Research

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14 pages, 2555 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Plant Development in the Garden Pea as Revealed by Mutations in the Crd/PsYUC1 Gene

by Ariane Gélinas-Marion, Morgane P. Eléouët, Sam D. Cook, Jacqueline K. Vander Schoor, Steven A. G. Abel, David S. Nichols, Jason A. Smith, Julie M. I. Hofer and John J. Ross

Genes 2023, 14(12), 2115; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/genes14122115 - 23 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1031

Abstract

In common with other plant species, the garden pea (Pisum sativum) produces the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) from tryptophan via a single intermediate, indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPyA). IPyA is converted to IAA by PsYUC1, also known as Crispoid (Crd). Here, we extend [...] Read more.

In common with other plant species, the garden pea (Pisum sativum) produces the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) from tryptophan via a single intermediate, indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPyA). IPyA is converted to IAA by PsYUC1, also known as Crispoid (Crd). Here, we extend our understanding of the developmental processes affected by the Crd gene by examining the phenotypic effects of crd gene mutations on leaves, flowers, and roots. We show that in pea, Crd/PsYUC1 is important for the initiation and identity of leaflets and tendrils, stamens, and lateral roots. We also report on aspects of auxin deactivation in pea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pea Genetics and Breeding)

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26 pages, 2198 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Five Regions of the Pea Genome Co-Control Partial Resistance to D. pinodes, Tolerance to Frost, and Some Architectural or Phenological Traits

by Gilles Boutet, Clément Lavaud, Angélique Lesné, Henri Miteul, Marie-Laure Pilet-Nayel, Didier Andrivon, Isabelle Lejeune-Hénaut and Alain Baranger

Genes 2023, 14(7), 1399; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/genes14071399 - 04 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1391

Abstract

Evidence for reciprocal links between plant responses to biotic or abiotic stresses and architectural and developmental traits has been raised using approaches based on epidemiology, physiology, or genetics. Winter pea has been selected for years for many agronomic traits contributing to yield, taking [...] Read more.

Evidence for reciprocal links between plant responses to biotic or abiotic stresses and architectural and developmental traits has been raised using approaches based on epidemiology, physiology, or genetics. Winter pea has been selected for years for many agronomic traits contributing to yield, taking into account architectural or phenological traits such as height or flowering date. It remains nevertheless particularly susceptible to biotic and abiotic stresses, among which Didymella pinodes and frost are leading examples. The purpose of this study was to identify and resize QTL localizations that control partial resistance to D. pinodes, tolerance to frost, and architectural or phenological traits on pea dense genetic maps, considering how QTL colocalizations may impact future winter pea breeding. QTL analysis revealed five metaQTLs distributed over three linkage groups contributing to both D. pinodes disease severity and frost tolerance. At these loci, the haplotypes of alleles increasing both partial resistance to D. pinodes and frost tolerance also delayed the flowering date, increased the number of branches, and/or decreased the stipule length. These results question both the underlying mechanisms of the joint control of biotic stress resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and plant architecture and phenology and the methods of marker-assisted selection optimizing stress control and productivity in winter pea breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pea Genetics and Breeding)

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17 pages, 1559 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated sRNA-seq and RNA-seq Analyses Reveal a microRNA Regulation Network Involved in Cold Response in Pisum sativum L.

by Mélanie Mazurier, Jan Drouaud, Nasser Bahrman, Andrea Rau, Isabelle Lejeune-Hénaut, Bruno Delbreil and Sylvain Legrand

Genes 2022, 13(7), 1119; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/genes13071119 - 22 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1866

Abstract

(1) Background: Cold stress affects growth and development in plants and is a major environmental factor that decreases productivity. Over the past two decades, the advent of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has opened new opportunities to understand the molecular bases of stress [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Cold stress affects growth and development in plants and is a major environmental factor that decreases productivity. Over the past two decades, the advent of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has opened new opportunities to understand the molecular bases of stress resistance by enabling the detection of weakly expressed transcripts and the identification of regulatory RNAs of gene expression, including microRNAs (miRNAs). (2) Methods: In this study, we performed time series sRNA and mRNA sequencing experiments on two pea (Pisum sativum L., Ps) lines, Champagne frost-tolerant and Térèse frost-sensitive, during a low temperature treatment versus a control condition. (3) Results: An integrative analysis led to the identification of 136 miRNAs and a regulation network composed of 39 miRNA/mRNA target pairs with discordant expression patterns. (4) Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the cold response in pea involves 11 miRNA families as well as their target genes related to antioxidative and multi-stress defense mechanisms and cell wall biosynthesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pea Genetics and Breeding)

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15 pages, 1773 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Integrated Linkage Map of Three Recombinant Inbred Populations of Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

by Chie Sawada, Carol Moreau, Gabriel H. J. Robinson, Burkhard Steuernagel, Luzie U. Wingen, Jitender Cheema, Ellen Sizer-Coverdale, David Lloyd, Claire Domoney and Noel Ellis

Genes 2022, 13(2), 196; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/genes13020196 - 22 Jan 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2666

Abstract

Biparental recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations are sets of genetically stable lines and have a simple population structure that facilitates the dissection of the genetics of interesting traits. On the other hand, populations derived from multiparent intercrosses combine both greater diversity and higher [...] Read more.

Biparental recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations are sets of genetically stable lines and have a simple population structure that facilitates the dissection of the genetics of interesting traits. On the other hand, populations derived from multiparent intercrosses combine both greater diversity and higher numbers of recombination events than RILs. Here, we describe a simple population structure: a three-way recombinant inbred population combination. This structure was easy to produce and was a compromise between biparental and multiparent populations. We show that this structure had advantages when analyzing cultivar crosses, and could achieve a mapping resolution of a few genes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pea Genetics and Breeding)

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17 pages, 2122 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Association Mapping for Heat and Drought Adaptive Traits in Pea

by Endale G. Tafesse, Krishna K. Gali, V. B. Reddy Lachagari, Rosalind Bueckert and Thomas D. Warkentin

Genes 2021, 12(12), 1897; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/genes12121897 - 26 Nov 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2069

Abstract

Heat and drought, individually or in combination, limit pea productivity. Fortunately, substantial genetic diversity exists in pea germplasm for traits related to abiotic stress resistance. Understanding the genetic basis of resistance could accelerate the development of stress-adaptive cultivars. We conducted a genome-wide association [...] Read more.

Heat and drought, individually or in combination, limit pea productivity. Fortunately, substantial genetic diversity exists in pea germplasm for traits related to abiotic stress resistance. Understanding the genetic basis of resistance could accelerate the development of stress-adaptive cultivars. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in pea on six stress-adaptive traits with the aim to detect the genetic regions controlling these traits. One hundred and thirty-five genetically diverse pea accessions were phenotyped in field studies across three or five environments under stress and control conditions. To determine marker trait associations (MTAs), a total of 16,877 valuable single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used in association analysis. Association mapping detected 15 MTAs that were significantly (p ≤ 0.0005) associated with the six stress-adaptive traits averaged across all environments and consistent in multiple individual environments. The identified MTAs were four for lamina wax, three for petiole wax, three for stem thickness, two for the flowering duration, one for the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and two for the normalized pigment and chlorophyll index (NPCI). Sixteen candidate genes were identified within a 15 kb distance from either side of the markers. The detected MTAs and candidate genes have prospective use towards selecting stress-hardy pea cultivars in marker-assisted selection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pea Genetics and Breeding)

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10 pages, 2562 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Non-Rogue Mutant Line Induced by ENU Mutagenesis in Paramutated Rogue Peas (Pisum sativum L.) Is Still Sensitive to the Rogue Paramutation

by Ricardo Pereira and José M. Leitão

Genes 2021, 12(11), 1680; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/genes12111680 - 23 Oct 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1872

Abstract

The spontaneously emerging rogue phenotype in peas (Pisum sativum L.), characterized by narrow and pointed leaf stipula and leaflets, was the first identified case of the epigenetic phenomenon paramutation. The crosses of homozygous or heterozygous (e.g., F1) rogue plants with non-rogue (wild [...] Read more.

The spontaneously emerging rogue phenotype in peas (Pisum sativum L.), characterized by narrow and pointed leaf stipula and leaflets, was the first identified case of the epigenetic phenomenon paramutation. The crosses of homozygous or heterozygous (e.g., F1) rogue plants with non-rogue (wild type) plants, produce exclusively rogue plants in the first and all subsequent generations. The fact that the wild phenotype disappears forever, is in clear contradiction with the Mendelian rules of inheritance, a situation that impedes the positional cloning of genes involved in this epigenetic phenomenon. One way of overcoming this obstacle is the identification of plant genotypes harboring naturally occurring or artificially induced neutral alleles, non-sensitive to paramutation. So far, such alleles have never been described for the pea rogue paramutation. Here, we report the induction via 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis of a non-rogue revertant mutant in the rogue cv. Progreta, and the completely unusual fixation of the induced non-rogue phenotype through several generations. The reversion of the methylation status of two previously identified differentially methylated genomic sequences in the induced non-rogue mutant, confirms that the rogue paramutation is accompanied by alterations in DNA methylation. Nevertheless, unexpectedly, the induced non-rogue mutant showed to be still sensitive to paramutation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pea Genetics and Breeding)

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Review

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23 pages, 3500 KiB

Open AccessReview

Gene-Based Resistance to Erysiphe Species Causing Powdery Mildew Disease in Peas (Pisum sativum L.)

by Jyoti Devi, Gyan P. Mishra, Vidya Sagar, Vineet Kaswan, Rakesh K. Dubey, Prabhakar M. Singh, Shyam K. Sharma and Tusar K. Behera

Genes 2022, 13(2), 316; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/genes13020316 - 08 Feb 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3233

Abstract

Globally powdery mildew (PM) is one of the major diseases of the pea caused by Erysiphe pisi. Besides, two other species viz. Erysiphe trifolii and Erysiphe baeumleri have also been identified to infect the pea plant. To date, three resistant genes, namely [...] Read more.

Globally powdery mildew (PM) is one of the major diseases of the pea caused by Erysiphe pisi. Besides, two other species viz. Erysiphe trifolii and Erysiphe baeumleri have also been identified to infect the pea plant. To date, three resistant genes, namely er1, er2 and Er3 located on linkage groups VI, III and IV respectively were identified. Studies have shown the er1 gene to be a Pisum sativum Mildew resistance Locus ‘O’ homologue and subsequent analysis has identified eleven alleles namely er1–1 to er1–11. Despite reports mentioning the breakdown of er1 gene-mediated PM resistance by E. pisi and E. trifolii, it is still the most widely deployed gene in PM resistance breeding programmes across the world. Several linked DNA markers have been reported in different mapping populations with varying linkage distances and effectiveness, which were used by breeders to develop PM-resistant pea cultivars through marker assisted selection. This review summarizes the genetics of PM resistance and its mechanism, allelic variations of the er gene, marker linkage and future strategies to exploit this information for targeted PM resistance breeding in Pisum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pea Genetics and Breeding)

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14 pages, 1691 KiB

Open AccessReview

Inorganic Nitrogen Transport and Assimilation in Pea (Pisum sativum)

by Benguo Gu, Yi Chen, Fang Xie, Jeremy D. Murray and Anthony J. Miller

Genes 2022, 13(1), 158; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/genes13010158 - 17 Jan 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2718

Abstract

The genome sequences of several legume species are now available allowing the comparison of the nitrogen (N) transporter inventories with non-legume species. A survey of the genes encoding inorganic N transporters and the sensing and assimilatory families in pea, revealed similar numbers of [...] Read more.

The genome sequences of several legume species are now available allowing the comparison of the nitrogen (N) transporter inventories with non-legume species. A survey of the genes encoding inorganic N transporters and the sensing and assimilatory families in pea, revealed similar numbers of genes encoding the primary N assimilatory enzymes to those in other types of plants. Interestingly, we find that pea and Medicago truncatula have fewer members of the NRT2 nitrate transporter family. We suggest that this difference may result from a decreased dependency on soil nitrate acquisition, as legumes have the capacity to derive N from a symbiotic relationship with diazotrophs. Comparison with M. truncatula, indicates that only one of three NRT2s in pea is likely to be functional, possibly indicating less N uptake before nodule formation and N-fixation starts. Pea seeds are large, containing generous amounts of N-rich storage proteins providing a reserve that helps seedling establishment and this may also explain why fewer high affinity nitrate transporters are required. The capacity for nitrate accumulation in the vacuole is another component of assimilation, as it can provide a storage reservoir that supplies the plant when soil N is depleted. Comparing published pea tissue nitrate concentrations with other plants, we find that there is less accumulation of nitrate, even in non-nodulated plants, and that suggests a lower capacity for vacuolar storage. The long-distance transported form of organic N in the phloem is known to be specialized in legumes, with increased amounts of organic N molecules transported, like ureides, allantoin, asparagine and amides in pea. We suggest that, in general, the lower tissue and phloem nitrate levels compared with non-legumes may also result in less requirement for high affinity nitrate transporters. The pattern of N transporter and assimilatory enzyme distribution in pea is discussed and compared with non-legumes with the aim of identifying future breeding targets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pea Genetics and Breeding)

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10 pages, 1018 KiB

Open AccessReview

Hormonal Influences on Pod–Seed Intercommunication during Pea Fruit Development

by Mark Bal and Lars Østergaard

Genes 2022, 13(1), 49; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/genes13010049 - 24 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3030

Abstract

Angiosperms (from the Greek “angeion”—vessel, and “sperma”—seed) are defined by the presence of specialised tissue surrounding their developing seeds. This tissue is known as the ovary and once a flower has been fertilised, it gives rise to the fruit. Fruits serve various functions [...] Read more.

Angiosperms (from the Greek “angeion”—vessel, and “sperma”—seed) are defined by the presence of specialised tissue surrounding their developing seeds. This tissue is known as the ovary and once a flower has been fertilised, it gives rise to the fruit. Fruits serve various functions in relation to the seeds they contain: they often form tough physical barriers to prevent mechanical damage, they may form specialised structures that aid in dispersal, and they act as a site of nutrient and signal exchange between the parent plant and its offspring. The close coordination of fruit growth and seed development is essential to successful reproduction. Firstly, fertilisation of the ovules is required in most angiosperm species to initiate fruit growth. Secondly, it is crucial that seed dispersal facilitated by, e.g., fruit opening or ripening occurs only once the seeds have matured. These highly coordinated events suggest that seeds and fruits are in close communication throughout development and represent a classical problem of interorgan signalling and organismic resource allocation. Here, we review the contribution of studies on the edible, unicarpellate legume Pisum sativum to our understanding of seed and fruit growth coregulation, and propose areas of new research in this species which may yield important advances for both pulse agronomy and natural science. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pea Genetics and Breeding)

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