arms were synthesised by atom-transfer radical polymerization. The polydispersity of the polymers were low, showing good control of initiation and growth. They all showed lower critical solution (LCST) behaviour, and at 30% concentration most gelled at or below room temperature. The behaviour depended on the number and length of the arms, with the polymers with longer arms gelling at a lower temperature and producing stiffer gels. The shear modulus of the gels varied between 1 and 48 kPa, with the gelling temperature varying between 16 and 23 °C. Attempted cell cultures with the polymers proved unsuccessful, which was determined to be due to the high concentration of polymers needed for gelling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 3295 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cellulose-Based Hydrogels and Aerogels Embedded with Silver Nanoparticles: Preparation and Characterization

by Alexander Vasil’kov, Margarita Rubina, Alexander Naumkin, Mikhail Buzin, Pavel Dorovatovskii, Georgy Peters and Yan Zubavichus

Gels 2021, 7(3), 82; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels7030082 - 02 Jul 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3573

Abstract

The paper presents the preparation and characterization of novel composite materials based on microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in powder and gel forms. We use a promising synthetic conception to form the novel composite biomaterials. At first MCC was modified [...] Read more.

The paper presents the preparation and characterization of novel composite materials based on microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in powder and gel forms. We use a promising synthetic conception to form the novel composite biomaterials. At first MCC was modified with colloidal solution of Ag NPs in isopropyl alcohol prepared via metal vapor synthesis. Then Ag-containing MCC powder was used as precursor for further preparation of the gels. The hydrogels were prepared by dissolving pristine MCC and MCC-based composite at low temperatures in aqueous alkali solution and gelation at elevated temperature. To prepare aerogels the drying in supercritical carbon dioxide was implemented. The as-prepared cellulose composites were characterized in terms of morphology, structure, and phase composition. Since many functional properties, including biological activity, in metal-composites are determined by the nature of the metal-to-polymer matrix interaction, the electronic state of the metal was carefully studied. The studied cellulose-based materials containing biologically active Ag NPs may be of interest for use as wound healing or water-purification materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 3039 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and In Vitro Evaluation of Aspartic/Alginic Acid Based Semi-Interpenetrating Network Hydrogels for Controlled Release of Ibuprofen

by Muhammad Suhail, Yi-Han Hsieh, Arshad Khan, Muhammad Usman Minhas and Pao-Chu Wu

Gels 2021, 7(2), 68; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels7020068 - 09 Jun 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3237

Abstract

Different combinations of polymers, aspartic acid (ASP), alginic acid (AL), and monomer acrylic acid (AA) were crosslinked in the presence of an initiator ammonium peroxodisulfate (APS) and cross-linker ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) to develop aspartic acid/alginic acid-co-poly(acrylic acid) (ASP/ALPAA) (semi-interpenetrating polymer network (SIPN)) [...] Read more.

Different combinations of polymers, aspartic acid (ASP), alginic acid (AL), and monomer acrylic acid (AA) were crosslinked in the presence of an initiator ammonium peroxodisulfate (APS) and cross-linker ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) to develop aspartic acid/alginic acid-co-poly(acrylic acid) (ASP/ALPAA) (semi-interpenetrating polymer network (SIPN)) hydrogels by the free radical polymerization technique for the controlled delivery of ibuprofen (IBP). Various studies such as dynamic swelling studies, drug loading, in vitro drug release and sol−gel analysis were carried out for the hydrogels. Higher swelling was observed at higher pH 7.4 as compared to lower pH 1.2, due to the presence of carboxylic groups of polymers and the monomer. Hence, pH-dependent swelling was exhibited by the developed hydrogels which led to a pH-dependent drug release and vice versa. The structural properties of the hydrogels were assessed by FTIR, PXRD, TGA, DSC, and SEM which confirmed the fabrication and stability of the developed structure. FTIR analysis revealed the reaction of both polymers with the monomer during the polymerization process and confirmed the overlapping of the monomer on the backbone of the both polymers. The disappearance of high intense crystalline peaks and the encapsulation of the drug by the hydrogel network was confirmed by PXRD. TGA and DSC showed that the developed hydrogels were thermally more stable than their basic ingredients. Similarly, the surface morphology of the hydrogels was analyzed by SEM and showed a smooth surface with few pores. Conclusively, ASP/ALPAA hydrogels have the potential to deliver IBP for a long period of time in a controlled way. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 3256 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nanoporous Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose-g-poly (Sodium Acrylate)/FeCl₃ Hydrogel Beads: Synthesis and Characterization

