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Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease
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Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease

A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2021) | Viewed by 31386

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Emanuele Rinninella

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Research and Training Center in Human Nutrition, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
2. Clinical Nutrition Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
Interests: clinical nutrition; perioperative nutrition; body composition; gut microbiota dietary modulation; digestive cancer
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Maria Cristina Mele

E-Mail Website
Assistant Guest Editor
1. Department of Medicine and Translational Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
2. UOC Nutrizione Clinica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy
Interests: perioperative nutrition; ERAS (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery) programs; nutrition in cancer patients; disease-related malnutrition; gut microbiota and diet; sports nutrition
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Marco Cintoni

E-Mail Website
Assistant Guest Editor
UOC Nutrizione Clinica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy
Interests: body composition; clinical nutrition; disease-related malnutrition; gut microbiota and diet therapy; nutrition in cancer patients; perioperative nutrition; dietetics and nutrition
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The “microbiota revolution” has spread throughout the scientific community, which has led to novel concepts and a new approach in understanding human health and disease. The human microbiota varies taxonomically and functionally in each district of the body (not only the gastrointestinal tract) and undergoes variations in the same individual due to infant transitions, age, diet, and environmental factors, such as antibiotic use, pesticides, food, and drug additives. Recent evidence suggests a crucial role of gut microbiota in health and disease, focusing on the gut as a central organ connecting with the other systems in multiple ways or axes: "gut–brain", "gut–liver", "gut–muscle", "gut–joint", "gut–eye" axes, and so on. We can speculate that changes in gut microbiota composition have a close relationship to health status or disease. Revealing the impact of the environment (diet, additives, drug, pollution, life stressor events) on human gut microbiota could lead to a better comprehension of disease pathogenesis, paving the way for better health strategies. We welcome papers addressing topics for submission to this Special Issue, especially those investigating new diagnostic tools and therapies on the gut microbiota.

Dr. Emanuele Rinninella
Prof. Maria Cristina Mele
Dr. Marco Cintoni
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Gut microbiota
  • Diet
  • Nutrition
  • Lifestyle
  • Life-stressor events
  • Gut–brain axis
  • Gut–liver axis
  • Gut–muscle axis
  • Gut–joint axis
  • Gut–eye axis
  • Inflammation
  • Cancer
  • Inflammatory bowel diseases
  • Irritable bowel diseases
  • Noncommunicable diseases

