Submit to IJERPH Review for IJERPH Propose a Special Issue

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Wellness, Fitness, Body Composition, Training and Performance Monitoring to Improve Athletes Life Quality

Print Special Issue Flyer
Special Issue Editors
Special Issue Information
Keywords
Published Papers

A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Sport and Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2023) | Viewed by 23063

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special issue Wellness, Fitness, Body Composition, Training and Performance Monitoring to Improve Athletes Life Quality book cover image

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Rafael Oliveira

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

1. Sports Science School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
2. Life Quality Research Center, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
3. Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
Interests: exercise physiology; soccer training, well-being, training load; sports; physical activity and healthy lifestyle; exercise training programs; physical capacity; body composition; strength and conditioning
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. João Paulo Brito

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

1. Sports Science School of Rio Maior-Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
2. Life Quality Research Center, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
3. Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
Interests: exercise physiology; clinical exercise physiology; exercise training programs; well-being, physical activity and healthy lifestyle; assessment of physical capacity; quality of life of subjects with clinical conditions and active lifestyle (elderly, children, type 2 diabetes, Parkinson, etc.); sarcopenia; osteopenia; osteoporosis; fall prevention; body composition; strength and conditioning; soccer training; load monitoring; sports
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Several studies on training and match load quantification; well-being; as well as fitness and body composition can be found in the literature, especially in soccer with male athletes. However, there are many other sports that intend to produce knowledge on these topics that also deserve merit. In addition, more studies should include women athletes instead of only men.

Although some studies have already been produced, the present Special Issue prioritizes research focusing on the understanding of how training and match monitoring can help to improve athlete quality of life. Therefore, we suggest that authors include wellness, health, fitness, and body composition variables in their studies. In addition, we welcome studies that analyze the relationship of exercise training programs and usual training/match measures such as total distance, distances at different threshold speeds, sprints, acceleration, deceleration, player load, metabolic power, session rated perceived exertion, heart rate, and others. Moreover, original designs that include the analysis of contextual factors (e.g., match location, match results, quality of opponents, match/season periods, and others) are welcome as they provide new knowledge on athlete quality of life.

Therefore, the aim of this Special Issue is to provide new and updated knowledge on wellness, fitness, body composition, training, and performance monitoring and how they can be used to improve athlete quality of life.

We believe that this Special Issue will provide relevant information for several sports in order to apply better strategies to the training process, helping athletes to win competitions and improve or maintain their quality of life.

Dr. Rafael Oliveira
Dr. João Paulo Brito
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

male athletes
female athletes
exercise training programs
body composition
sports training
sports performance
fitness
wellness
training load
contextual variables
quality of life

Published Papers (10 papers)

Download All Papers

Research

13 pages, 910 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Immunological and Hormonal Responses to Competitive Match-Play in Elite Soccer Players

by Ryland Morgans, Patrick Orme, Eduard Bezuglov, Rocco Di Michele and Alexandre Moreira

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(18), 11784; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191811784 - 18 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1616

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) and salivary cortisol (s-Cort) responses to competitive matches in elite male soccer players. Data were collected for 19 players (mean ± SD, age: 26 ± 4 years; weight: 80.5 ± 8.1 kg; height: 1.83 ± 0.07 m; body-fat 10.8 ± 0.7%) from a Russian Premier League team throughout a 6-week period during the 2021–2022 season. Physical match loads were measured through an optical tracking system. s-IgA and s-Cort were assessed one day before each match (MD − 1), 60-min before kick-off, 30-min post-match, and 48-h post-match (MD + 2). At 60-min before kick-off, s-IgA values were lower than at MD − 1 (90% CI difference 15.7–71.3 μg/mL). Additionally, compared to 60-min before kick-off, s-IgA was higher at 30-min post-match (90% CI difference 1.8–57.8 μg/mL) and at MD + 2 (90% CI difference 5.4–60.5 μg/mL). At 30-min post-match, s-Cort was higher than at 60-min before kick-off (90% CI difference 4.84–7.86 ng/mL), while on MD + 2 s-Cort was higher than at 60-min before kick-off (90% CI difference 0.76–3.72 ng/mL). Mixed model regressions revealed that longer playing time and total distance covered, and higher number of high-intensity accelerations, involved smaller s-IgA differences between 30-min post-match and 60-min before kick-off, and between 60-min before kick-off and MD + 2. Additionally, greater high-intensity and sprint distances, and a higher number of high-intensity and maximal accelerations, involved smaller s-Cort differences between 60-min before kick-off and MD + 2. In conclusion, the present results demonstrate that using salivary monitoring combined with match load may be a useful tool to monitor individual mucosal immunity and hormonal responses to match-play and the subsequent recovery periods in elite soccer players. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wellness, Fitness, Body Composition, Training and Performance Monitoring to Improve Athletes Life Quality)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 764 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Weekly Training Load across a Standard Microcycle in a Sub-Elite Youth Football Academy: A Comparison between Starters and Non-Starters

