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24-Hour Movement Behaviors (Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Sleep) in the under 5s, Children and Adolescents

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A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Adolescents".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2021) | Viewed by 30466

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Xanne Janssen

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Guest Editor

University of Strathclyde, School of Psychological Science and Health, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1QE, UK
Interests: 24-hour movement behaviours; physical activity; sedentary behaviour; screen time; measurement; public health; under 5s; children; adolescents

Dr. Ann-Maree Parrish

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Co-Guest Editor

School of Health & Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Sleep, physical activity, and sedentary behaviour (including screen time) are associated with a wide range of important health and developmental outcomes in children and adolescents. To date, most research has examined these behaviours in isolation. However, recently, the focus has shifted to following a more integrated approach in which it is recognised that 24-hour movement behaviours are co-dependent. It is important to examine how different combinations of behaviours influence a young person’s health. Therefore, in this Special Issue, interested authors are invited to contribute their research in the field of 24-hour movement behaviours in the under 5s, children, and adolescents. Research that addresses the measurement of 24-hour movement behaviours, levels of 24-hour movement behaviours, and the associations of the combination of 24-hour movement behaviours and health in those under 18 years of age is suitable for consideration in this Special Issue.

Dr. Xanne Janssen
Dr. Ann-Maree Parrish
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

physical activity
sedentary behaviour
screen time
sleep
compositional analysis
health

Published Papers (9 papers)

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12 pages, 363 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Objectively Determined Physical Activity Levels and Body Composition in 6–8-Year-Old Children from a Black South African Population: BC–IT Study

by Caroline M. Sedumedi, Xanne Janssen, John J. Reilly, Herculina S. Kruger and Makama Andries Monyeki

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(12), 6453; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18126453 - 15 Jun 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2366

Abstract

Physical inactivity in children is a global pandemic in parallel with increasing obesity prevalence. However, studies assessing the association between physical activity (PA) and body composition (BC) report conflicting findings, possibly because of the different methodologies across studies, with objective methods promising reliable results. This study determines the association between objectively determined PA levels and BC in 6–8-year-old children from a black South African population. Ninety-three children aged 6–8 years, who formed part of a larger study on BC using the deuterium dilution method (DDM), were included. Height and weight were measured according to the standard procedures, and body mass index z-score was calculated. Fatness was determined by DDM. An accelerometer was used to measure PA levels. Regression models were performed to determine the relationship between PA and BC. Approximately 23% of the children did not meet the recommended PA guidelines and 27% were overfat. After adjustments were made, more time spent in vigorous PA was significantly associated with lower fat mass (β = −0.25, p = 0.01, 95%CI: −11.08; −1.20) and fat mass % (β = −0.20, p = 0.04, 95%CI: −12.63; −0.18). Participation in high PA, especially of high intensity, was associated with reduced adiposity in children. Behavioural changes such as increasing high intensity PA is strongly recommended for reducing adiposity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 24-Hour Movement Behaviors (Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Sleep) in the under 5s, Children and Adolescents)

15 pages, 599 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations between 24-Hour Movement Behaviours, Recreational Screen Use and Psychosocial Health Outcomes in Children: A Compositional Data Analysis Approach

by Kar Hau Chong, Anne-Maree Parrish, Dylan P. Cliff, Dorothea Dumuid and Anthony D. Okely

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(11), 5995; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18115995 - 03 Jun 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3933

Abstract

It remains unclear whether the time-use composition of 24-h movement behaviours (sleep, sedentary time (ST), physical activity (PA)) and recreational screen use are independently associated with psychosocial health. This study examined the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between 24-h movement behaviour composition, recreational screen use and psychosocial health outcomes in children. Measures completed at baseline (n = 127; 11.7 years) and follow-up (n = 88; 12.8 years) included accelerometer-based 24-h movement behaviours, self-reported recreational screen use and psychosocial health (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, Kessler’s Psychological Distress Scale). Linear mixed models were used to examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between the 24-h movement behaviour composition and recreational screen use levels with psychosocial health outcomes. Overall, the movement behaviour composition (p < 0.05) and recreational screen use levels (p < 0.01) were both cross-sectionally but not longitudinally associated with psychosocial health outcomes. Relative to other behaviours, sleep was negatively associated, while light-intensity PA was positively associated with internalising problems and total difficulties scores. ST was positively associated with internalising problems. High levels of recreational screen use (>2 h/day) were associated with greater externalising problems, total difficulties scores and psychological distress. These findings reinforce the importance of achieving a balance between different types of movement behaviours over a 24-h period for psychosocial health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 24-Hour Movement Behaviors (Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Sleep) in the under 5s, Children and Adolescents)

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13 pages, 2122 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Compliance with Movement Behavior Guidelines and Obesity among Malaysian Preschoolers

by Shoo Thien Lee, Jyh Eiin Wong, Geraldine K. L. Chan and Bee Koon Poh

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(9), 4611; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18094611 - 27 Apr 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3054

Abstract

A daily balance of physical activities, sedentary behaviors and sleep are important for maintaining the health of young children. The aim of this study is to explore the association between 24-h movement behavior of Malaysian children aged 4 to 6 years with weight status. A total of 230 preschoolers were recruited from 22 kindergartens in Kuala Lumpur. Physical activity was assessed by Actical accelerometer while screen time and sleep duration were proxy-reported by parents. Children spent on average 5.5 ± 1.3 h on total physical activity (including 1.0 ± 0.4 h of moderate- vigorous physical activity), 3.0 ± 1.6 h on screen activities and 9.5 ± 1.3 h sleeping daily. The proportion of children who complied with physical activity and sleep guidelines were 48.7% and 55.2%, respectively. About 25.2% of children met screen time recommendation. Only 6.5% of children met all three age-specific physical activity, screen time and sleep guidelines. Children who met any two guidelines were less likely to be overweight or obesity compared to those who did not meet any of the guidelines (OR: 0.276; 95% CI: 0.080–0.950). In conclusion, Malaysian preschoolers have low compliance to movement behavior guidelines, especially in meeting screen time recommendations. Compliance to movement behavior guidelines was associated with lower odds of overweight and obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 24-Hour Movement Behaviors (Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Sleep) in the under 5s, Children and Adolescents)

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21 pages, 4396 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Dissemination of the South African 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Birth to 5 Years

by Catherine E. Draper, Takana M. Silubonde, Gudani Mukoma and Esther M. F. van Sluijs

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(6), 3071; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18063071 - 17 Mar 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2939

Abstract

South Africa (SA) launched their 24-h movement guidelines for birth to five years in December 2018. The guideline dissemination plan adopted a “train-the-trainer” strategy through dissemination workshops with community-based organisations (CBOs) working in early childhood development. The aim of this paper is to: (1) document this dissemination process; and (2) report on the feasibility of implementing the dissemination workshops, the acceptability of the workshops (and guidelines) for different end-user groups, and the extent to which CBO representatives disseminated the guidelines to end-users. Fifteen workshops were held in seven of SA’s nine provinces with a total of 323 attendees. Quantitative and qualitative findings (n = 281) indicate that these workshops were feasible for community-based dissemination of the guidelines and that this method of dissemination was acceptable to CBOs and end-users. Findings from follow-up focus groups (6 groups, n = 28 participants) indicate that the guidelines were shared with end-users of CBOs who participated in the focus groups. An additional musical storytelling resource, the “Woza, Mntwana” song, was well-received by participants; sharing via WhatsApp was believed to be the most effective way to disseminate this song. These findings confirm the feasibility and acceptability of culturally appropriate and context-specific community-based dissemination of behavioural guidelines in low-income settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 24-Hour Movement Behaviors (Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Sleep) in the under 5s, Children and Adolescents)

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17 pages, 1250 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differences in Habitual Physical Activity Behavior between Students from Different Vocational Education Tracks and the Association with Cognitive Performance

by Rianne H. J. Golsteijn, Hieronymus J. M. Gijselaers, Hans H. C. M. Savelberg, Amika S. Singh and Renate H. M. de Groot

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(6), 3031; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18063031 - 16 Mar 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2710

Abstract

Vocational education and training (VET) educates students for a broad range of occupations, which may be associated with differences in habitual physical activity behavior (PAB). Research suggests that physical activity (PA) is positively and sedentary behavior (SB) is negatively associated with cognitive performance. Therefore, we aimed to compare habitual PAB in VET students from different educational tracks and investigate its association with cognitive performance in a cross-sectional study. Students wore an ActivPAL accelerometer continuously for seven days to measure PAB. Cognitive performance was assessed with objective tests for inhibition, shifting, and updating. Hairdresser and Sports students sat significantly less than Administrative and Nursing students. Hairdresser students stood significantly more than other tracks. Admin students stood significantly less than Sports/Nursing students. Sports students moved significantly more than Hairdresser and Nursing students. Time in bed was significantly lowest in Nursing students. No significant associations between any PAB and cognitive performance were found. In general, Admin students showed the unhealthiest habitual PAB. Higher PA or lower SB neither improve nor decrease cognitive performance. Thus, future health interventions focusing on exchanging SB for PA at schools can facilitate a healthier lifestyle of VET students, especially in Admin students, without interfering with cognitive performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 24-Hour Movement Behaviors (Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Sleep) in the under 5s, Children and Adolescents)

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8 pages, 316 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Feasibility and Acceptability of Accelerometer Measurement of Physical Activity in Pregnant Adolescents

by Emma L. M. Clark, Lauren D. Gulley, Allison M. Hilkin, Bonny Rockette-Wagner, Heather J. Leach, Rachel G. Lucas-Thompson, Marian Tanofsky-Kraff, Kristen J. Nadeau, Stephen M. Scott, Jeanelle L. Sheeder and Lauren B. Shomaker

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(5), 2216; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18052216 - 24 Feb 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2015

Abstract

During pregnancy, physical activity relates to better maternal and child mental and physical health. Accelerometry is thought to be effective for assessing free-living physical activity, but the feasibility/acceptability of accelerometer use in pregnant adolescents has not been reported. In this short communication, we conducted secondary analysis of a small pilot study to describe the feasibility/acceptability of accelerometry in pregnant adolescents and the preliminary results of physical activity characteristics. Participants were recruited from a multidisciplinary adolescent perinatal clinic. Physical activity was assessed with wrist-worn accelerometers. Feasibility was described as median days of valid wear (≥10 h of wear/day) for the total sample and the number/percentage of participants with ≥4 days of valid wear. Sensitivity analyses of wear time were performed. Acceptability ratings were collected by structured interview. Thirty-six pregnant (14.6 ± 2.1 gestational weeks) adolescents (17.9 ± 1.0 years) participated. Median days of valid wear were 4 days. Seventeen participants (51.5%) had ≥4 days of valid wear. There were no differences in characteristics of adolescents with vs. without ≥4 days of valid wear. Twenty participants (60.6%) had ≥3 days of valid wear, 24 (72.7%) ≥2 valid days, and 27 (81.8%) ≥1 valid wear day. Acceptability ratings were neutral. Assessing physical activity with accelerometry in pregnant adolescents was neither feasible nor acceptable with the current conditions. Future research should investigate additional incentives and the potential utility of a lower wear-time criterion in pregnant adolescents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 24-Hour Movement Behaviors (Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Sleep) in the under 5s, Children and Adolescents)

12 pages, 351 KiB

Open AccessArticle

International Study of Movement Behaviors in the Early Years (SUNRISE): Results from SUNRISE Sweden’s Pilot and COVID-19 Study

by Christine Delisle Nyström, Christina Alexandrou, Maria Henström, Ellinor Nilsson, Anthony D. Okely, Serina Wehbe El Masri and Marie Löf

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(22), 8491; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17228491 - 16 Nov 2020

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 5452

Abstract

The International Study of Movement Behaviors in the Early Years (SUNRISE) was initiated in response to the 2019 WHO guidelines for physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep in children aged 0–5 years. This Swedish pilot study aimed to: (i) assess the proportion of preschoolers meeting the guidelines, (ii) evaluate the feasibility of the methods for the SUNRISE study, and (iii) assess how movement behaviors have been affected in preschoolers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Physical activity and sleep (waist-worn ActiGraph); screen time and movement behaviors (parental questionnaire); motor skills (Ages and Stages Questionnaire); and executive functions (3 iPad games) were assessed in 100 Swedish preschoolers (n = 58 boys). There were 19.4% of preschoolers (n = 14) who met the WHO guidelines. The motor skill and executive function assessments were feasible; however, 20% refused to wear the ActiGraph overnight. Additionally, during the pandemic Swedish children’s physical activity, time spent outside on weekdays and weekend days, and screen time significantly increased (+53; +124; +68; +30min/day, respectively, all p-values ≤ 0.001). Methods for the SUNRISE study were feasible in a Swedish context; however, considerations to switch to a wrist-worn accelerometer should be made. Furthermore, children’s physical activity increased during the pandemic, which is likely due to how the rules/restrictions were implemented in Sweden. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 24-Hour Movement Behaviors (Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Sleep) in the under 5s, Children and Adolescents)

10 pages, 765 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Sleep, and Their Association with BMI in a Sample of Adolescent Females in New Zealand

by Lauren S. Tye, Tessa Scott, Jillian J. Haszard and Meredith C. Peddie

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(17), 6346; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17176346 - 31 Aug 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3252

Abstract

Despite activity guidelines moving towards a 24-h focus, we have a poor understanding of the 24-h activity patterns of adolescents. Therefore, this study aims to describe the 24-h activity patterns of a sample of adolescent females and investigate the association with body mass index (BMI). Adolescent females aged 15–18 years (n = 119) were recruited across 13 schools in 8 locations throughout New Zealand. Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometers were worn 24-h a day for seven days and the output was used to identify time spent in each 24-h component (sleep, sedentary, light-intensity physical activity and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity). In a 24-h period, adolescent females spent approximately half their time sedentary, one third sleeping and the remainder in light-intensity physical activity (15%) and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (5%). Higher BMI z-scores were associated with 16 min more time spent in light-intensity physical activity. Additionally, those with higher BMI were less likely to meet the sleep and physical activity guidelines for this age group. Compliance with the moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity guidelines, sleep guidelines, or both, was low, especially in those classified as overweight or obese. The association between BMI and light activity warrants further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 24-Hour Movement Behaviors (Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Sleep) in the under 5s, Children and Adolescents)

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16 pages, 640 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Systematic Review of the Relationships between 24-Hour Movement Behaviours and Health Indicators in School-Aged Children from Arab-Speaking Countries

by Yazeed A. Alanazi, Eduarda Sousa-Sá, Kar Hau Chong, Anne-Maree Parrish and Anthony D. Okely

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(16), 8640; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18168640 - 16 Aug 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3071

Abstract

The Australian and Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines for children and youth synthesized studies in English and French or other languages (if able to be translated with Google translate) and found very few studies published in English from Arabic countries that examined the relationship between objectively measured sedentary behaviour (SB), sleep and physical activity (PA) and health indicators in children aged 5–12 years. The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the relationships between 24-hour movement behaviours and health indicators in school-aged children from Arab-speaking countries. Online databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, SPORTdiscus, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Scopus were searched for English, French and Arabic studies (written in English), while Saudi Digital Library, ArabBase, HumanIndex, KSUP, Pan-Arab Academic Journal, e-Marefa, Al Manhal eLibrary and Google Scholar were searched for Arabic studies. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework was used to assess the risk of bias and the quality of evidence for each health indicator. A total of 16 studies, comprising 15,346 participants from nine countries were included. These studies were conducted between 2000 and 2019. In general, low levels of PA and sleep and high SB were unfavourably associated with adiposity outcomes, behavioural problems, depression and low self-esteem. Favourable associations were reported between sleep duration and adiposity outcomes. SB was favourably associated with adiposity outcomes, withdrawn behaviour, attention and externalizing problems. PA was favourably associated with improved self-esteem and adiposity outcomes. Further studies to address the inequality in the literature in the Arab-speaking countries to understand the role of 24-hour movement behaviours and its positive influence on health outcomes across childhood are urgently needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 24-Hour Movement Behaviors (Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Sleep) in the under 5s, Children and Adolescents)

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