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Review

14 pages, 405 KiB  
Review
From Pre- and Probiotics to Post-Biotics: A Narrative Review
by Emidio Scarpellini, Emanuele Rinninella, Martina Basilico, Esther Colomier, Carlo Rasetti, Tiziana Larussa, Pierangelo Santori and Ludovico Abenavoli
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(1), 37; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19010037 - 21 Dec 2021
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 5455
Abstract
Background and aims: gut microbiota (GM) is a complex ecosystem containing bacteria, viruses, fungi, and yeasts. It has several functions in the human body ranging from immunomodulation to metabolic. GM derangement is called dysbiosis and is involved in several host diseases. Pre-, probiotics, [...] Read more.
Background and aims: gut microbiota (GM) is a complex ecosystem containing bacteria, viruses, fungi, and yeasts. It has several functions in the human body ranging from immunomodulation to metabolic. GM derangement is called dysbiosis and is involved in several host diseases. Pre-, probiotics, and symbiotics (PRE-PRO-SYMB) have been extensively developed and studied for GM re-modulation. Herein, we review the literature data regarding the new concept of postbiotics, starting from PRE-PRO-SYMB. Methods: we conducted a search on the main medical databases for original articles, reviews, meta-analyses, randomized clinical trials, and case series using the following keywords and acronyms and their associations: gut microbiota, prebiotics, probiotics, symbiotic, and postbiotics. Results: postbiotics account for PRO components and metabolic products able to beneficially affect host health and GM. The deeper the knowledge about them, the greater their possible uses: the prevention and treatment of atopic, respiratory tract, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Conclusions: better knowledge about postbiotics can be useful for the prevention and treatment of several human body diseases, alone or as an add-on to PRE-PRO-SYMB. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease)
23 pages, 1894 KiB  
Review
Intestinal Barrier in Human Health and Disease
by Natalia Di Tommaso, Antonio Gasbarrini and Francesca Romana Ponziani
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(23), 12836; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph182312836 - 06 Dec 2021
Cited by 135 | Viewed by 11102
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa provides a selective permeable barrier for nutrient absorption and protection from external factors. It consists of epithelial cells, immune cells and their secretions. The gut microbiota participates in regulating the integrity and function of the intestinal barrier in a homeostatic [...] Read more.
The intestinal mucosa provides a selective permeable barrier for nutrient absorption and protection from external factors. It consists of epithelial cells, immune cells and their secretions. The gut microbiota participates in regulating the integrity and function of the intestinal barrier in a homeostatic balance. Pathogens, xenobiotics and food can disrupt the intestinal barrier, promoting systemic inflammation and tissue damage. Genetic and immune factors predispose individuals to gut barrier dysfunction, and changes in the composition and function of the gut microbiota are central to this process. The progressive identification of these changes has led to the development of the concept of ‘leaky gut syndrome’ and ‘gut dysbiosis’, which underlie the relationship between intestinal barrier impairment, metabolic diseases and autoimmunity. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this process is an intriguing subject of research for the diagnosis and treatment of various intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease)
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15 pages, 401 KiB  
Review
Gut Microbiota and Environment in Coronary Artery Disease
by Andrea Piccioni, Tommaso de Cunzo, Federico Valletta, Marcello Covino, Emanuele Rinninella, Pauline Raoul, Christian Zanza, Maria Cristina Mele and Francesco Franceschi
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(8), 4242; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18084242 - 16 Apr 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3314
Abstract
In recent years, studies evaluated the associations between coronary artery disease (CAD) and fecal gut microbiota composition. This opens new perspectives on therapeutic strategies to prevent CAD representing the leading cause of mortality in Western societies. We have conducted a review of the [...] Read more.
In recent years, studies evaluated the associations between coronary artery disease (CAD) and fecal gut microbiota composition. This opens new perspectives on therapeutic strategies to prevent CAD representing the leading cause of mortality in Western societies. We have conducted a review of the literature regarding the characteristics of the gut microbiota of CAD patients, its underlying mechanisms and their associations with pollution and the Western diet. The latest evidence confirms that an abnormal microbiota predisposes to the development of CAD and differs in composition compared to the microbiota of healthy patients; the results are, however, heterogeneous. The most studied underlying mechanisms involve the production of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), the synthesis of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and the immune system activation mediated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Despite a large amount of available data, there is no evidence about the role of a specific type of gut microbiota in the risk of developing acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Moreover, no relationship has been assessed between the gut microbiota and the characteristics of coronary plaques in humans. However, a close association has been found between both pollution and the Western diet and gut microbiota and CAD. Further studies are needed to clarify the associations between gut microbiota, CAD, and ACS to find efficient therapeutic strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease)
15 pages, 745 KiB  
Review
Food Additives, Gut Microbiota, and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Hidden Track
by Emanuele Rinninella, Marco Cintoni, Pauline Raoul, Antonio Gasbarrini and Maria Cristina Mele
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(23), 8816; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17238816 - 27 Nov 2020
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 10231
Abstract
The interactions between diet, gut microbiota, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) have many complex mechanisms that are not fully understood. Food additives are one component of the modern human diet that deserves attention from science and government policies. This review aims at identifying [...] Read more.
The interactions between diet, gut microbiota, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) have many complex mechanisms that are not fully understood. Food additives are one component of the modern human diet that deserves attention from science and government policies. This review aims at identifying the current knowledge about the impact of food additives on gut microbiota and their potential role in the development of IBS. To date, few data on the effect of food additives on gut microbiota in IBS patients are available. However, exposure to food additives could induce the dysbiosis and dysregulation of gut homeostasis with an alteration of the gut barrier and activation of the immune response. These microbial changes could exacerbate the gut symptoms associated with IBS, such as visceral pain, low-grade inflammation, and changes in bowel habits. Some additives (polyols) are excluded in the low fermentable oligo-, di- and monosaccharide, and polyol (FODMAP), diets for IBS patients. Even if most studies have been performed in animals, and human studies are required, many artificial sweeteners, emulsifiers, and food colorants could represent a potential hidden driver of IBS, through gut microbiota alterations. Consequently, food additives should be preventively avoided in the diet as well as dietary supplements for patients with IBS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease)
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