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Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender

A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Sport and Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (14 July 2023) | Viewed by 123911

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Leonor Gallardo Guerrero

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
Interests: sport management; sport facilities; sport policy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Jorge Garcia-Unanue

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
Interests: sport management; sport facilities; sport policy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Scientific evidence has shown that physical activity and sport, practiced with certain frequency and at a moderate to vigorous intensity, are one of the best strategies currently available to promote public health and the well-being of the population. In addition, physical activity and sport practice are directly associated with increasing quality of life in childhood, adolescence and adulthood.

These improvements in health and quality of life are closely related to the amount and type of activities practiced throughout different stages of life. In addition, the possible benefits and physiological changes are also linked to the gender of the participants. Therefore, the interaction between age and gender in terms of health promotion through sport and physical activity is an incipient area of ​​interdisciplinary research with great academic, political and practical implications.

The aim of this Topical Collection is to attract studies that address age and gender influence on physical activity and sport practice. Although this call is primarily intended for manuscripts including samples or observations that analyse the interaction between both variables, research that includes only one sex or age category in their study design is also welcome, provided it is contextualised in the influence or the role of age and gender on public health and sport practice.

Topics as important as gender differences in adherence to physical activity, bone development in growing girls and their relationship with osteoarticular health in adulthood, epidemiology of physical activity in different contexts and ages, the benefits of policies to promote sports practice in elderly people, the efficiency of spending for promoting sports in different populations and savings in health costs, or differences in physiological adaptations to exercise depending on age and gender can be covered in this Topical Collection.

Prof. Dr. Leonor Gallardo
Dr. Jorge García-Unanue
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

 

Keywords

  • age and physical activity
  • physiological adaptations by gender
  • physical activity epidemiology
  • public health
  • physical activity promotion
  • public policies
  • sport and elderly

Published Papers (35 papers)

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16 pages, 418 KiB  
Article
Gender Differences in Adventure Tourists Who Practice Kayaking in Extremadura
by Jorge Rojo-Ramos, Santiago Gómez-Paniagua, Juan Carlos Guevara-Pérez and Jorge García-Unanue
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(5), 3889; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph20053889 - 22 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1850
Abstract
Adventure tourism is among the sectors that has experienced the greatest growth in participation in recent years. In addition, it provides a unique opportunity to generate different benefits for rural populations as well as for the preservation of their environment. The objective of [...] Read more.
Adventure tourism is among the sectors that has experienced the greatest growth in participation in recent years. In addition, it provides a unique opportunity to generate different benefits for rural populations as well as for the preservation of their environment. The objective of this study was to analyze gender differences in the profile, estimated expenditure, perception of economic impact and satisfaction of adventure tourists visiting the Valle del Jerte (Extremadura, Spain) for kayaking activities. The sample was composed of 511 tourists who kayaked in the Valle del Jerte. Gender differences were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U test in continuous variables and Pearson’s chi-square test in categorical variables. The predominant profile of the kayaking tourist is Spanish, married, employed, with university education, lives with their partner with children at home, chooses a rural home for accommodation, travels with companions, uses their own car for transportation, spends 550 euros on average, has good perceptions of the economic impact of the activity on the destination and is satisfied with the kayak service received. This information is relevant for public and private organizations as well as for the local community to be able to offer services more oriented to the tourist who engages in these activities, as well as to attract more tourists. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
19 pages, 1047 KiB  
Article
Promoting Physical Activity Habits after Completing Secondary School: Does the Age Matter?
by María Huertas González-Serrano, Rómulo Jacobo González-García, Ana Gómez-Tafalla, Ignacio Refoyo Román, Fernando García-Pascual and Ferran Calabuig
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(21), 14160; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph192114160 - 29 Oct 2022
Viewed by 1899
Abstract
Physical inactivity is one of the most important problems in our society, especially during adolescence. During this stage of schooling, students practice physical activity in physical education classes, but after they finish school, many of them stop practicing it. This research aims to [...] Read more.
Physical inactivity is one of the most important problems in our society, especially during adolescence. During this stage of schooling, students practice physical activity in physical education classes, but after they finish school, many of them stop practicing it. This research aims to determine which variables predict the intention to practice physical activity after finishing secondary school and to discover the effect that age during adolescence has on these predictive variables. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of secondary school students. The results show that physical exercise identity influences the three antecedents of this theory, while the attitude towards the behaviour (β = 0.13; p < 0.05), perceived behavioural control (β = 0.46; p < 0.05), and physical self-concept (β = 0.41; p < 0.05), have a statistically significant influence on the intention to be physically active. Moreover, when the age is lower, is more important to develop a positive perceived behavioural control and physical exercise identity. Moreover, for younger male adolescents instead of the physical exercise itself, identity seems more important in developing a positive attitude towards behaviour. Likewise, in young female adolescents a low level of support from their close environment (subjective norm) leads to dropping out. The research concludes with the importance of including these variables in physical education classes to promote physical activity practice after completion of secondary school. Some practical implications are presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
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10 pages, 658 KiB  
Article
Association between Fitness Level and Physical Match Demands of Professional Female Football Referees
by María Luisa Martín Sánchez, José M. Oliva-Lozano, Jorge García-Unanue, Peter Krustrup, Jose Luis Felipe, Víctor Moreno-Pérez, Leonor Gallardo and Javier Sánchez-Sánchez
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(17), 10720; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191710720 - 28 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1744
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the physical demands for elite female referees during competitive matches and to evaluate the relationship between match performance and fitness levels. Seventeen female elite field referees were fitness-tested (29.0 ± 5.2 (SD) years, 163.8 ± [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to examine the physical demands for elite female referees during competitive matches and to evaluate the relationship between match performance and fitness levels. Seventeen female elite field referees were fitness-tested (29.0 ± 5.2 (SD) years, 163.8 ± 6.7 cm, 54.0 ± 5.1 kg, Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (YYIR1) performance 1610 ± 319 m) and were analysed during a total of 187 football matches. Global positioning systems (GPS) were used in this research. The physical demands were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the second half of matches compared to the first half. Regarding the acceleration-related variables, the female referees revealed a higher number of high-intensity actions in the first half compared to the second half. However, higher low-intensity demands were observed for the females referees in the second half compared to the first half in the total number of accelerations (ACC) (~70.48 n; ES = 0.61; p < 0.05) and decelerations (DEC) (~71.11 n; ES = 0.62; p < 0.05); total number of ACC in zone 1 (~85.27 n; ES = 0.70; p < 0.05) and DEC in zone 1 (Z1) (~83.98 n; ES = 0.71; p < 0.05); and distance covered accelerating and decelerating in Z1. The distance covered in YYIR1 and the performance in the repeated sprint ability test correlated with the physical demands during matches for female football referees (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study described the physical performance profile of female football referees and differences between the first and second halves of matches were observed. The results of this study revealed positive correlations between intermittent exercise fitness levels, the repeated sprint ability performance and match performance in female football referees, and thus this information can be implemented in their training plan designs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
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9 pages, 1554 KiB  
Article
Elite Badminton Is Getting Older: Ages of the Top 100 Ranked Badminton Players from 1994 to 2020
by Pablo Abián, Luis Simón-Chico, Alfredo Bravo-Sánchez and Javier Abián-Vicén
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(22), 11779; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph182211779 - 10 Nov 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2222
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the evolution of the age of badminton players in the top 100 of the World Ranking for men and women from 1994 to 2020. Data were collected from badminton players participating in the top 100 [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to determine the evolution of the age of badminton players in the top 100 of the World Ranking for men and women from 1994 to 2020. Data were collected from badminton players participating in the top 100 World Rankings (4800 entries: 1233 players; 595 men and 638 women) from 1994 to 2020. The mean age of the top 100 and the average highest ranking of the players were analysed for both genders. The mean age of the male players in the World Ranking increased from 23.7 ± 3.2 years in 1994 to 26.3 ± 4.4 years in 2020 (p < 0.001) and in female players, from 22.8 ± 3.8 years in 1994 to 24.7 ± 3.3 years in 2020 (p < 0.001). In addition, women recorded a younger age at entry into the top 100 and when reaching their best ranking. Additionally, there has been a clear increase in Asian players in the top 100 of the World Ranking in recent years, reaching over 60%. These data could be used to develop and organise training plans in this sport, optimising and maximising players’ performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
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8 pages, 1275 KiB  
Article
Principles of Rapid Weight Loss in Female Sambo Athletes
by Nikola Todorović, Marijana Ranisavljev, Borislav Tapavički, Andrea Zubnar, Jovan Kuzmanović, Valdemar Štajer, Damir Sekulić, Šime Veršić, Sergey Tabakov and Patrik Drid
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(21), 11356; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph182111356 - 28 Oct 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2092
Abstract
In combat sports, competitors are separated into weight divisions, to create equality between the athletes. Consequently, rapid weight loss (RWL) is a common practice in combat sports. Although the methods used to induce RWL are similar among athletes, currently, there are limited data [...] Read more.
In combat sports, competitors are separated into weight divisions, to create equality between the athletes. Consequently, rapid weight loss (RWL) is a common practice in combat sports. Although the methods used to induce RWL are similar among athletes, currently, there are limited data concerning the RWL methodologies used by sambo athletes. Therefore, this study aimed at determining RWL procedures among female sambo athletes. Participants in the study were top-level athletes competing at the World Sambo Championship held in Novi Sad. A total sample of 47 female sambo athletes, of whom 24 were seniors (27.3 ± 4 year/age, 1.61 ± 0.09 m/height, 61.8 ± 8.87 kg/weight) and 23 juniors (18.7 ± 0.8 year/age, 1.66 ± 0.07 m/height, 63.7 ± 12.1 kg/weight), were examined in the study. To determine RWL methods, data were collected through a standardized questionnaire. As a result, 88.7% of the female sambo athletes declared that they intentionally cut their weight before the competition. The most commonly used methods were gradual dieting, followed by sauna, fluid restriction, and skipping meals. The most considerable influence on the RWL strategies of athletes came from coaches and personal trainers, while physicians and dietitians were far less influential. The results obtained from this representative sample highlight the most common practices concerning weight cutting prior to competition among females. Therefore, there is a need to inform and educate both athletes and coaches about the potentially harmful effects of RWL in combat sports. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
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9 pages, 1901 KiB  
Article
Sex Differences in the Morphological and Mechanical Properties of the Achilles Tendon
by Xini Zhang, Liqin Deng, Songlin Xiao, Lu Li and Weijie Fu
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(17), 8974; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18178974 - 26 Aug 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2722
Abstract
Background: Patients with Achilles tendon (AT) injuries are often engaged in sedentary work because of decreasing tendon vascularisation. Furthermore, men are more likely to be exposed to AT tendinosis or ruptures. These conditions are related to the morphological and mechanical properties of AT, [...] Read more.
Background: Patients with Achilles tendon (AT) injuries are often engaged in sedentary work because of decreasing tendon vascularisation. Furthermore, men are more likely to be exposed to AT tendinosis or ruptures. These conditions are related to the morphological and mechanical properties of AT, but the mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of sex on the morphological and mechanical properties of the AT in inactive individuals. Methods: In total, 30 inactive healthy participants (15 male participants and 15 female participants) were recruited. The AT morphological properties (cross-sectional area, thickness, and length) were captured by using an ultrasound device. The AT force–elongation characteristics were determined during isometric plantarflexion with the ultrasonic videos. The AT stiffness was determined at 50%–100% maximum voluntary contraction force. The AT strain, stress, and hysteresis were calculated. Results: Male participants had 15% longer AT length, 31% larger AT cross-sectional area and 21% thicker AT than female participants (p < 0.05). The plantarflexion torque, peak AT force, peak AT stress, and AT stiffness were significantly greater in male participants than in female participants (p < 0.05). However, no significant sex-specific differences were observed in peak AT strain and hysteresis (p > 0.05). Conclusions: In physically inactive adults, the morphological properties of AT were superior in men but were exposed to higher stress conditions. Moreover, no significant sex-specific differences were observed in peak AT strain and hysteresis, indicating that the AT of males did not store and return elastic energy more efficiently than that of females. Thus, the mechanical properties of the AT should be maintained and/or improved through physical exercise. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
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11 pages, 341 KiB  
Article
Morphology of the Patellar Tendon and the Contractility Response of the Quadriceps: Symmetry and Gender Analysis
by Pablo Abián, Fernando Martínez, Fernando Jiménez and Javier Abián-Vicén
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(10), 5309; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18105309 - 17 May 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1852
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to describe the differences between the dominant and non-dominant leg regarding contractility response and quadriceps strength and the morphology and stiffness of the patellar tendon (PT) in a group of physically active men and women. Fifty physically [...] Read more.
The purpose of the study was to describe the differences between the dominant and non-dominant leg regarding contractility response and quadriceps strength and the morphology and stiffness of the patellar tendon (PT) in a group of physically active men and women. Fifty physically active subjects (36 men and 14 women) were evaluated for morphology and stiffness of the PT, contractility response of the rectus femoris of the quadriceps, isometric strength of the quadriceps and hamstrings, and isokinetic strength (concentric and eccentric) at 60°/s of the knee extensors. The measurements were made on the subject’s dominant and non-dominant leg. The men showed a greater thickness of the PT in both legs compared to the women. Regarding the contractility response, the women recorded a 10.1 ± 16.2% (p = 0.038) greater contraction time (ct) in the dominant versus the non-dominant leg and the men recorded 11.9% (p = 0.040) higher values in the dominant leg compared to the women. In all the absolute strength measurements the men recorded higher values (p < 0.05) than the women, however, when the values were normalised with respect to the muscle mass of the leg these differences disappeared. The dominant leg showed values of isometric strength and eccentric strength at 60°/s (p < 0.05) greater than the non-dominant leg. The reference values provided in this study of the knee extensors and PT may be useful for detecting possible muscular or tendinous anomalies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
13 pages, 339 KiB  
Article
Participation Motives of Sport and Exercise Maintainers: Influences of Age and Gender
by Clemens Ley
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(21), 7830; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17217830 - 26 Oct 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3129
Abstract
Promotion of physical activity has become a global priority for public health. While many people do not adhere to the recommendations, sport and exercise maintainers have found their right or fitting practice. Thus, assessing and knowing the participation motives across maintainers helps to [...] Read more.
Promotion of physical activity has become a global priority for public health. While many people do not adhere to the recommendations, sport and exercise maintainers have found their right or fitting practice. Thus, assessing and knowing the participation motives across maintainers helps to improve our understanding of the sports and exercise practices and, thus, to recommend and to design physical activities and programmes that fit to individuals’ motives. A modified version of the Bernese Motive and Goal Inventory was used in an Austria-wide cross-sectional study with 10646 sport and exercise maintainers (43% female). The study performed confirmatory factor analysis, examined measurement invariance, and compared participation motives. The results showed a good model fit and measurement invariance, indicating that the inventory can be applied independently of gender, age and years of sport/exercise experiences. Motives differed among gender, age and type of sports/exercise. Therefore, these variables should be considered in tailoring sport recommendations and interventions to promote adherence. Finally, the results are discussed by using the Self-Determination Theory indicating that sport and exercise maintainers pursue predominantly motives with intrinsic goal contents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
15 pages, 405 KiB  
Article
Older Adults’ Gender, Age and Physical Activity Effects on Anxiety, Optimism, Resilience and Engagement
by Alfonso Martínez-Moreno, Ricardo José Ibáñez-Pérez, Francisco Cavas-García and Francisco Cano-Noguera
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(20), 7561; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17207561 - 17 Oct 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3846
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to understand the effects of gender and age on anxiety, optimism, resilience and engagement in a group of older adults. An observational, quantitative, descriptive and transversal design was used with non-probabilistic sampling. Descriptive statistical analyses, reliability tests [...] Read more.
The purpose of the study was to understand the effects of gender and age on anxiety, optimism, resilience and engagement in a group of older adults. An observational, quantitative, descriptive and transversal design was used with non-probabilistic sampling. Descriptive statistical analyses, reliability tests (Cronbach’s alpha) and linear correlation tests (Pearson’s) were performed, and the development of multivariate linear regression models was conducted. Female participants in the sample had higher levels in anxiety and pessimism, while male participants scored higher in optimism, engagement and resilience. Participants who practiced physical activity (PA) had better scores in optimism, engagement and resilience. The sample comprised 55.1% men and 44.9% women, between the ages of 51 and 93, with an average of 68.1 years, all participants completed the questionnaire Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2) the Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) the short version of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale questionnaire (UWES-9) the short version of the CD-RISC. As for marital status, there were significant differences between single participants and romantic partner. Singles participants showed higher levels of anxiety than their married counterparts, while those in a relationship scored higher in optimism, engagement and resilience. The model was statistically significant F (9;352) = 14.6; p < 0.001, explaining 27% of the variance in optimism. The data indicated that PA practice and living with a partner in an inland area is associated with less anxiety, which may have implications for programs and activities designed for older adults. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
9 pages, 304 KiB  
Article
Gender Differences in the Level of Achievement of Gymnastic and Acrobatic Skills
by M.ª Alejandra Ávalos-Ramos and Lilyan Vega-Ramírez
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(19), 7216; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17197216 - 02 Oct 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2493
Abstract
Physical education should provide the opportunities to progressively integrate motor tasks with different levels of complexity from early ages to adolescence. The objective of this research was to analyze gender differences in the level of achievement of basic acrobatic skills of students of [...] Read more.
Physical education should provide the opportunities to progressively integrate motor tasks with different levels of complexity from early ages to adolescence. The objective of this research was to analyze gender differences in the level of achievement of basic acrobatic skills of students of physical activity sciences in their non-university stages. This cross-sectional study with descriptive design was carried out with a total of 675 first-year Spanish university students distributed over eight academic years. An initial test of two acrobatic skills was performed. The instruments used for data collection were a video camera and observation templates. The SPSS 26.0 computer program was used for data analysis. The main results show a poor and insufficient level of technical achievement by both genders, but more pronounced for men. The most deficient phases were those related to extension movements of different segments of the body and movements that require coordination and stability in the descent phases of acrobatics, and men were less flexible in both phases. Non-university training of the content associated with basic gymnastic and acrobatic skills is being deficient within the subject of physical education with a downward trend of not only the development of sports skills but also of physical abilities such as flexibility and strength. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
10 pages, 506 KiB  
Article
Effects of Elastic Band Exercise on Functional Fitness and Blood Pressure Response in the Healthy Elderly
by Hyun-Min Choi, Chansol Hurr and Sukwon Kim
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(19), 7144; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17197144 - 29 Sep 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4374
Abstract
Purpose: This study investigated the effects of 12 weeks of moderate intensity elastic band exercise (EBE) on functional fitness and blood pressure parameters in the elderly. Methods: 27 healthy older adults were randomly assigned to an exercise group (n = [...] Read more.
Purpose: This study investigated the effects of 12 weeks of moderate intensity elastic band exercise (EBE) on functional fitness and blood pressure parameters in the elderly. Methods: 27 healthy older adults were randomly assigned to an exercise group (n = 15, age: 75.1 ± 1.4 years) and a control group (n = 12, age: 72.3 ± 1.4 years). Participants performed EBE for 60 min, three times a week, over the course of three months. The EBE consisted of incremental resistance and aerobic exercises designed to improve whole body fitness. Functional fitness and resting cardiovascular parameters were assessed before and after the exercise training program. Results: Grip strength, sit and reach, and one-leg stance improved significantly in the exercise group, while no significant improvements were found in chair stand and timed up and go (p < 0.05). Cardiovascular parameters including systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, and pulse pressure significantly decreased in the exercise group relative to the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Findings of the present study suggest that safe, inexpensive, and easily accessible EBE program with circuit training components play a significant role in improving upper and lower body fitness, as well as cardiovascular fitness, in the elderly. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
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19 pages, 1296 KiB  
Article
The Impact of the COVID-19 Confinement on the Habits of PA Practice According to Gender (Male/Female): Spanish Case
by Marta García-Tascón, César Sahelices-Pinto, Cristina Mendaña-Cuervo and Ana María Magaz-González
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(19), 6961; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17196961 - 23 Sep 2020
Cited by 46 | Viewed by 4390
Abstract
The declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in drastic changes to life worldwide. In Spain, the state of alarm caused the confinement of 47 million inhabitants, affecting every aspect of life. This study analyzes the impact of such confinement on the health [...] Read more.
The declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in drastic changes to life worldwide. In Spain, the state of alarm caused the confinement of 47 million inhabitants, affecting every aspect of life. This study analyzes the impact of such confinement on the health of men and women, as well as the effect on the practice of physical activity (PA) of both genders. An ad hoc questionnaire was administered. A total of 1046 people (48.57% men and 51.43% women) with an average age of 40 years (SD ± 13.35) participated in this study. For both genders, there was a significant decrease in quantity and intensity (p = 0.000). There was also an alteration in the type of PA practiced, shifting from cardiorespiratory exercise and muscular fitness to flexibility and neuromotor exercise (especially in women). The most popular way of practicing PA during the confinement was “autonomously” (statistically higher in men (M = 3.58) compared to women (M = 3.18)) and the most frequent format was “virtual” (statistically higher in women (M = 2.81) compared to men (M = 1.94)). Confinement modifies the habits of PA practice, especially in men. Both genders put their health and quality of life at risk by not following the PA guidelines of the health authorities World Health Organization (WHO) and American College of Sports Medicine ACSM). These conclusions highlight the importance of considering gender when designing programs and PA formats for the promotion of physical activity to reduce the existing gender divide. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
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17 pages, 880 KiB  
Article
Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Diet Quality Profile of the Lithuanian Team of Deaf Women’s Basketball Players
by Marius Baranauskas, Valerija Jablonskienė, Jonas Algis Abaravičius and Rimantas Stukas
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(18), 6749; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17186749 - 16 Sep 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2995
Abstract
There are about 466 million people with hearing impairments in the world. The scientific literature does not provide sufficient data on the actual nutrition and other variables of professional deaf athletes. The objectives of this study were to investigate and evaluate the body [...] Read more.
There are about 466 million people with hearing impairments in the world. The scientific literature does not provide sufficient data on the actual nutrition and other variables of professional deaf athletes. The objectives of this study were to investigate and evaluate the body composition, the physical working capacity, the nutrition intake, and the blood parameters of iron and vitamin D in the Lithuanian high-performance deaf women’s basketball team players. The female athletes (n = 14) of the Lithuanian deaf basketball team aged 26.4 ± 4.5 years were recruited for an observational cross-sectional study. A 7-day food recall survey method was used to investigate their actual diet. The measurements of the body composition were performed using the BIA (bioelectrical impedance analysis) tetra-polar electrodes. In order to assess the cardiorespiratory and aerobic fitness levels of athletes, ergo-spirometry (on a cycle ergometer) was used to measure the peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and the physical working capacity at a heart rate of 170 beats per minute (PWC170). The athletes’ blood tests were taken to investigate the red blood cells, hemoglobin, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ferritin, transferrin, iron concentrations, and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC). The consideration of the VO2peak (55.9 ± 6.1 mL/min/kg of body weight, 95% CI: 51.8, 58.9) and the low VO2peak (56–60 mL/min/kg of body weight) (p = 0.966) in the deaf women’s basketball team players revealed no differences. For the deaf female athletes, the PWC170 was equal to 20.3 ± 2.0 kgm/min/kg of body weight and represented only the average aerobic fitness level. The carbohydrate and protein intakes (5.0 ± 1.3 and 1.3 ± 0.3 g/kg of body weight, respectively) met only the minimum levels recommended for athletes. The fat content of the diet (38.1 ± 4.1% of energy intake) exceeded the maximum recommended content (35% of energy intake) (p = 0.012). The mean blood serum concentrations of 25(OH)D and ferritin (24.1 ± 6.6 nmol/L and 11.0 ± 4.1 µg/L, respectively) predicted vitamin D and iron deficits in athletes. Female athletes had an increased risk of vitamin D and iron deficiencies. Regardless of iron deficiency in the body, the better cardiorespiratory fitness of the deaf female athletes was essentially correlated with the higher skeletal muscle mass (in terms of size) (r = 0.61, p = 0.023), the lower percentage of body fat mass (r = −0.53, p = 0.049), and the reduced intake of fat (r = −0.57, p = 0.040). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
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17 pages, 759 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Active Video Games’ Energy Expenditure in Children with Overweight and Obesity and Differences by Gender
by Cristina Comeras-Chueca, Lorena Villalba-Heredia, Marcos Pérez-Llera, Gabriel Lozano-Berges, Jorge Marín-Puyalto, Germán Vicente-Rodríguez, Ángel Matute-Llorente, José A. Casajús and Alejandro González-Agüero
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(18), 6714; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17186714 - 15 Sep 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5478
Abstract
(1) Background: Childhood obesity has become a main global health problem and active video games (AVG) could be used to increase energy expenditure. The aim of this study was to investigate the energy expenditure during an AVG intervention combined with exercise, differentiating by [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Childhood obesity has become a main global health problem and active video games (AVG) could be used to increase energy expenditure. The aim of this study was to investigate the energy expenditure during an AVG intervention combined with exercise, differentiating by gender. (2) Methods: A total of 45 children with overweight or obesity (19 girls) performed an AVG intervention combined with exercise. The AVG used were the Xbox Kinect, Nintendo Wii, dance mats, BKOOL cycling simulator, and Nintendo Switch. The energy expenditure was estimated from the heart rate recorded during the sessions and the data from the individual maximal tests. (3) Results: The mean energy expenditure was 315.1 kilocalories in a one-hour session. Participants spent the most energy on BKOOL, followed by Ring Fit Adventures, Dance Mats, Xbox Kinect, and the Nintendo Wii, with significant differences between BKOOL and the Nintendo Wii. Significant differences between boys and girls were found, but were partially due to the difference in weight, VO2max, and fat-free mass. (4) Conclusions: The energy expenditure with AVG combined with multi-component exercise was 5.68 kcal/min in boys and 4.66 kcal/min in girls with overweight and obesity. AVG could be an effective strategy to increase energy expenditure in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
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19 pages, 2579 KiB  
Article
Importance-Performance Matrix Analysis (IPMA) to Evaluate Servicescape Fitness Consumer by Gender and Age
by Jerónimo García-Fernández, Jesús Fernández-Gavira, Antonio Jesús Sánchez-Oliver, Pablo Gálvez-Ruíz, Moisés Grimaldi-Puyana and Gabriel Cepeda-Carrión
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(18), 6562; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17186562 - 09 Sep 2020
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6387
Abstract
The fitness sector has always been linked to the analysis of the loyalty of its consumers. Different studies have shown the importance of sports service and human resources for greater customer loyalty. However, few works have studied how the physical environment or servicescape [...] Read more.
The fitness sector has always been linked to the analysis of the loyalty of its consumers. Different studies have shown the importance of sports service and human resources for greater customer loyalty. However, few works have studied how the physical environment or servicescape influences the behavior of consumers in fitness centers based on gender and age. Therefore, the objective of the study was to analyze the relationship between servicescape and the loyalty of fitness center consumers, analyzing through the Importance-Performance Matrix Analysis (IPMA) what the aspects to improve according to gender and age are. The sample was 10,368 fitness center customers (5864 women and 4504 men). After the IPMA, it was concluded that the main improvement margins in general in fitness centers were the equipment and the facility condition, and the facility layout. In turn, in relation to gender and age, the aspects with room for improvement were to a greater extent for equipment and facility condition in women over 21 years of age, and in facility layout for women between 21 and 40 years old and 51–60 years old. Regarding men, the aspects with the highest performance margins were the equipment and facility condition in all the age groups, the facility layout in men up to 50 years old, and the signage in men up to 40 years old and from 51 to 60 years old. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