by Bijender Kumar, Ruchir Priyadarshi, Sauraj, Farha Deeba, Anurag Kulshreshtha, Kirtiraj K. Gaikwad, Jaehwan Kim, Anuj Kumar and Yuvraj Singh Negi

Gels 2020, 6(4), 49; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels6040049 - 11 Dec 2020

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 4918

Abstract

Novel sodium carboxymethyl cellulose-g-poly (sodium acrylate)/Ferric chloride (CMC-g-PNaA/FeCl₃) nanoporous hydrogel beads were prepared based on the ionic cross-linking between CMC-g-PNaA and FeCl₃. The structure of CMC and CMC-g-PNaA were elucidated by [...] Read more.

Novel sodium carboxymethyl cellulose-g-poly (sodium acrylate)/Ferric chloride (CMC-g-PNaA/FeCl₃) nanoporous hydrogel beads were prepared based on the ionic cross-linking between CMC-g-PNaA and FeCl₃. The structure of CMC and CMC-g-PNaA were elucidated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and the elemental composition was analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The physicochemical properties of the CMC-g-PNaA/FeCl₃ hydrogel beads were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The swelling percentage of hydrogel beads was studied at different time periods. The obtained CMC-g-PNaA/FeCl₃ hydrogel beads exhibited a higher nanoporous morphology than those of CMC-g-PNaA and CMC beads. Furthermore, an AFM image of the CMC-g-PNaA/FeCl₃ beads shows granule type topology. Compared to the CMC-g-PNaA (189 °C), CMC-g-PNaA/FeCl₃ hydrogel beads exhibited improvement in thermal stability (199 °C). Furthermore, CMC-g-PNaA/FeCl₃ hydrogel beads depicted a higher swelling percentage capacity of around 1452%, as compared to CMC-g-PNaA (1096%). Moreover, this strategy with preliminary results could be useful for the development of polysaccharide-based hybrid hydrogel beads for various potential applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Review

Jump to: Research

42 pages, 7564 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Comprehensive Assessment on the Pivotal Role of Hydrogels in Scaffold-Based Bioprinting

by Matangi Parimala Chelvi Ratnamani, Xinping Zhang and Hongjun Wang

Gels 2022, 8(4), 239; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels8040239 - 13 Apr 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3326

Abstract

The past a few decades have seen exponential growth in the field of regenerative medicine. What began as extirpative (complete tissue or organ removal), with little regard to the effects of tissue loss and/or disfigurement, has evolved towards fabricating engineered tissues using personalized [...] Read more.

The past a few decades have seen exponential growth in the field of regenerative medicine. What began as extirpative (complete tissue or organ removal), with little regard to the effects of tissue loss and/or disfigurement, has evolved towards fabricating engineered tissues using personalized living cells (e.g., stem cells), and customizing a matrix or structural organization to support and guide tissue development. Biofabrication, largely accomplished through three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, provides precise, controlled, and layered assemblies of cells and biomaterials, emulating the heterogenous microenvironment of the in vivo tissue architecture. This review provides a concise framework for the bio-manufacturing process and addresses the contributions of hydrogels to biological modeling. The versatility of hydrogels in bioprinting is detailed along with an extensive elaboration of their physical, mechanical, and biological properties, as well as their assets and limitations in bioprinting. The scope of various hydrogels in tissue formation has been discussed through the case studies of biofabricated 3D constructs in order to provide the readers with a glimpse into the barrier-breaking accomplishments of biomedical sciences. In the end, the restraints of bioprinting itself are discussed, accompanied with the identification of available engineering strategies to overcome them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1846 KiB

