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EMF Exposure Assessment in 5G and 6G Emerging Scenarios in Humans and Environment

A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2023) | Viewed by 5629

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Emma Chiaramello

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), Italian National Research Council (CNR), 20133 Milano, Italy
Interests: electromagnetic fields (EMF) exposure assessment; computational dosimetry; stochastic dosimetry; uncertainty in EMF assessment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Bonato Marta

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria Dell'Informazione e Delle Telecomunicazioni (IEIIT), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Piazza L. da Vinci, 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
Interests: electromagnetic fields (EMF) exposure; stochastic and computational dosimetry
Dr. Sam Aerts

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Information technology, Ghent University, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
Interests: radiofrequency electromagnetic fields; wireless and distributed sensor networks; environmental exposure assessment; sensor design and machine learning methods for sensor data analysis

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the near future, the continuous evolution and deployment of new technologies in the fifth (5G) and sixth generation (6G) of wireless telecommunication networks, including the introduction of new frequencies, new transmission techniques and an exponentially increasing number of wirelessly connected objects, will have an important impact on the life beings, both human and animals, electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure. This technological evolution will create EMF exposure scenarios in which subjects can be potentially exposed to the simultaneous contributions of a multitude of different emitting sources, creating conditions of great spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the exposure.

Evaluation of the EMF exposure levels in these new and complex scenarios is an indispensable aspect of a correct risk assessment process and should focus on both human and environmental related aspects. Such an assessment requires development of new innovative approaches and protocols, measurement methods, evaluation techniques, and models for accounting for the complexity of the exposure scenarios.

This Special Issue focuses on innovative approaches for EMF exposure evaluations, filling the research gaps and obtaining reliable and realistic evaluation of the exposure levels for the general population and in everyday environments. Research papers or reviews can focus on (but are not limited to) innovative measurement techniques and protocols, computational methods, stochastic and deterministic dosimetry approaches, machine learning and integrated strategies, approaches for minimizing exposure, networks optimizations, etc.

Dr. Emma Chiaramello
Dr. Bonato Marta
Dr. Sam Aerts
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • EMF exposure assessment
  • EMF measurement
  • EMF exposure minimization
  • computational dosimetry
  • stochastic dosimetry
  • wireless telecommunication networks
  • 5G
  • 6G
  • Internet of Things
  • wirelessly connected objects
  • machine learning
  • real-life scenarios

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 2289 KiB  
Article
5G Service and Pacemakers/Implantable Defibrillators: What Is the Actual Risk?
by Cecilia Vivarelli, Federica Censi, Giovanni Calcagnini, Ermenegildo De Ruvo, Leonardo Calò and Eugenio Mattei
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(5), 4512; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph20054512 - 03 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1431
Abstract
Rapidly growing worldwide, 5G service is expected to deeply change the way we communicate, connect and share data. It encompasses the whole spectrum of new technology, infrastructure and mobile connectivity, and will touch not only every sector in the industry, but also many [...] Read more.
Rapidly growing worldwide, 5G service is expected to deeply change the way we communicate, connect and share data. It encompasses the whole spectrum of new technology, infrastructure and mobile connectivity, and will touch not only every sector in the industry, but also many aspects of our everyday life. Although the compliance with international regulations provides reasonable protection to public health and safety, there might be specific issues not fully covered by the current technical standards. Among the aspects that shall be carefully considered, there is the potential interference that can be induced on medical devices, and in particular on implantable medical devices that are critical for the patient’s life, such as pacemakers and implantable defibrillators. This study aims to assess the actual risk that 5G communication systems pose to pacemakers and implantable defibrillators. The setup proposed by the ISO 14117 standard was adapted to include 5G characteristic frequencies of 700 MHz and 3.6 GHz. A total number of 384 tests were conducted. Among them, 43 EMI events were observed. Collected results reveal that RF hand-held transmitters operating in these two frequency bands do not pose additional risk compared to pre-5G bands and that the safety distance of 15 cm typically indicted by the PM/ICD manufacturer is still able to guarantee the patient’s safety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue EMF Exposure Assessment in 5G and 6G Emerging Scenarios in Humans and Environment)
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12 pages, 2007 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Human Exposure Levels Due to Mobile Phone Antennas in 5G Networks
by Marta Bonato, Laura Dossi, Silvia Gallucci, Martina Benini, Gabriella Tognola and Marta Parazzini
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(3), 1546; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19031546 - 29 Jan 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2754
Abstract
The recent deployment of 5G networks is bringing benefits to the population but it is also raising public concern about human RF-EMF exposure levels. This is particularly relevant considering the next 5G mobile devices, which are placed in close proximity to the subjects. [...] Read more.
The recent deployment of 5G networks is bringing benefits to the population but it is also raising public concern about human RF-EMF exposure levels. This is particularly relevant considering the next 5G mobile devices, which are placed in close proximity to the subjects. Therefore, the aim of the following paper is focused on expanding the knowledge of the exposure levels in 5G exposure scenarios, specifically for mobile applications, using computational methods. The mobile antenna was designed considering the 5G technology innovations (i.e., mm-wave spectrum, beamforming capability, high gain and wide coverage), resulting in a phased-array antenna with eight elements at the working frequency of 27 GHz. To assess the exposure levels, different types of skin models with different grades of details and layers were considered. Furthermore, not only was the presence of a mobile phone user simulated, but also that of a person in their proximity, who could be hit by the main beam of the phased-array antenna. All the simulations were conducted in Sim4Life platform, where the exposure levels were assessed in terms of absorbed power density averaged over 4 cm2 and 1 cm2, following the ICNIRP guidelines. The results highlighted that the use of the homogeneous skin model led to the absorbed power density peaks being greatly underestimated, with respect to those obtained in multilayer skin models. Furthermore, interestingly, we found that the exposure levels obtained for the person passing nearby were slightly higher than those experienced by the mobile phone user himself. Finally, using the allowed input power for real mobile applications, all the values remained below the limits indicated by the ICNIRP guidelines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue EMF Exposure Assessment in 5G and 6G Emerging Scenarios in Humans and Environment)
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