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Geosciences
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Temperature in Sedimentary Basins
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Temperature in Sedimentary Basins

A special issue of Geosciences (ISSN 2076-3263). This special issue belongs to the section "Structural Geology and Tectonics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 August 2020) | Viewed by 24057

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Silvia Omodeo-Salé

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Guest Editor
Department of Earth Science, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
Interests: basin analysis; thermal modelling; organic petrography; petroleum systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Sveva Corrado

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Dipartimento di Scienze, Sezione Scienze Geologiche, Università Roma Tre, 00146 Roma, Italy
Interests: basin analysis; tectonics; organic petrography; structural geology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Andrea Schito

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Geology and Geophysics, School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen 8AB243UE, UK
Interests: sedimentary basins; basin analysis; thermal modelling; clay mineralogy; Raman spectroscopy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In a sedimentary basin, temperature is one of the most critical parameters, since it controls several processes, such as mineral precipitation; diagenesis; maturation of organic matter; and fluids circulation. In turn, temperature attained in a basin is the result of the interplay among several sedimentologic, structural, tectonic, and geodynamic processes, which are specific for each sedimentary basin.

The reconstruction of the present and paleothermal gradient has a relevant impact on socioeconomic and anthropogenic activities. This is because temperature has a strong control on the presence of geo-resources in sedimentary basins. This includes hydrocarbons and geothermal energy. Furthermore, temperature has an implication on the potential for temporary or permanent storage of energies and anthropogenic products such as heat, CO2, and nuclear waste.

This Special Issue aims at presenting an overview on reconstructing the temperature variation over time in sedimentary basins, to deeply understand their tectono-stratigraphic evolution as well as the processes forming earth resources. In this issue, different approaches for reconstruct the paleotemperature will also be emphasized. 

Dr. Silvia Omodeo-Salé
Prof. Sveva Corrado
Dr. Andrea Schito
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Geosciences is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Temperature
  • Thermal history
  • Earth resources
  • Paleo-thermometers

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 4930 KiB  
Article
A Predictive Model for Maceral Discrimination by Means of Raman Spectra on Dispersed Organic Matter: A Case Study from the Carpathian Fold-and-Thrust Belt (Ukraine)
by Andrea Schito, Alexandra Guedes, Bruno Valentim, Natalia A. Vergara Sassarini and Sveva Corrado
Geosciences 2021, 11(5), 213; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/geosciences11050213 - 14 May 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1752
Abstract
In this study, we propose a predictive model for maceral discrimination based on Raman spectroscopic analyses of dispersed organic matter. Raman micro-spectroscopy was coupled with optical and Rock-Eval pyrolysis analyses on a set of seven samples collected from Mesozoic and Cenozoic successions of [...] Read more.
In this study, we propose a predictive model for maceral discrimination based on Raman spectroscopic analyses of dispersed organic matter. Raman micro-spectroscopy was coupled with optical and Rock-Eval pyrolysis analyses on a set of seven samples collected from Mesozoic and Cenozoic successions of the Outer sector of the Carpathian fold and thrust belt. Organic petrography and Rock-Eval pyrolysis evidence a type II/III kerogen with complex organofacies composed by the coal maceral groups of the vitrinite, inertinite, and liptinite, while thermal maturity lies at the onset of the oil window spanning between 0.42 and 0.61 Ro%. Micro-Raman analyses were performed, on approximately 30–100 spectra per sample but only for relatively few fragments was it possible to perform an optical classification according to their macerals group. A multivariate statistical analysis of the identified vitrinite and inertinite spectra allows to define the variability of the organofacies and develop a predictive PLS-DA model for the identification of vitrinite from Raman spectra. Following the first attempts made in the last years, this work outlines how machine learning techniques have become a useful support for classical petrography analyses in thermal maturity assessment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Temperature in Sedimentary Basins)
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29 pages, 18076 KiB  
Article
Quantifying Multiple Erosion Events in the Distal Sector of the Northern Alpine Foreland Basin (North-Eastern Switzerland), by Combining Basin Thermal Modelling with Vitrinite Reflectance and Apatite Fission Track Data
by Silvia Omodeo-Salé, Yanis Hamidi, Diego Villagomez and Andrea Moscariello
Geosciences 2021, 11(2), 62; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/geosciences11020062 - 30 Jan 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2501
Abstract
This work quantifies the amount of erosion associated with the Cretaceous and Miocene erosional unconformities recognised in the distal part of the Northern Alpine Foreland Basin (NAFB), north-eastern Switzerland. To achieve this goal, the basin thermal modelling approach is applied, calibrated by two [...] Read more.
This work quantifies the amount of erosion associated with the Cretaceous and Miocene erosional unconformities recognised in the distal part of the Northern Alpine Foreland Basin (NAFB), north-eastern Switzerland. To achieve this goal, the basin thermal modelling approach is applied, calibrated by two different sets of data collected in previous studies: vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) and the temperature estimated from apatite fission tracks (AFT) data modelling. The novelty of this approach is the possibility to constrain the timing and magnitude of multiple erosion events by integrating thermal modelling with thermochronologic data. Combining these two methods allows the erosional events to be separated which would not be possible using only irreversible paleothermometers, such as vitrinite reflectance data. Two scenarios were tested, based on the data of two published thermochronology studies. For the Cretaceous unconformity, similar results are obtained for the two scenarios, both indicating that the deposition and the subsequent complete erosion of Lower Cretaceous deposits, in the order of 500–1300 m, depending on the area, are necessary, in order to attain the temperatures estimated by the thermal history modelling of AFT data. Thus, a depositional hiatus for this period is not likely. For the Miocene-Quaternary unconformity, the magnitude of erosion calculated for the two scenarios differs by 300–1400 m, depending on the AFT data considered. The two scenarios lead to a different evaluation of the subsidence and uplift rate of the study area, thus to a different interpretation of the tectono-stratigraphic evolution of this distal sector of the NAFB. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Temperature in Sedimentary Basins)
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21 pages, 6828 KiB  
Article
Insights into the Thermal History of North-Eastern Switzerland—Apatite Fission Track Dating of Deep Drill Core Samples from the Swiss Jura Mountains and the Swiss Molasse Basin
by Diego Villagómez Díaz, Silvia Omodeo-Salé, Alexey Ulyanov and Andrea Moscariello
Geosciences 2021, 11(1), 10; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/geosciences11010010 - 27 Dec 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2205
Abstract
This work presents new apatite fission track LA–ICP–MS (Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) data from Mid–Late Paleozoic rocks, which form the substratum of the Swiss Jura mountains (the Tabular Jura and the Jura fold-and-thrust belt) and the northern margin of the [...] Read more.
This work presents new apatite fission track LA–ICP–MS (Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) data from Mid–Late Paleozoic rocks, which form the substratum of the Swiss Jura mountains (the Tabular Jura and the Jura fold-and-thrust belt) and the northern margin of the Swiss Molasse Basin. Samples were collected from cores of deep boreholes drilled in North Switzerland in the 1980s, which reached the crystalline basement. Our thermochronological data show that the region experienced a multi-cycle history of heating and cooling that we ascribe to burial and exhumation, respectively. Sedimentation in the Swiss Jura Mountains occurred continuously from Early Triassic to Early Cretaceous, leading to the deposition of maximum 2 km of sediments. Subsequently, less than 1 km of Lower Cretaceous and Upper Jurassic sediments were slowly eroded during the Late Cretaceous, plausibly as a consequence of the northward migration of the forebulge of the neo-forming North Alpine Foreland Basin. Following this event, the whole region remained relatively stable throughout the Paleogene. Our data show that the Tabular Jura region resumed exhumation at low rates in early–middle Miocene times (≈20–15 Ma), whereas exhumation in the Jura fold-and-thrust belt probably re-started later, in the late Miocene (≈10–5 Ma). Erosional exhumation likely continues to the present day. Despite sampling limitations, our thermochronological data record discrete periods of slow cooling (rates of about 1°C/My), which might preclude models of elevated cooling (due to intense erosion) in the Jura Mountains during the Miocene. The denudation (≈1 km) of the Tabular Jura region and the Jura fold-and-thrust belt (≈500 m) has provided sediments to the Swiss Molasse Basin since at least 20 Ma. The southward migration of deformation in the Jura mountains suggests that the molasse basin started to uplift and exhume only after 5 Ma, as suggested also by previous authors. The data presented here show that the deformation of the whole region is occurring in an out-of-sequence trend, which is more likely associated with the reactivation of thrust faults beneath the foreland basin. This deformation trend suggests that tectonics is the most determinant factor controlling denudation and exhumation of the region, whereas the recently proposed “climate-induced exhumation” mechanism might play a secondary role. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Temperature in Sedimentary Basins)
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24 pages, 5911 KiB  
Article
How Can Deep Geothermal Projects Provide Information on the Temperature Distribution in the Upper Rhine Graben? The Example of the Soultz-Sous-Forêts-Enhanced Geothermal System
by Béatrice A. Ledésert and Ronan L. Hébert
Geosciences 2020, 10(11), 459; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/geosciences10110459 - 13 Nov 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3495
Abstract
The Upper Rhine Graben (URG) hosts thermal anomalies that account for the development of oil fields. Recently, a geothermal power plant has been installed in this area. Data obtained in this framework provide an insight into the temperature distribution in the URG. The [...] Read more.
The Upper Rhine Graben (URG) hosts thermal anomalies that account for the development of oil fields. Recently, a geothermal power plant has been installed in this area. Data obtained in this framework provide an insight into the temperature distribution in the URG. The present thermal gradient at Soultz-sous-Forêts is not linear: nearly 90 °C/km down to 1400 m depth, then about 12 °C/km from that depth down to 5000 m. The combination of temperature conditions and natural fluid circulation in fracture networks has led to the hydrothermal alteration of the granite into mineral assemblages such as those including illite, quartz and calcite. Illite is locally impregnated with organic matter of two kinds: a mature type derived from oil source rocks and a less mature type derived from surficial sedimentary layers indicating the km-scale of transfer. Newly formed crystals of quartz and calcite from around 2000 m depth record a fluid temperature range of 130 to 170 °C, consistent with modelling and the temperatures measured at present in the drill-holes at this depth. In such hydrothermally altered zones, local variations of temperature are encountered indicating current fluid flows that are being sought for geothermal purposes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Temperature in Sedimentary Basins)
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32 pages, 9667 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Shale Source Rocks and Clay Mineral Diagenesis in the Permian Basin, USA: Inferences on Basin Thermal Maturity and Source Rock Potential
by Hunter Green, Branimir Šegvić, Giovanni Zanoni, Silvia Omodeo-Salé and Thierry Adatte
Geosciences 2020, 10(10), 381; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/geosciences10100381 - 23 Sep 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 6656
Abstract
The use of mineral diagenetic indices and organic matter maturity is useful for reconstructing the evolution of sedimentary basins and critical assessments for potential source rocks for petroleum exploration. In this study, the relationship of clay mineral diagenesis and organic matter thermal indices [...] Read more.
The use of mineral diagenetic indices and organic matter maturity is useful for reconstructing the evolution of sedimentary basins and critical assessments for potential source rocks for petroleum exploration. In this study, the relationship of clay mineral diagenesis and organic matter thermal indices (Rock-Eval Tmax) and calculated vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) were used to constrain the maximum burial depths and temperatures of three distinct intervals within the northern Permian Basin, USA. X-ray diffraction of clay fractions (<2 µm) consists of illite, chlorite, and illite-smectite intermediates. Primary clay mineral diagenetic changes progressively increase in ordering from R0 to R1 I-S between 2359.5 and 2485.9 m and the appearance of chlorite at 2338.7 m. Rock-Eval pyrolysis data show 0 to 14 wt% TOC, HI values of 40 to 520 mgHC/g TOC, and S2 values of 0 to 62 mg HC/g, with primarily type II kerogen with calculated %Ro within the early to peak oil maturation window. Evaluation of the potential for oil generation is relatively good throughout the Tonya 401 and JP Chilton wells. Organic maturation indices (Tmax, %Ro) and peak burial temperatures correlate well with clay mineral diagenesis (R0–R1 I-S), indicating that maximum burial depths and temperatures were between 2.5 and 4 km and <100 °C and 140 °C, respectively. Additionally, the use of clay mineral-derived temperatures provides insight into discrepancies between several calculated %Ro equations and thus should be further investigated for use in the Permian Basin. Accordingly, these findings show that clay mineral diagenesis, combined with other paleothermal proxies, can considerably improve the understanding of the complex burial history of the Permian Basin in the context of the evolution of the southern margin of Laurentia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Temperature in Sedimentary Basins)
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18 pages, 6343 KiB  
Article
Validating Structural Styles in the Flysch Basin Northern Rif (Morocco) by Means of Thermal Modeling
by Achraf Atouabat, Sveva Corrado, Andrea Schito, Faouziya Haissen, Oriol Gimeno-Vives, Geoffroy Mohn and Dominique Frizon de Lamotte
Geosciences 2020, 10(9), 325; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/geosciences10090325 - 19 Aug 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3346
Abstract
Vitrinite reflectance and a micro-Raman spectroscopy parameters data set have been acquired on dispersed organic matter of the Maghrebian flysch basin and the Tangiers unit across a NE-SW section in the north-western Rif belt (North Morocco). Thermal maturity shows increasing values from the [...] Read more.
Vitrinite reflectance and a micro-Raman spectroscopy parameters data set have been acquired on dispersed organic matter of the Maghrebian flysch basin and the Tangiers unit across a NE-SW section in the north-western Rif belt (North Morocco). Thermal maturity shows increasing values from the hinterland to the external unit (from NE to SW). Paleo-thermal indicators show that the internal flysch basin (i.e., the Mauretanian unit) is less mature than the external one, (i.e., the Massylian unit), with Ro% and Ro eq. Raman values ranging from 0.64% to 1.02% (from early mature to late mature stages of hydrocarbon generation). 1D thermal modeling estimates the overburden now totally eroded ranging from 3.1 km to 6.0 km, and has been used as constraint to reconstruct the complete thrust wedge geometry in Miocene times. The reconstructed geometry accounts for high shortening (about 63%) due to the development of an antiformal stack in the frontal part of the wedge made up by the flysch succession. This stacking is interpreted as a consequence of the western translation of the Alboran Domain in the core of the Betic-Rif orogenic system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Temperature in Sedimentary Basins)
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14 pages, 2006 KiB  
Article
Constraining Basin Parameters Using a Known Subsidence History
by Mohit Tunwal, Kieran F. Mulchrone and Patrick A. Meere
Geosciences 2020, 10(7), 263; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/geosciences10070263 - 09 Jul 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3093
Abstract
Temperature history is one of the most important factors driving subsidence and the overall tectono-stratigraphic evolution of a sedimentary basin. The McKenzie model has been widely applied for subsidence modelling and stretching factor estimation for sedimentary basins formed in an extensional tectonic environment. [...] Read more.
Temperature history is one of the most important factors driving subsidence and the overall tectono-stratigraphic evolution of a sedimentary basin. The McKenzie model has been widely applied for subsidence modelling and stretching factor estimation for sedimentary basins formed in an extensional tectonic environment. Subsidence modelling requires values of physical parameters (e.g., crustal thickness, lithospheric thickness, stretching factor) that may not always be available. With a given subsidence history of a basin estimated using a stratigraphic backstripping method, these parameters can be estimated by quantitatively comparing the known subsidence curve with modelled subsidence curves. In this contribution, a method to compare known and modelled subsidence curves is presented, aiming to constrain valid combinations of the stretching factor, crustal thickness, and lithospheric thickness of a basin. Furthermore, a numerical model is presented that takes into account the effect of sedimentary cover on thermal history and subsidence modelling of a basin. The parameter fitting method presented here is first applied to synthetically generated subsidence curves. Next, a case study using a known subsidence curve from the Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, is considered. The range of stretching factors estimated for the Campos basin from this study is in accordance with previous work, with an additional estimate of corresponding lithospheric thickness. This study provides insight into the dependence of thermal history and subsidence modelling methods on assumptions regarding model input parameters. This methodology also allows for the estimation of valid combinations of physical lithospheric parameters, where the subsidence history is known. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Temperature in Sedimentary Basins)
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