by José E. Teixeira, Luís Branquinho, Ricardo Ferraz, Miguel Leal, António J. Silva, Tiago M. Barbosa, António M. Monteiro and Pedro Forte

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(18), 11611; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191811611 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1918

Abstract

Compensatory training sessions have been highlighted as useful strategies to solve the differential weekly training load between the players’ starting status. However, the influence of the players’ starting status is still understudied in sub-elite youth football. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the weekly training load on a standard microcycle in starters and non-starters of a sub-elite youth football academy. The weekly training load of 60 young sub-elite football players was monitored during a 6-week period using an 18 Hz global positioning system (GPS), 1 Hz telemetry heart rate, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and total quality recovery (TQR). The total distance (TD) covered presented a significant difference between starters and non-starters with a moderate effect (t = −2.38, Δ = −428.03 m, p = 0.018, d = 0.26). Training volume was higher in non-starters than in starter players (TD_Starters = 5105.53 ± 1684.22 vs. TD_Non-starters = 5533.56 ± 1549.26 m). Significant interactive effects were found between a player’s starting status, playing time, and session duration in overall training load variables for within (F = 140.46; η² = 0.85; p < 0.001) and between-subjects (F = 11.63 to 160.70; η² = 0.05 to 0.76; p < 0.001). The player’s starting status seems to only influence the training volume in sub-elite youth football, unless one considers the covariance of the playing time and session duration. Consequently, coaches should prioritize complementary training to equalize training volume and emphasize similar practice opportunities for non-starters. Future studies should evaluate the gap between training and match load, measuring the impact of recovery and compensatory sessions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wellness, Fitness, Body Composition, Training and Performance Monitoring to Improve Athletes Life Quality)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 686 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does the Number of Substitutions Used during the Matches Affect the Recovery Status and the Physical and Technical Performance of Elite Women’s Soccer?

by Ronaldo Kobal, Rodrigo Aquino, Leonardo Carvalho, Adriano Serra, Rafaela Sander, Natan Gomes, Vinicius Concon, Guilherme Passos Ramos and Renato Barroso

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(18), 11541; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191811541 - 14 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1469

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of a new rule for substitutions (four and five) with the rule before the COVID-19 pandemic (up to three) on recovery status, physical and technical performance, internal workload, and recovery process in elite women soccer players. Thirty-eight matches from 2019 to 2020 from the Brazilian Championships were analyzed. All data for the two conditions (≤3 and 4–5 substitutions) were compared using an independent t-test. The physical demands measured by a global positioning system (GPS) and the technical (obtained from Instat) and internal workload (rating of perceived exertion [RPE]) were assessed. The recovery process was measured by the total quality recovery (TQR) 24 h after each match. No differences were observed in any physical and technical parameters between 4–5 and ≤3 substitutions (p > 0.05). Moreover, 4–5 substitutions demonstrated lower RPE (p < 0.001) and workload-RPE (p < 0.001), higher TQR (p = 0.008), and lower time played by the player (p < 0.001), compared to ≤3. Thus, the new provisory rule for substitutions improved the balance between stress and recovery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wellness, Fitness, Body Composition, Training and Performance Monitoring to Improve Athletes Life Quality)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 892 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perceived Training of Junior Speed Skaters versus the Coach’s Intention: Does a Mismatch Relate to Perceived Stress and Recovery?