Open AccessReview

Hydrogels in Burn Wound Management—A Review

by Agnieszka Surowiecka, Jerzy Strużyna, Aleksandra Winiarska and Tomasz Korzeniowski

Gels 2022, 8(2), 122; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels8020122 - 15 Feb 2022

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 7603 | Correction

Abstract

Inert hydrogels are of a great importance in burn first aid. Hydrogel dressings may be an alternative to cooling burn wounds with streaming water, especially in cases of mass casualty events, lack of clean water, hypothermia, or large extent of burns. Hydrogels that [...] Read more.

Inert hydrogels are of a great importance in burn first aid. Hydrogel dressings may be an alternative to cooling burn wounds with streaming water, especially in cases of mass casualty events, lack of clean water, hypothermia, or large extent of burns. Hydrogels that contain mostly water evacuate the heat cumulating in the skin by evaporation. They not only cool the burn wound, but also reduce pain and protect the wound area from contamination and further injuries. Hydrogels are ideally used during the first hours after injury, but as they do not have antimicrobial properties per se, they might not prevent wound infection. The hydrogel matrix enables incorporating active substances into the dressing. The active forms may contain ammonium salts, nanocrystal silver, zinc, growth factor, cytokines, or cells, as well as natural agents, such as honey or herbs. Active dressings may have antimicrobial activity or stimulate wound healing. Numerous experiments on animal models proved their safety and efficiency. Hydrogels are a new dressing type that are still in development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

34 pages, 9541 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Recent Advances in Zwitterionic Hydrogels: Preparation, Property, and Biomedical Application

by Sihang Liu, Jingyi Tang, Fangqin Ji, Weifeng Lin and Shengfu Chen

Gels 2022, 8(1), 46; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels8010046 - 07 Jan 2022

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 7370

Abstract

Nonspecific protein adsorption impedes the sustainability of materials in biologically related applications. Such adsorption activates the immune system by quick identification of allogeneic materials and triggers a rejection, resulting in the rapid failure of implant materials and drugs. Antifouling materials have been rapidly [...] Read more.

Nonspecific protein adsorption impedes the sustainability of materials in biologically related applications. Such adsorption activates the immune system by quick identification of allogeneic materials and triggers a rejection, resulting in the rapid failure of implant materials and drugs. Antifouling materials have been rapidly developed in the past 20 years, from natural polysaccharides (such as dextran) to synthetic polymers (such as polyethylene glycol, PEG). However, recent studies have shown that traditional antifouling materials, including PEG, still fail to overcome the challenges of a complex human environment. Zwitterionic materials are a class of materials that contain both cationic and anionic groups, with their overall charge being neutral. Compared with PEG materials, zwitterionic materials have much stronger hydration, which is considered the most important factor for antifouling. Among zwitterionic materials, zwitterionic hydrogels have excellent structural stability and controllable regulation capabilities for various biomedical scenarios. Here, we first describe the mechanism and structure of zwitterionic materials. Following the preparation and property of zwitterionic hydrogels, recent advances in zwitterionic hydrogels in various biomedical applications are reviewed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 13716 KiB

Open AccessReview

Emergent Proteins-Based Structures—Prospects towards Sustainable Nutrition and Functionality

by Ricardo N. Pereira and Rui M. Rodrigues

Gels 2021, 7(4), 161; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels7040161 - 01 Oct 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2457

Abstract

The increased pressure over soils imposed by the need for agricultural expansion and food production requires development of sustainable and smart strategies for the efficient use of resources and food nutrients. In accordance with worldwide transformative polices, it is crucial to design sustainable [...] Read more.

The increased pressure over soils imposed by the need for agricultural expansion and food production requires development of sustainable and smart strategies for the efficient use of resources and food nutrients. In accordance with worldwide transformative polices, it is crucial to design sustainable systems for food production aimed at reducing environmental impact, contributing to biodiversity preservation, and leveraging a bioeconomy that supports circular byproduct management. Research on the use of emergent protein sources to develop value-added foods and biomaterials is in its infancy. This review intends to summarize recent research dealing with technological functionality of underused protein fractions, recovered from microbial biomass and food waste sources, addressing their potential applications but also bottlenecks. Protein-based materials from dairy byproducts and microalgae biomass gather promising prospects of use related to their techno-functional properties. However, a balance between yield and functionality is needed to turn this approach profitable on an industrial scale basis. In this context, downstream processing should be strategically used and properly integrated. Food solutions based on microbial proteins will expand in forthcoming years, bringing the opportunity to finetune development of novel protein-based biomaterials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

29 pages, 49207 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advanced Methods for the Characterization of Supramolecular Hydrogels

by Bridget R. Denzer, Rachel J. Kulchar, Richard B. Huang and Jennifer Patterson

Gels 2021, 7(4), 158; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels7040158 - 29 Sep 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5416

Abstract

With the increased research on supramolecular hydrogels, many spectroscopic, diffraction, microscopic, and rheological techniques have been employed to better understand and characterize the material properties of these hydrogels. Specifically, spectroscopic methods are used to characterize the structure of supramolecular hydrogels on the atomic [...] Read more.

With the increased research on supramolecular hydrogels, many spectroscopic, diffraction, microscopic, and rheological techniques have been employed to better understand and characterize the material properties of these hydrogels. Specifically, spectroscopic methods are used to characterize the structure of supramolecular hydrogels on the atomic and molecular scales. Diffraction techniques rely on measurements of crystallinity and help in analyzing the structure of supramolecular hydrogels, whereas microscopy allows researchers to inspect these hydrogels at high resolution and acquire a deeper understanding of the morphology and structure of the materials. Furthermore, mechanical characterization is also important for the application of supramolecular hydrogels in different fields. This can be achieved through atomic force microscopy measurements where a probe interacts with the surface of the material. Additionally, rheological characterization can investigate the stiffness as well as the shear-thinning and self-healing properties of the hydrogels. Further, mechanical and surface characterization can be performed by micro-rheology, dynamic light scattering, and tribology methods, among others. In this review, we highlight state-of-the-art techniques for these different characterization methods, focusing on examples where they have been applied to supramolecular hydrogels, and we also provide future directions for research on the various strategies used to analyze this promising type of material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 2019 KiB

Open AccessReview

New Horizons in Hydrogels for Methotrexate Delivery

by Ali Dehshahri, Anuj Kumar, Vijay Sagar Madamsetty, Ilona Uzieliene, Shima Tavakol, Fereshteh Azedi, Hojjat Samareh Fekri, Ali Zarrabi, Reza Mohammadinejad and Vijay Kumar Thakur

Gels 2021, 7(1), 2; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/gels7010002 - 30 Dec 2020

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5603

Abstract

Since its first clinical application, methotrexate (MTX) has been widely used for the treatment of human diseases. Despite great advantages, some properties such as poor absorption, short plasma half-life and unpredictable bioavailability have led researchers to seek novel delivery systems to improve its [...] Read more.

Since its first clinical application, methotrexate (MTX) has been widely used for the treatment of human diseases. Despite great advantages, some properties such as poor absorption, short plasma half-life and unpredictable bioavailability have led researchers to seek novel delivery systems to improve its characteristics for parenteral and oral administration. Recently, great attention has been directed to hydrogels for the preparation of MTX formulations. This review describes the potential of hydrogels for the formulation of MTX to treat cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and central nervous system diseases. We will delineate the state-of-the-art and promising potential of hydrogels for systemic MTX delivery as well as transdermal delivery of the drug-using hydrogel-based formulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Published Papers (35 papers)

Research

Review

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI