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Geosciences
Special Issues
Mechanical Integrity of CO2 Storage Sites
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Mechanical Integrity of CO2 Storage Sites

A special issue of Geosciences (ISSN 2076-3263). This special issue belongs to the section "Geomechanics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2021) | Viewed by 15498

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Bahman Bohloli

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Engineering Geology and Rock Mechanics, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway
Interests: geomechanics of CO2 storage complexes; reservoir geomechanics; fracture mechanics; integration of geomechanics and microseismic data; static and dynamic properties of rocks; in-situ stress evaluation; in-situ flow and fracture tests

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue of Geosciences aims to gather high-quality original papers, case studies, advances, reviews, and technical notes on the "Mechanical Integrity of CO2 Storage Sites".

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a key tool for reducing global greenhouse gas emissions. There is great potential for the large-scale storage of CO2 worldwide, where geological formations at great depths provide suitable pressure and temperature conditions for storing CO2 in the supercritical state. Once the CO2 has been injected into the target reservoir, it should be stored permanently there. This requires the assessment of storage integrity. The comprehensive analysis of storage sites, careful planning of injection operation, and employment of viable monitoring technologies are the major elements that can provide confidence in the safe, permanent storage of CO2 in deep geological formations. 

Therefore, I invite you to submit an article on your current research within the subject of Mechanical integrity of CO2 Storage Sites, falling under the topics listed below: 

  • Characterization of geological reservoirs for CO2 storage;
  • Characterization of caprock and overburden;
  • Estimation of reservoir capacity;
  • Geomechanics of reservoir and overburden;
  • Assessment of caprock integrity;
  • Fracture and fault reactivation studies;
  • Integrity of abandoned wells;
  • Geomechanics of CO2-EOR and CO2-geothermal projects;
  • CO2 injection strategies and pressure management;
  • Experiments and simulation of fluid injection;
  • Laboratory testing of reservoir and cap rock material;
  • Monitoring techniques for CO2 storage sites;
  • Conceptual studies of fluid injection;
  • Uncertainty quantification for geological and geomechanical models;
  • Pilot and case studies.

Dr. Bahman Bohloli
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Geosciences is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Caprock 
  • CO2 injection 
  • CCS 
  • Fracture reactivation 
  • Geomechanics 
  • Monitoring 
  • Reservoir 
  • Storage integrity

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

14 pages, 6199 KiB  
Article
Distributed Fiber Optic Strain Sensing for Geomechanical Monitoring: Insights from Field Measurements of Ground Surface Deformation
by Rasha Amer, Ziqiu Xue, Tsutomu Hashimoto and Takeya Nagata
Geosciences 2021, 11(7), 285; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/geosciences11070285 - 08 Jul 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2704
Abstract
In recent years, distributed fiber optic strain sensing (DFOSS) technology has demonstrated a solution for continuous deformation monitoring from subsurface to surface along the wellbore. In this study, we installed a single-mode optical fiber cable in a shallow trench to establish an effective [...] Read more.
In recent years, distributed fiber optic strain sensing (DFOSS) technology has demonstrated a solution for continuous deformation monitoring from subsurface to surface along the wellbore. In this study, we installed a single-mode optical fiber cable in a shallow trench to establish an effective technique for ground surface deformation mapping. We conducted three experimental field tests (iron plate load, water tank filling up load, and airbag inflation) in order to confirm the strain sensitivity of DFOSS for static loads, dynamic overload, excavation, subsidence, and uplift. This paper also presents two installation methods to couple the fiber cable with the ground under various environmental conditions; here, the fiber cable was installed in a shallow trench with one part buried in the soil and another part covered with cement. Our results suggest that covering the cable with cement is a practical approach for installing a fiber cable for ground surface deformation monitoring. By combining this approach with wellbore DFOSS, accurate surface–subsurface deformation measurements can be obtained for three-dimensional geomechanical monitoring of CO2 storage and oil and gas fields in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Integrity of CO2 Storage Sites)
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27 pages, 4972 KiB  
Article
Laboratory Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Draupne Shale Relevant for CO2 Seal Integrity
by Magnus Soldal, Elin Skurtveit and Jung Chan Choi
Geosciences 2021, 11(6), 244; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/geosciences11060244 - 05 Jun 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2804
Abstract
The mechanical integrity of caprocks overlying injection formations is one of the key factors for safe storage of carbon dioxide in geological formations. Undrained effects caused by CO2 injection on strength and elastic parameters should be properly considered in the operational design [...] Read more.
The mechanical integrity of caprocks overlying injection formations is one of the key factors for safe storage of carbon dioxide in geological formations. Undrained effects caused by CO2 injection on strength and elastic parameters should be properly considered in the operational design to avoid fracture creation, fault reactivation and unwanted surface uplift. This study presents results from eleven undrained triaxial compression tests and one oedometer test on the Draupne shale, which is the main caprock of the Smeaheia site in the North Sea, to extract parameters relevant for seal integrity. Tests have been performed on samples oriented perpendicular to and parallel with the horizontal layering of the rock to study the effects of sample orientation relative to the loading direction. Results from undrained triaxial tests showed only minor effects of sample orientation on friction and cohesion. However, when loading during undrained shearing was parallel with layering (horizontal samples), measured Young’s modulus was roughly 1.4 times higher than for the vertical samples. Undrained shearing of vertical samples generated 30–50% more excess pore pressure than for horizontal samples with similar consolidation stress owing to more volume compaction of vertical samples. With apparent pre-consolidation stress determined from a high-stress oedometer test, the normalized undrained shear strength was found to correlate well with the overconsolidation ratio following the SHANSEP (Stress History and Normalized Soil Engineering Properties) procedure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Integrity of CO2 Storage Sites)
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13 pages, 20669 KiB  
Article
An Analytical Solution for Pressure-Induced Deformation of Anisotropic Multilayered Subsurface
by Joonsang Park, Tore Ingvald Bjørnarå and Bahman Bohloli
Geosciences 2021, 11(4), 180; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/geosciences11040180 - 18 Apr 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2029
Abstract
We present a generalized Geertsma solution that can consider any number of finite-thickness layers in the subsurface whose mechanical properties are different from layer to layer. In addition, each layer can be assumed either isotropic or anisotropic. The accuracy of the generalized solution [...] Read more.
We present a generalized Geertsma solution that can consider any number of finite-thickness layers in the subsurface whose mechanical properties are different from layer to layer. In addition, each layer can be assumed either isotropic or anisotropic. The accuracy of the generalized solution is validated against a numerical reference solution. The generalized Geertsma solution is further extended by a linear superposition framework that enables a response simulation due to an arbitrarily-distributed non-uniform pressure anomaly. The linear superposition approach is tested and validated by solving a realistic synthetic model based on the In Salah CO2 storage model and compared with a full 3D finite element solution. Finally, by means of a simple inversion exercise (based on the linear superposition approach), we learn that the stiffnesses of cap rock and reservoir are the most influencing parameter on the inversion result for a given layering geometry, suggesting that it is very important to estimate high-confidence mechanical properties of both cap rock and reservoir. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Integrity of CO2 Storage Sites)
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Review

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15 pages, 2039 KiB  
Review
Marine Monitoring for Offshore Geological Carbon Storage—A Review of Strategies, Technologies and Trends
by Ann E. A. Blomberg, Ivar-Kristian Waarum, Christian Totland and Espen Eek
Geosciences 2021, 11(9), 383; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/geosciences11090383 - 11 Sep 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2755
Abstract
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) could significantly contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and reaching international climate goals. In this process, CO2 is captured and injected into geological formations for permanent storage. The injected plume and its migration within the reservoir is [...] Read more.
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) could significantly contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and reaching international climate goals. In this process, CO2 is captured and injected into geological formations for permanent storage. The injected plume and its migration within the reservoir is carefully monitored, using geophysical methods. While it is considered unlikely that the injected CO2 should escape the reservoir and reach the marine environment, marine monitoring is required to verify that there are no indications of leakage, and to detect and quantify leakage if it should occur. Marine monitoring is challenging because of the considerable area to be covered, the limited spatial and temporal extent of a potential leakage event, and the considerable natural variability in the marine environment. In this review, we summarize marine monitoring strategies developed to ensure adequate monitoring of the marine environment without introducing prohibitive costs. We also provide an overview of the many different technologies applicable to different aspects of marine monitoring of geologically stored carbon. Finally, we identify remaining knowledge gaps and indicate expected directions for future research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Integrity of CO2 Storage Sites)
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26 pages, 1069 KiB  
Review
Enhanced Oil Recovery Using CO2 in Alaska
by Banabas Dogah, Vahid Atashbari, Mohabbat Ahmadi and Brent Sheets
Geosciences 2021, 11(2), 98; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/geosciences11020098 - 19 Feb 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3461
Abstract
Alaska holds more than 68 billion barrels of proved oil reserves and more than 36.7 trillion cubic feet of proved natural gas reserves with some special conditions such as proximity to permafrost, making Alaskan petroleum reserves unique. The low temperature in shallow reservoirs [...] Read more.
Alaska holds more than 68 billion barrels of proved oil reserves and more than 36.7 trillion cubic feet of proved natural gas reserves with some special conditions such as proximity to permafrost, making Alaskan petroleum reserves unique. The low temperature in shallow reservoirs prohibited hydrocarbons’ ideal maturation, thereby generating several heavy and viscous oil accumulations in this state. This also limits the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) options, leaving the thermal methods off the table to avoid permafrost thawing, which can cause wellbore collapse. Several solutions have been attempted for improving oil production from heavy and viscous oil in Alaska; however, they have not yielded the desired recovery, and ultimate recovery factors are still less than the global average. One solution identified as a better alternative is using CO2 as an injecting fluid, alternated by water or mixed with other injectants. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of all studies on using CO2 for enhanced oil recovery purposes in Alaska and highlights common and unique challenges this approach may face. The suitability of CO2-EOR methods in the Alaskan oil pools is examined, and a ranking of the oil pools with publicly available data is provided. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Integrity of CO2 Storage Sites)
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