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12 pages, 321 KiB  
Article
Runner’s Perceptions of Reasons to Quit Running: Influence of Gender, Age and Running-Related Characteristics
by Daphne Menheere, Mark Janssen, Mathias Funk, Erik van der Spek, Carine Lallemand and Steven Vos
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(17), 6046; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17176046 - 20 Aug 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3709
Abstract
Physical inactivity has become a major public health concern and, consequently, the awareness of striving for a healthy lifestyle has increased. As a result, the popularity of recreational sports, such as running, has increased. Running is known for its low threshold to start [...] Read more.
Physical inactivity has become a major public health concern and, consequently, the awareness of striving for a healthy lifestyle has increased. As a result, the popularity of recreational sports, such as running, has increased. Running is known for its low threshold to start and its attractiveness for a heterogeneous group of people. Yet, one can still observe high drop-out rates among (novice) runners. To understand the reasons for drop-out as perceived by runners, we investigate potential reasons to quit running among short distance runners (5 km and 10 km) (n = 898). Data used in this study were drawn from the standardized online Eindhoven Running Survey 2016 (ERS16). Binary logistic regressions were used to investigate the relation between reasons to quit running and different variables like socio-demographic variables, running habits and attitudes, interests, and opinions (AIOs) on running. Our results indicate that, not only people of different gender and age show significant differences in perceived reasons to quit running, also running habits, (e.g., running context and frequency) and AIOs are related to perceived reasons to quit running too. With insights into these related variables, potential drop-out reasons could help health professionals in understanding and lowering drop-out rates among recreational runners. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
12 pages, 1168 KiB  
Article
Gender Differences in Kinematic Parameters of Topspin Forehand and Backhand in Table Tennis
by Ziemowit Bańkosz, Sławomir Winiarski and Ivan Malagoli Lanzoni
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(16), 5742; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17165742 - 08 Aug 2020
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4177
Abstract
Background: The identification of gender differences in kinematics and coordination of movement in different body segments in sports may improve the training process by emphasizing the necessity of its differentiation, and consequently individualization, developing, and improving the technique in women and men. Indicating [...] Read more.
Background: The identification of gender differences in kinematics and coordination of movement in different body segments in sports may improve the training process by emphasizing the necessity of its differentiation, and consequently individualization, developing, and improving the technique in women and men. Indicating differences can also help in determining the risk of injury in order to prevent from them by diversifying training programs. However, there is no information regarding this problem in the existing literature pertaining to table tennis. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the differences in the values of selected angular and kinematic parameters during topspin forehand and topspin backhand shots between male and female table tennis players. Methods: Six male and six female advanced table tennis players performed topspin forehand and topspin backhand shots, both receiving a backspin ball. The angular parameters in four events (ready position, backswing, maximum acceleration, and forward) at chosen joints as well as the maximal acceleration of the playing hand were measured, using the myoMotion system, and were compared between male and female players. Results: Significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were found in the magnitude of angular parameters and maximum hand acceleration between men and women. The movement pattern of topspin strokes performed by men takes into account, more than that in the case of women, movements that use large muscle groups and large joints (hip joints, trunk joints, shoulder joints in extension, and flexion). The difference in the values of maximal acceleration reached almost 50 m/s2 in topspin forehand (p < 0.01) and 20 m/s2 in backhand (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Differentiation of movement patterns can be a manifestation of movement optimization due to anthropological differences and limitations. The differences in the values of maximal acceleration suggest that women could use both sides to perform a topspin attack against the backspin ball, while men should seek opportunities to make a stronger shot with a forehand topspin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
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12 pages, 1239 KiB  
Article
The Employability Process of Spanish Retired Elite Athletes: Gender and Sport Success Comparison
by Cristina López de Subijana, Javier Ramos, Carlos Garcia and Jose L. Chamorro
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(15), 5460; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17155460 - 29 Jul 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3222
Abstract
The aims of the study were: (i) to describe the work integration after retirement in elite athletes, (ii) to compare the working integration of women and men, and Olympic and non-Olympic athletes, and (iii) to specify the factors that affect their employment status [...] Read more.
The aims of the study were: (i) to describe the work integration after retirement in elite athletes, (ii) to compare the working integration of women and men, and Olympic and non-Olympic athletes, and (iii) to specify the factors that affect their employment status and current monthly income. A total of 476 former elite athletes were surveyed. Non-parametric statistics were applied to compare the differences between groups and a classification tree analysis was performed for the dependent variables. The former elite athlete’s unemployment rate was better than the general population. At the gender comparison, a wage gap appeared between women and men. At the comparison between Olympic and non-Olympic athletes, the link to first employment differed in both groups. In the prediction models, finishing higher education arose as a key factor of the working status and the monthly salary. Among those without higher education studies, planning arose as a factor determining their salary, while among those with high qualifications, gender was the key factor. This study supports the importance of a holistic view of athletic career development and it offers practical insights into the process of reaching first employment after retirement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
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12 pages, 606 KiB  
Article
Sex-Specific Energy Intakes and Physical Activity Levels According to the Presence of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Elderly People: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2018
by Won-Sang Jung, Hun-Young Park, Sung-Woo Kim and Kiwon Lim
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(15), 5416; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17155416 - 28 Jul 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1932
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the differences in energy intake and physical activity (PA) levels according to sex and the presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among elderly people in Korea. Data of 3720 elderly people (aged >65 years) were obtained from the Korean [...] Read more.
This study aimed to analyze the differences in energy intake and physical activity (PA) levels according to sex and the presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among elderly people in Korea. Data of 3720 elderly people (aged >65 years) were obtained from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2018). We analyzed PA levels (occupational and recreational PA) and energy intakes (carbohydrate, protein, and fat). The MetS group showed lower levels of moderate intensity recreational PA and place movement than the non-MetS group (p < 0.05); in the MetS group, PA levels were significantly lower in women than in men (p < 0.05). The intakes of total energy, carbohydrate, fat, and protein were lower in the MetS group than in the non-MetS group (p < 0.001). Both the non-MetS and MetS groups showed lower energy intakes in women than men (p < 0.001). Our study shows that elderly people, especially women, with MetS have significantly lower total PA levels and total energy intakes. We confirmed the importance of increased PA and proper nutritional intake in elderly people. Therefore, it is believed that practical measures such as nutrition education and nutrition guidance and PA education are urgently needed to reduce the incidence of MetS among the elderly. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
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15 pages, 527 KiB  
Article
Women and Physical Activity in Fitness Centres. Analysis of Future Intentions and Their Relationship with Age
by Antonio Fernández-Martínez, Mónica Haro-González, Román Nuviala, Raquel Pérez-Ordás and Alberto Nuviala
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(15), 5289; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17155289 - 22 Jul 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3038
Abstract
Physical activity is an important tool for promoting women’s health. Increasing adherence to physical activity is a challenge for governments and private entities. One of the main objectives of the fitness sector is to build customer loyalty. Their behavioural intentions according to gender [...] Read more.
Physical activity is an important tool for promoting women’s health. Increasing adherence to physical activity is a challenge for governments and private entities. One of the main objectives of the fitness sector is to build customer loyalty. Their behavioural intentions according to gender and age may be a determining factor. The aim of this study was to establish a model that relates the fitness centre’s quality as perceived by female customers, these customers’ future intentions, satisfaction, and age. A total of 745 women participated in this study, with a mean age of 32.97 ± 14.11, divided into three age groups. A confirmatory analysis, a factor invariance analysis, and a multi-group analysis were conducted to verify the validity and reliability of the model. The results revealed that quality is an antecedent of both perceived value and satisfaction in the three age groups. Perceived value is a precursor of satisfaction, except in the group of women over 45 years old. The only antecedent to adaptation to price is quality, except in the older age group. Finally, perceived value was found to be related to adaptation to price. These results will facilitate the development of strategies to promote physical activity among women according to their age. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
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10 pages, 1728 KiB  
Article
Sex Differences in Maintaining the Requested Handgrip Force Enhanced by Auditory or Visual Feedback
by Jacek Tarnas, Rafał Stemplewski and Piotr Krutki
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(14), 5158; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17145158 - 17 Jul 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1824
Abstract
Thus far, the differences in effect of auditory or visual feedback in motor learning have presented results derived from mixed groups and sex differences have not been considered. However, perception and processing of auditory stimuli and performance of visual motor tasks appear to [...] Read more.
Thus far, the differences in effect of auditory or visual feedback in motor learning have presented results derived from mixed groups and sex differences have not been considered. However, perception and processing of auditory stimuli and performance of visual motor tasks appear to be sex-related. The purpose of this study was to investigate the learning of the simple motor task of maintaining a requested handgrip force in separate male and female groups. A total of 31 volunteers (15 males, 16 females) were randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups with defined sex and training conditions (audio or visual feedback). Participants performed training sessions over a period of six days, for which auditory or visual feedback was provided, and the effectiveness of both types of signals was compared. The evident learning effect was found in all groups, and the main effect of sex was significant among visual groups in favor of the males (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the main effect of feedback conditions was found to be significant among females, beneficially in the case of auditory displays (p < 0.05). The results lead to the conclusion that an equal number of males and females in mixed experimental groups may be supportive to obtain reliable results. Moreover, in motor-learning studies conducted on females only, a design including auditory feedback would be more suitable. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
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20 pages, 1123 KiB  
Article
Predictive Variables of Adolescents’ Intention to Be Physically Active after Graduation. Is Gender a Conditioning Factor?
by María Huertas González-Serrano, Ana Gómez-Tafalla and Ferran Calabuig-Moreno
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(12), 4308; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17124308 - 16 Jun 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2670
Abstract
The acquisition of physical activity habits during adolescence is fundamental to guarantee its adherence throughout life. However, these levels decrease during this stage, with women experimenting a more significant decrease. This paper aims to analyze if there are significant differences in the variables [...] Read more.
The acquisition of physical activity habits during adolescence is fundamental to guarantee its adherence throughout life. However, these levels decrease during this stage, with women experimenting a more significant decrease. This paper aims to analyze if there are significant differences in the variables related to the intention to be physically active between men and women and if there is a moderating effect of gender on the variables that predict this intention. The sample is composed of 256 adolescents, aged between 16 and 19 years, 55.50% of whom are men, and 44.50% women. The results show that there are statistically significant differences (p < 0.05), with boys showing higher scores in the intention, athletic identity, and in the strength, condition, and attractiveness. About the predictive variables of the intention, the gender moderates the relationships between the physical attractiveness, condition and strength with the perceived behavioral control (pcfmale-pcfmale = 0.44; −0.48 p < 0.001; 0.27, p < 0.05, respectively), and between the subjective norm and the intention to be physically active (pcmale-female = 0.33, p < 0.01). These results highlight the importance of considering gender when designing specific policies for the promotion of physical-sports practice among adolescents to reduce the existing gender gap. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
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11 pages, 330 KiB  
Article
Effects of Physical Activity on the Stress and Suicidal Ideation in Korean Adult Women with Depressive Disorder
by Kyo-Man Koo and Kyungjin Kim
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(10), 3502; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17103502 - 17 May 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4820
Abstract
Depressive disorder is common in many adult women in the world. It was found that depressive disorder was related to stress and suicidal ideation in Korean adult women with depressive disorder. Physical activities were effective to solve this mental disorder. Thus, the purpose [...] Read more.
Depressive disorder is common in many adult women in the world. It was found that depressive disorder was related to stress and suicidal ideation in Korean adult women with depressive disorder. Physical activities were effective to solve this mental disorder. Thus, the purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of physical activity (PA) on the stress and suicidal ideation of Korean adult women with depressive disorder. A sample of 1315 Korean adult women who have depressive disorder was collected, and the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) was used to determine this purpose of the study. The complex samples in frequency analysis were used to identify the characteristics of the participants. The logistic regression in the complex sample design was conducted to investigate the effects of PA on the stress and suicidal ideation in Korean adult women with depressive disorder. The effects of flexibility exercise on the stress in Korean adult women with depressive disorder showed the odds ratio (OR) value of 1.434 (OR = 1.434, 95% CI = 1.043–1.973, p < 0.05). The effects of flexibility exercise on the suicidal ideation in Korean adult women with depressive disorder presented the OR value of 0.682 (OR = 0.682, 95% CI = 0.496–0.937, p < 0.05). Based on the results, the participants who did flexibility exercises were likely to have less stress and suicidal ideation than the Korean adult women with depressive disorder who did not participate in flexibility exercise. In conclusion, the flexibility exercise has played an important role in reducing and preventing stress and suicidal ideation in Korean adult women with depressive disorder. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
10 pages, 323 KiB  
Article
Are European Soccer Players Worth More If They Are Born Early in the Year? Relative Age Effect on Player Market Value
by Benito Perez-Gonzalez, Alvaro Fernandez-Luna, Daniel Castillo and Pablo Burillo
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(9), 3301; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17093301 - 09 May 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3062
Abstract
The relative age effect (RAE) consists of the lower presence of members of an age group born in the months furthest from the age cut-off date established. In youth soccer, it is known that because of this effect the birth dates of more [...] Read more.
The relative age effect (RAE) consists of the lower presence of members of an age group born in the months furthest from the age cut-off date established. In youth soccer, it is known that because of this effect the birth dates of more players in a team are closer to the cutoff of 1 January. These older players, due to their physical and psychological advantages, are more likely to be identified as talent. This study aimed to examine whether RAE can be identified in professional players of the top five European soccer leagues (Spain, Italy, England, Germany, and France) and to assess its influence on the perceived market value of the players. Market value data for 2577 players were obtained from the Transfermarkt database. A significant RAE was produced in all leagues (p < 0.05). However, this bias did not affect the market value of the professional elite soccer players examined here. Our observations indicate that, while the identification and promotion of talent at young ages are often biased by RAE, once players have reached the professional stage, the market value assigned to them is based more on factors other than their date of birth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
12 pages, 378 KiB  
Article
Physical Fitness, Body Composition, and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Young Football Players: Influence of the 20 mSRT Score and Maturational Stage
by Samuel Manzano-Carrasco, Jose Luis Felipe, Javier Sanchez-Sanchez, Antonio Hernandez-Martin, Leonor Gallardo and Jorge Garcia-Unanue
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(9), 3257; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17093257 - 07 May 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3022
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the differences in physical fitness variables, body composition, and adherence to the Mediterranean diet according to the cardiorespiratory fitness and the maturational stage in young football players. A total of 194 male football players (aged 8–16) from three [...] Read more.
This study aimed to analyze the differences in physical fitness variables, body composition, and adherence to the Mediterranean diet according to the cardiorespiratory fitness and the maturational stage in young football players. A total of 194 male football players (aged 8–16) from three football sport schools participated in this study. Data on cardiorespiratory fitness (the 20-m shuttle run test), anthropometric measurements, handgrip strength, respiratory capacity (forced spirometry), and adherence to the Mediterranean diet (KIDMED questionnaire) were collected. Players were divided into two groups depending on their maturational stage (prepubertal n = 127 and pubertal n = 67). The results show a direct relationship between low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index, as well as body fat and leg fat. Similarly, players with lower cardiorespiratory fitness presented higher values of handgrip strength in the prepubertal state. On the other hand, improvements in respiratory values were observed in the pubertal state with the rest of the parameters when the cardiorespiratory fitness was increased. Therefore, the promotion of recreational football that encourage and develop cardiorespiratory fitness is a key factor and can be used as an effective sport activity to promote physical fitness and healthy habits in children and adolescents as well as within the population that is already physically active. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
10 pages, 1068 KiB  
Article
Service Perceptions in Fitness Centers: IPA Approach by Gender and Age
by Jairo León-Quismondo, Jorge García-Unanue and Pablo Burillo
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(8), 2844; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17082844 - 21 Apr 2020
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5390
Abstract
Background: The number of fitness practitioners has increased in the last decades. A deeper understanding of user perceptions is required for better service design. Methods: An importance-performance analysis (IPA) and correlational analysis were performed on a sample of 414 members (173 women and [...] Read more.
Background: The number of fitness practitioners has increased in the last decades. A deeper understanding of user perceptions is required for better service design. Methods: An importance-performance analysis (IPA) and correlational analysis were performed on a sample of 414 members (173 women and 241 men) with a mean age of 32.33 years (SD = 11.50) and recruited from 25 fitness centers of Community of Madrid, Spain. Results: The results show that women’s levels of importance and performance are higher than men in most of the service attributes. Women also correlate with a higher priority than men in core elements of the service, such as the variety and number of activities, personal training and fitness service quality. Female members feel more attracted by services like swimming pools and other peripheral services, like a welcome pack and medical or physiotherapist service. According to age, older members feel less satisfied than young users with the cleanliness of activity spaces and with the safety of lockers. Conclusions: Differences in perceptions by age and gender were identified among members of fitness centers. These results should be considered by private and public organizations to provide the best practices and tailored services for engaging more people in physical activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
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8 pages, 705 KiB  
Article
Plantar Pressure Distribution in Female Olympic-Style Weightlifters
by Arletta Hawrylak and Hanna Gronowska
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(8), 2669; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17082669 - 13 Apr 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2830
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to investigate differences in static and dynamic plantar pressure and other foot geometry variables between female Olympic-style weightlifters and an age- and sex-matched control group. Methods: The study involved 24 national-level competitive weightlifters and 24 [...] Read more.
Background: The aim of this study was to investigate differences in static and dynamic plantar pressure and other foot geometry variables between female Olympic-style weightlifters and an age- and sex-matched control group. Methods: The study involved 24 national-level competitive weightlifters and 24 physical education students. Leg dominance was determined and baropodometry was used to assess plantar pressure and foot posture during quiet standing and walking. For all variables basic descriptive statistics were calculated (mean ± standard deviation). Student’s t test was used to compare the between-group differences. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the association between BMI (Body Mass Index) and average and peak plantar pressure. Results: No significant differences were observed in plantar pressure distribution between the two groups. A moderate correlation was found between BMI and non-dominant limb peak and average plantar pressure in the group of weightlifters in the static condition and in the control group in the dynamic condition. Conclusions: Olympic-style weightlifting may affect plantar pressure distribution and foot posture in female weightlifters. BMI may also correlate with peak and average plantar pressure in this population. Further research is needed to determine if Olympic-style weightlifting may affect plantar pressure distribution and foot posture in female weightlifters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
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8 pages, 1025 KiB  
Article
Activity Demands and Speed Profile of Young Female Basketball Players Using Ultra-Wide Band Technology
by María Reina, Javier García-Rubio and Sergio J. Ibáñez
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(5), 1477; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17051477 - 25 Feb 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2908
Abstract
Performance profiles have begun to be identified as extremely useful in order to help coaches individualize training according to the age and gender of athletes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the activity demands and speed profile of U18 female [...] Read more.
Performance profiles have begun to be identified as extremely useful in order to help coaches individualize training according to the age and gender of athletes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the activity demands and speed profile of U18 female basketball players during competitive matches. Time variables (real and playing time), distance variables (distance performed, distance in speed zones, high intensity distance and distance covered sprinting) and speed variables (number of sprints, sprint duration, maximum speed and average speed) were recorded from forty-eight players belonging to four teams (13 guards, 22 forwards and 13 centers). WIMUPROTM inertial measurement units with ultra-wide band (UWB) indoor-tracking technology recorded six matches during final four in the season 2018/2019. A one factor ANOVA with Cohen’s effect sizes (d) were used to identify the differences between groups (playing position and match day). Distance per minute (123.96 vs 112.67 m), high intensity distance per minute (15.48 vs 14 m), running distance (403.2 vs 541.28 m) and average speed (5.05 vs 5.41 km/h) were significantly higher on day 3 than 1, respectively. About playing position, forwards played more minutes during games, so covered a greater distance, more sprints and high intensity actions than the rest. In spite of fatigue, day 3 showed a greater intensity than day 1, therefore, the last day was the crucial one for the teams in the tournament. Forwards when playing more minutes obtain higher absolute values ​​but not per minute which could mean a lower performance of the team. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
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10 pages, 332 KiB  
Article
Pistol and Rifle Performance: Gender and Relative Age Effect Analysis
by Daniel Mon-López, Carlos M. Tejero-González, Alfonso de la Rubia Riaza and Jorge Lorenzo Calvo
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(4), 1365; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17041365 - 20 Feb 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3911
Abstract
Background: The sport overrepresentation of early-born athletes within a selection year is called relative age effect (RAE). Moreover, gender performance differences depend on the sport. The main objectives of the study were to compare performances between gender and RAE in precision shooting events. [...] Read more.
Background: The sport overrepresentation of early-born athletes within a selection year is called relative age effect (RAE). Moreover, gender performance differences depend on the sport. The main objectives of the study were to compare performances between gender and RAE in precision shooting events. Method: The results of 704 shooters who participated in the most recent World Shooting Championship were compared. Performance was analysed by event (rifle and pistol), gender and category (junior and senior), together with RAE and six ranges of ranking positions. Results: The results of the study indicated that men scored higher than women in pistol events and that no performance differences were found in rifle events when the whole group was compared. According to the birth trimester, no significant differences were found in the participant’s distribution, nor in performance in any case. Conclusions: The main conclusions of the study are: (1) the men’s pistol performance is better than the women’s even though RAE is not associated to the shooting score in any case; (2) men and women performed equally in the general analysis, but their performances were different depending on category and event with no RAE influence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
14 pages, 1305 KiB  
Article
Motivational Climate Is Associated with Use of Video Games and Violence in Schoolchildren: A Structural Equation Model According to Healthy Behaviors
by Manuel Castro-Sánchez, Amador Jesús Lara-Sánchez, Eduardo García-Mármol and Ramón Chacón-Cuberos
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(4), 1272; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17041272 - 17 Feb 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3427
Abstract
The aim of this cross-sectional study was to develop an explanatory model of motivational climate, problematic use of videogames, violent behaviour and victimisation in schoolchildren. The sample included 734 children aged between 10 and 12 years of age from the province of Granada [...] Read more.
The aim of this cross-sectional study was to develop an explanatory model of motivational climate, problematic use of videogames, violent behaviour and victimisation in schoolchildren. The sample included 734 children aged between 10 and 12 years of age from the province of Granada (Spain). A multi-group structural equation model was used, with an excellent fit (CFI = 0.964; NFI = 0.954; IFI = 0.964; RMSEA = 0.048). The results showed a positive relationship between the problematic use of video games, victimisation and violent behaviors, associating negatively with the task climate. Likewise, the task-oriented motivational climate was indirectly related to victimisation situations and violent behavior, while the ego climate did so positively with special emphasis on children who did not perform physical activity. As a main conclusion it is shown that adherence to the practice of physical activity, and particularly within a task-oriented motivational climate, can act as a protective factor against the problematic use of video games. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
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18 pages, 1219 KiB  
Article
Quantification of Internal and External Load in School Football According to Gender and Teaching Methodology
by Juan M. García-Ceberino, Antonio Antúnez, Sebastián Feu and Sergio J. Ibáñez
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(1), 344; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17010344 - 03 Jan 2020
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 4121
Abstract
The design of teaching tasks determines the physical and physiological demands that students are exposed to in physical education classes. The purpose of this study is to quantify and compare, according to gender and teaching methodology, the external (eTL) and internal (iTL) load [...] Read more.
The design of teaching tasks determines the physical and physiological demands that students are exposed to in physical education classes. The purpose of this study is to quantify and compare, according to gender and teaching methodology, the external (eTL) and internal (iTL) load resulting from the application of two programs that follow different teaching methodologies, i.e., a Tactical Games Approach (TGA) and Direct Instruction (DI), to teach school football. The Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPEs) recorded in the assessments were also studied. A total of 41 students in the fifth year of primary education from a state school from Spain participated in the study (23 boys and 18 girls), aged from 10 to 11 (M ± SD, 10.63 ± 0.49 years) and divided into two class groups. All the sessions were monitored with inertial devices that made it possible to record physical activity and convert the information into kinematic parameters. The results indicated that the students who followed the TGA method recorded higher iTL values (heart rate) and spent more time performing high-intensity activities. Boys recorded higher eTL, iTL, and RPE values than girls. There was an evolution in the RPE between the assessments, with both groups presenting a more efficient RPE in the posttest. The TGA method favors student physical fitness and health, thus, this method is recommended when planning physical education sessions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

19 pages, 3289 KiB  
Review
Exercise and Quality of Life in Women with Menopausal Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
by Thi Mai Nguyen, Thi Thanh Toan Do, Tho Nhi Tran and Jin Hee Kim
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(19), 7049; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17197049 - 26 Sep 2020
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 12018
Abstract
Menopausal symptoms are associated with deterioration in physical, mental, and sexual health, lowering women’s quality of life (QoL). Our study objective is to examine the effect of exercise on QoL in women with menopausal symptoms. After initially identifying 1306 studies published on PubMed, [...] Read more.
Menopausal symptoms are associated with deterioration in physical, mental, and sexual health, lowering women’s quality of life (QoL). Our study objective is to examine the effect of exercise on QoL in women with menopausal symptoms. After initially identifying 1306 studies published on PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library before June 2020, two researchers independently selected nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in which any type of exercise was compared with no active treatment. We assessed the risk of bias in the included studies using the Cochrane risk-of-bias 2.0 tool for RCTs and computed the converged standardized mean difference with a 95% confidence interval. We found evidences for the positive effects of exercise on physical and psychological QoL scores in women with menopausal symptoms. However, there was no evidence for the effects of exercise on general, social, and menopause-specific QoL scores. The most common interventions for women with menopausal and urinary symptoms were yoga and pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT), respectively. In our meta-analyses, while yoga significantly improved physical QoL, its effects on general, psychological, sexual, and vasomotor symptoms QoL scores as well as the effect of PFMT on general QoL were not significant. Our findings suggest that well-designed studies are needed to confirm the effect of exercise on QoL in women with menopausal symptoms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
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Graphical abstract

13 pages, 864 KiB  
Review
Tools Used to Measure the Physical State of Women with Celiac Disease: A Review with a Systematic Approach
by Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez, Daniela Alejandra Loaiza-Martínez, Javier Sánchez-Sánchez, Pablo J. Marcos-Pardo, Soledad Prats, Fernando Alacid and Jacobo A. Rubio-Arias
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(2), 539; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17020539 - 15 Jan 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2582
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an immunological disorder that mainly affects the small intestine, generating an inflammatory process in response to the presence of gluten (a protein). Autoimmune diseases are part of a group of diseases that are difficult to diagnose without a specific [...] Read more.
Celiac disease (CD) is an immunological disorder that mainly affects the small intestine, generating an inflammatory process in response to the presence of gluten (a protein). Autoimmune diseases are part of a group of diseases that are difficult to diagnose without a specific protocol or consensus to detect them due to the number of symptoms and diseases with which it has a relationship. Therefore, the aim of this review was to analyze the diagnostic tools of CD used in middle-aged women, to compare the use and effectiveness of the different tools, and to propose a strategy for the use of the tools based on the results found in the literature. The present research followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. The search was conducted in the following databases: Scielo, PubMed, Web of Science, and Worldwide Science org. In the initial literature search, 2004 titles and relevant abstracts were found. Among them, 687 were duplicates, leaving 1130 articles. Based on the inclusion criteria, only 41 articles passed the selection process; 4 main types of analyses appear in the studies: blood tests, questionnaires, clinical history, and biopsy. It can be said that none of the analyses have a 100% reliability since most of them can present false negatives; therefore, the best way to diagnose celiac disease up to now is through a combination of different tests (Immunoglobulin A and small intestinal biopsy). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
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Other