by Ruby T. A. Otter, Anna C. Bakker, Stephan van der Zwaard, Tynke Toering, Jos F. A. Goudsmit, Inge K. Stoter and Johan de Jong

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(18), 11221; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191811221 - 07 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1750

Abstract

The aim of this observational study was to examine the differences between training variables as intended by coaches and perceived by junior speed skaters and to explore how these relate to changes in stress and recovery. During a 4-week preparatory period, intended and perceived training intensity (RPE) and duration (min) were monitored for 2 coaches and their 23 speed skaters, respectively. The training load was calculated by multiplying RPE by duration. Changes in perceived stress and recovery were measured using RESTQ-sport questionnaires before and after 4 weeks. Results included 438 intended training sessions and 378 executed sessions of 14 speed skaters. A moderately higher intended (52:37 h) versus perceived duration (45:16 h) was found, as skaters performed fewer training sessions than anticipated (four sessions). Perceived training load was lower than intended for speed skating sessions (−532 ± 545 AU) and strength sessions (−1276 ± 530 AU) due to lower RPE scores for skating (−0.6 ± 0.7) or shorter and fewer training sessions for strength (−04:13 ± 02:06 hh:mm). All training and RESTQ-sport parameters showed large inter-individual variations. Differences between intended–perceived training variables showed large positive correlations with changes in RESTQ-sport, i.e., for the subscale’s success (r = 0.568), physical recovery (r = 0.575), self-regulation (r = 0.598), and personal accomplishment (r = 0.589). To conclude, speed skaters that approach or exceed the coach’s intended training variables demonstrated an increased perception of success, physical recovery, self-regulation, and personal accomplishment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wellness, Fitness, Body Composition, Training and Performance Monitoring to Improve Athletes Life Quality)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 952 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Small-Sided Games with and without the Offside Rule on Young Soccer Players: Reliability of Physiological Demands

by Igor Junio Oliveira Custódio, Renan Dos Santos, Rafael de Oliveira Ildefonso, André Andrade, Rodrigo Diniz, Gustavo Peixoto, Sarah Bredt, Gibson Moreira Praça and Mauro Heleno Chagas

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(17), 10544; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191710544 - 24 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1635

Abstract

This study aimed to compare the physiological demand between three vs. three small-sided games (SSGs) with (3vs.3_WITH) and without (3vs.3_WITHOUT) the offside rule, as well as the within- and between-session reliability of this demand. Twenty-four U-17 soccer athletes performed various three vs. three (plus goalkeepers) SSGs with and without the offside rule. The data collection was performed within an eight-week period. Athletes’ heart rate was monitored during the SSG. The variables analyzed were the percentage mean heart rate (HR_MEAN%) and the percentage peak heart rate (HR_PEAK%). For the analysis of within-session reliability, the mean value of the first two and last two SSG bouts performed within one day were used. The between-session reliability was calculated using the mean value of the four SSG bouts of each SSG type performed on two different days. In both SSGs, the values for reliability were significant and were classified as moderate to excellent. There were no significant differences in the physiological demand among SSG types. We concluded that the offside rule does not influence the physiological demand in a three vs. three SSG and the HR_MEAN% and HR_PEAK% present moderate to excellent reliability in a three vs. three SSG with and without the offside rule. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wellness, Fitness, Body Composition, Training and Performance Monitoring to Improve Athletes Life Quality)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2511 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring the Changing Patterns in Perceived Learning Effort, Stress, and Sleep Quality during the Sports Training Period in Elite Collegiate Triathletes: A Preliminary Research

by Yi-Hung Liao, Chih-Kai Hsu, Chen-Chan Wei, Tsung-Chieh Yang, Yu-Chi Kuo, Li-Chen Lee, Li-Ju Lin and Chung-Yu Chen

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(8), 4899; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19084899 - 18 Apr 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2181