Jump to: Research, Review

21 pages, 585 KiB  
Systematic Review
Effect of Physical Activity on Static and Dynamic Postural Balance in Women Treated for Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review
by Aleksandra Bula, Karolina Tatar, Regina Wysocka, Kasper Chyrek, Laura Piejko, Agnieszka Nawrat-Szołtysik and Anna Polak
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(4), 3722; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph20043722 - 20 Feb 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2475
Abstract
Background: Therapies against breast cancer (BC) frequently involve complications that impair patients’ daily function and quality of life, the most common of which are motor coordination and balance disorders, increasing the risk of falls and injuries. In such cases, physical activity is recommended. [...] Read more.
Background: Therapies against breast cancer (BC) frequently involve complications that impair patients’ daily function and quality of life, the most common of which are motor coordination and balance disorders, increasing the risk of falls and injuries. In such cases, physical activity is recommended. Designed following the PRISMA guidelines, this study presents a systematic review of randomised and pilot clinical trials investigating the effect of physical exercises on postural balance in women treated for BC. Methods: Scientific databases (PubMed, EBSCO) and the online resources of grey publications were searched for trial reports published between January 2002 and February 2022. The inclusion criteria necessitated full-text, English-language reports from randomised clinical trials (RCTs) or pilot clinical trials (pilot CTs), whose authors used physical exercises to treat women with BC and the experimental and control groups consisted of at least 10 women. The methodological quality of the RCTs and pilot CTs were measured using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale and the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS), respectively. Data were extracted on the effect of exercise on the women’s static and dynamic balance. Results: Seven reports, five RCTs and two pilot CTs involving a total of 575 women (aged 18–83 years) were included in the systematic review. Their training protocols utilised a variety of aerobic, strength, endurance, sensorimotor, Pilates exercises, and fitness exercises with elements of soccer. The experimental groups usually worked out in fitness or rehabilitation centres under the supervision of physiotherapists or trainers. Training sessions of 30–150 min were held 2 or 3 times a week for 1.5–24 months. Most trials reported that static and dynamic balance in the experimental groups improved significantly more compared with the control groups. Conclusions: Physical exercises are able to improve static and dynamic postural balance in women treated for BC. However, as all evidence in support of this conclusion comes from only two pilot CT and five RCTs whose methodologies varied widely, more high quality research is needed to validate their findings and determine which exercise protocols are the most effective in improving postural control in women with BC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
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9 pages, 860 KiB  
Case Report
Microvascular Damage in a Young Female Archer Assessed by Nailfold Videocapillaroscopy: A Case Report
by Maria Maddalena Sirufo, Enrica Maria Bassino, Francesca De Pietro, Lia Ginaldi and Massimo De Martinis
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(12), 4218; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17124218 - 12 Jun 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2374
Abstract
Archers are known to be exposed to the risk of developing various injuries, including less described microvascular damages, which can however heavily affect the performance of athletes. Nailfold videocapillaroscopy is a safe, proven and non-invasive method that allows us to examine the nail [...] Read more.
Archers are known to be exposed to the risk of developing various injuries, including less described microvascular damages, which can however heavily affect the performance of athletes. Nailfold videocapillaroscopy is a safe, proven and non-invasive method that allows us to examine the nail capillaries and diagnose vascular anomalies in athletes suffering from the consequences of microtrauma caused by repeated use of fingertips. The detection of defined capillaroscopic pictures is the basis for the follow-up and suggests carrying out further clinical investigations to exclude underlying pathologies. In women this aspect is even more important since they are more frequently affected by autoimmune diseases such as scleroderma which can cause microcirculation alterations. We report the case of a 16-year-old woman who has been practicing archery for five years. She had been complaining for two years about painful fingertips, worsening in the last year. Through videocapillaroscopy, carried out by using a ×200 optical probe-equipped videocapillaroscope connected to image analyzer software (VideoCap software 3.0; DS Medica, Milan, Italy), we detected changes in the microvasculature compatible with a non-specific pattern. The findings of these anomalies suggest a diagnostic analysis aimed at excluding the presence of systemic diseases such as scleroderma. Once these conditions are excluded, and assuming that the documented alterations are due to the particular muscular effort and vibrations to which the fingers are subjected in shooting, we suggest follow-up to keep under control possible further developments and clinical changes. As far as we know, this is the first report that documents and describes the condition of microvascular changes in an archer. Archers, similar to other athletes who mainly use fingertips such as volleyball players, are more exposed to the development of digital traumas that can induce alterations in the microcirculation. We suggest that a periodic capillaroscopy should be included in the health surveillance program of these athletes, in fact this simple, reliable, non-invasive and inexpensive diagnostic tool is able to recognize early signs of microvascular damage and then suggest indications for further investigations and or follow-up. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity and Public Health: Influence of Age and Gender)
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