Abstract

Background: Few studies have examined the mental profiles and academic status of collegiate triathletes during training/competitive periods. We evaluated the changes in sleep quality, physical fatigue, emotional state, and academic stress among collegiate triathletes across training periods. Methods: Thirteen collegiate triathletes (19–26 years old) were recruited in this study. Mood state, sleep quality, degree of daytime sleepiness, subjective fatigue, and academic learning states were measured during the following five training periods: before national competitions for 3 months (3M-Pre Comp), 2 months (2M-Pre Comp), 1 month (1M-Pre Comp), 2 weeks (2wk-Pre Comp), and national competition (Comp) according to their academic/training schedule. Results: The academic stress index in 1M-Pre Comp (Final exam) was significantly higher than that in 3M-Pre Comp in these triathletes. No markedly significant differences were observed in overall mood state, sleep quality, individual degree of sleepiness, and fatigue among these five periods. However, the profiles mood state scale (POMS)-fatigue and -anger were lower in 2wk-Pre Comp than that in 1M-Pre com. The POMS-tension score in Comp was significantly higher than that in 3M-Pre Comp and 2M-Pre Comp. POMS-depression in Comp was lower than that in 1M-Pre Comp. Conclusion: We found that training volume was highest one month before a competition, and the academic stress is greatest during their final term exam period (1M-Pre Comp). After comprehensive assessment through analyzing POMS, PSQI, ESS, and personal fatigue (CIS), we found that the collegiate triathletes exhibited healthy emotional and sleep states (PSQI score < 5) across each training period, and our results suggest that these elite collegiate triathletes had proficient self-discipline, time management, and mental adjustment skills. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wellness, Fitness, Body Composition, Training and Performance Monitoring to Improve Athletes Life Quality)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Single- and Multi-Joint Maximum Weight Lifting Relationship to Free-Fat Mass in Different Exercises for Upper- and Lower-Limbs in Well-Trained Male Young Adults

by Danilo A. Massini, Anderson G. Macedo, Tiago A. F. Almeida, Mário C. Espada, Fernando J. Santos, Eliane A. Castro, Daniel C. P. Ferreira, Cassiano M. Neiva and Dalton M. Pessôa Filho

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4020; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19074020 - 28 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2422

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze whether the relationship between regional and whole-body fat-free mass (FFM) and strength is related to FFM distribution and area according to limb involvement. Thirty well-trained male young adults underwent one-repetition maximum test (1RM) to assess the strength in arm curl (AC), bench press (BP), seated row (SR), leg press 45° (LP45), knee extension (KE), and leg curl (LC). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to evaluate FFM. The values for 1RM in AC, BP, and R correlated to FFM in upper limb (R² = 0.69, 0.84 and 0.75), without an effect of appendicular mass index (API) or area. For 1RM in KE, the correlation with FFM in lower limb increased with thigh area (R² = 0.56), whereas 1RM in LC and LP45 correlation to whole-body FFM increased with API (R² = 0.64 and 0.49). The upper limb’s FFM may be reliable for indexing the arms and upper trunk strengths, whereas the relationships between FFM and strength in lower limb improve as muscle mass and thigh area increases between subjects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wellness, Fitness, Body Composition, Training and Performance Monitoring to Improve Athletes Life Quality)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 929 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In-Season Internal Load and Wellness Variations in Professional Women Soccer Players: Comparisons between Playing Positions and Status

by Renato Fernandes, João Paulo Brito, Luiz H. Palucci Vieira, Alexandre Duarte Martins, Filipe Manuel Clemente, Hadi Nobari, Victor Machado Reis and Rafael Oliveira

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(23), 12817; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph182312817 - 05 Dec 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2843

Abstract

The internal intensity monitoring in soccer has been used more in recent years in men’s football; however, in women’s soccer, the existing literature is still scarce. The aims of this study were threefold: (a) to describe the weekly variations of training monotony, training strain and acute: chronic workload ratio through session Rated Perceived Exertion (s-RPE); (b) to describe weekly variations of Hooper Index [stress, fatigue, Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) and sleep]; and (c) to compare those variations between playing positions and player status. Nineteen players (24.1 ± 2.7 years) from a Portuguese BPI League professional team participated in this study. All variables were collected in a 10-week in-season period with three training sessions and one match per week during the 2019/20 season. Considering the overall team, the results showed that there were some associations between Hooper Index categories and s-RPE like stress or fatigue (0.693, p < 0.01), stress or DOMS (0.593, p < 0.01), stress or s-RPE (−0.516, p < 0.05) and fatigue or DOMS (0.688, p < 0.01). There were no differences between all parameters in playing positions or player status. In conclusion, the study revealed that higher levels of fatigue and DOMS occur concurrently with better nights of sleep. Moreover, any in-season variations concerning internal load and perceived wellness seems independent of position or status in outfield players. The data also showed that the higher the players’ reported stress, the lower the observed s-RPE, thus possibly indicating a mutual interference of experienced stress levels on the assimilation of training intensity by elite women soccer players. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wellness, Fitness, Body Composition, Training and Performance Monitoring to Improve Athletes Life Quality)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 487 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Body Composition and Bioelectrical-Impedance-Analysis-Derived Raw Variables in Pole Dancers

by Giada Ballarin, Luca Scalfi, Fabiana Monfrecola, Paola Alicante, Alessandro Bianco, Maurizio Marra and Anna Maria Sacco

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(23), 12638; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph182312638 - 30 Nov 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2373

Abstract

Few data are available on the body composition of pole dancers. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a method that is used to estimate fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM), while raw BIA variables, such as the impedance ratio (IR) and phase angle (PhA), are markers of body cell mass and the ratio between extracellular and total body water. The aim of this study was to evaluate the body composition of pole dancers compared to controls, in particular, those raw BIA variables that are considered as markers of muscle composition. Forty female pole dancers and 59 controls participated in the study. BIA was performed on the whole body and upper and lower limbs, separately, at 5, 50, 100 and 250 kHz. The FFM, FFM index, FM and body fat percentage (BF%) were predicted. The bioelectrical impedance indexes IR and PhA were also considered. Pole dancers exhibited higher FFMI and BI indexes and lower BF%. PhA was greater and IRs were smaller in pole dancers than in controls for the whole body and upper limbs. Considering the training level, FFM, whole-body IR and PhA were higher in the professionals than non-professionals. Raw BIA variables significantly differed between the pole dancers and controls, suggesting a higher BCM; furthermore, practicing pole dancing was associated with a greater FFM and lower FM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wellness, Fitness, Body Composition, Training and Performance Monitoring to Improve Athletes Life Quality)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 443 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In-Season Body Composition Effects in Professional Women Soccer Players

by Rafael Oliveira, Ruben Francisco, Renato Fernandes, Alexandre Martins, Hadi Nobari, Filipe Manuel Clemente and João Paulo Brito

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(22), 12023; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph182212023 - 16 Nov 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3030

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze anthropometric and body composition effects in professional soccer women players across the early and mid-competitive 2019/20 season. Seventeen players (age, height, body mass, and body mass index of 22.7 ± 6.3 years, 167.5 ± 5.6 cm, 60.7 ± 6.6 kg and 21.6 ± 0.2 kg/m²) from a Portuguese BPI League team participated in this study. The participants completed ≥80% of 57 training sessions and 13 matches. They were assessed at three points (before the start of the season (A1), after two months (A2), and after four months (A3)) using the following variables: body fat mass (BFM), soft lean mass (SLM), fat-free mass (FFM), intracellular water (ICW), extracellular water (ECW), total body water (TBW), and phase angle (PhA, 50 Khz), through InBody S10. Nutritional intake was determined through a questionnaire. Repeated measures ANCOVA and effect sizes (ES) were used with p < 0.05. The main results occurred between A1 and A2 for BFM (−21.7%, ES = 1.58), SLM (3.7%, ES = 1.24), FFM (4%, ES = 1.34), ICW (4.2%, ES = 1.41), TBW (3.7%, ES = 1.04). Furthermore, there were significant results between A1 and A3 for FFM (4.8%, ES = 1.51), ICW (5%, ES = 1.68), and PhA (10.4%, ES = 6.64). The results showed that the water parameters improved over time, which led to healthy hydration statuses. The training load structure provided sufficient stimulus for appropriate physical fitness development, without causing negative disturbances in the water compartments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wellness, Fitness, Body Composition, Training and Performance Monitoring to Improve Athletes Life Quality)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Wellness, Fitness, Body Composition, Training and Performance Monitoring to Improve Athletes Life Quality

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Published Papers (10 papers)

Research

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI