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Electronic Cigarettes: Good and Bad Impacts
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Electronic Cigarettes: Good and Bad Impacts

A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2019) | Viewed by 125286

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Maciej Goniewicz

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
Interests: toxicants in tobacco products; testing tobacco products; emerging tobacco products; health risk of using various types of tobacco products
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As highlighted in a consensus report by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) titled “Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes”, the net public health outcome of e-cigarette use depends on the balance between positive and negative consequences. E‑cigarettes appear to pose less risk to an individual than combustible tobacco cigarettes but these products are not without biological effects in humans. Although e‑cigarette aerosol contains fewer numbers and lower levels of toxicants than smoke from combustible tobacco cigarettes, it does contain high levels of nicotine, toxic metals, flavorings, and cancer-causing chemicals, like formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. The implications for the long-term effects on morbidity and mortality are not yet clear. Overall, the current evidence suggests that while e‑cigarettes might cause youth who use them to transition to use of combustible tobacco products, they might also increase adult cessation of combustible tobacco cigarettes. The NASEM report has called for more and better research to help clarify whether e-cigarettes will prove to reduce or induce harm at the individual and the population levels. To address this knowledge gap, we invite manuscripts on a wide range of topics related to the public health impact of e-cigarettes, including, but not limited to, analysis of key constituents in e-cigarettes, human health effects (including in-vitro and in-vivo studies), initiation and cessation of combustible tobacco cigarette use, and harm reduction.

Dr. Maciej Goniewicz
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • E-cigarettes
  • Vaporized nicotine
  • In-vitro and In-vivo testing of e-cigarettes
  • Health consequences of vaping
  • Vaping and smoking initiation among youth
  • Smoking cessation
  • Harm reduction
  • Tobacco-related morbidity and mortality
  • Marketing and regulation of nicotine-containing products

Published Papers (27 papers)

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10 pages, 610 KiB  
Article
Content Analysis of Electronic Nicotine Delivery System Publications in Core Clinical Journals from 2012 to 2018
by Michael Briganti, Olivia A. Wackowski, Cristine D. Delnevo, Leanne Brown, Shirin E. Hastings, Binu Singh and Michael B. Steinberg
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(7), 2201; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17072201 - 25 Mar 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2344
Abstract
There is no consensus if electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) should be used to reduce harm among the smoking population. Physicians, who represent a trusted source of health communication, are exposed to a range of often conflicting ENDS information and this information may [...] Read more.
There is no consensus if electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) should be used to reduce harm among the smoking population. Physicians, who represent a trusted source of health communication, are exposed to a range of often conflicting ENDS information and this information may be relayed to patients looking to quit smoking. Previous studies have examined ENDS content of various sources of media but there is a lack of knowledge about ENDS content in medical journals. We analyzed 421 ENDS publications printed between 2012 and 2018 from PubMed’s Core Clinical Journal list. Publications were analyzed based on publication type, journal type, study design, geographic focus, theme, terminology, outcomes, and positive/negative statements. The number of ENDS publications grew since 2012, and peaked in 2015. Across all years, negative statements about ENDS outnumbered positive statements, though this difference decreased over time. Over time, negative statements about “toxins and carcinogens” were made less frequently, while negative statements about “gateway effects” and “youth appeal” became more prevalent. UK journals had fewer negative statements relative to US journals. Only 12.6% of publications included guidance for healthcare professionals about ENDS. As published ENDS topics change over time, physicians’ communications with patients may be impacted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Cigarettes: Good and Bad Impacts)
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12 pages, 341 KiB  
Article
Metal Concentration Assessment in the Urine of Cigarette Smokers Who Switched to Electronic Cigarettes: A Pilot Study
by Adam Prokopowicz, Andrzej Sobczak, Jerzy Szdzuj, Katarzyna Grygoyć and Leon Kośmider
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(6), 1877; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17061877 - 13 Mar 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2946
Abstract
Background: E-cigarettes (ECs) seem to be a less harmful alternative for conventional cigarettes, however, very little is still known about the exposure to some elements, which are the components of this device and may contaminate the nicotine liquid. The aim of this [...] Read more.
Background: E-cigarettes (ECs) seem to be a less harmful alternative for conventional cigarettes, however, very little is still known about the exposure to some elements, which are the components of this device and may contaminate the nicotine liquid. The aim of this study is to assess whether e-cigarette users are more exposed to 12 elements detected in aerosol than non-smokers and conventional cigarette smokers, using their concentrations in urine as exposure biomarkers. Methods: A cross-sectional, group-based survey was carried out using 90 volunteers classified into groups of non-smokers, EC-only users, dual EC users-cigarette smokers and cigarette-only smokers. Using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS), Cr, Ni, Co, Ag, In, Mn, Ba, Sr, V, Sb, Cd and Pb levels were measured in spot urine samples. Among the selected groups, a comparison was made using the analysis of covariance and correlations with EC usage pattern were assessed by multiple linear regression. Results: Element concentrations in urine of EC-users were not significantly different from the levels found in non-smokers and smokers. Only in the case of Ba, Ni and Sb was a significant correlation found in relation to some e-cigarette usage patterns. Conclusion: Transfer of the investigated elements to the EC aerosol was not found to be a substantial source of exposure in EC users who quitted smoking. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Cigarettes: Good and Bad Impacts)
16 pages, 338 KiB  
Article
Use of Electronic Cigarettes in Smoke-Free Spaces by Smokers: Results from the 2014–2015 Population Assessment on Tobacco and Health Study
by Zachary R. Dunbar, Gary Giovino, Binnian Wei, Richard J. O’Connor, Maciej L. Goniewicz and Mark J. Travers
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(3), 978; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17030978 - 04 Feb 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2390
Abstract
Background: Smoke-free air policies exist to protect users and nonusers from exposure to tobacco smoke. Although electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) may expose passerby to nicotine and particulate matter, few US states regulate indoor use of ENDS. The purpose of this study [...] Read more.
Background: Smoke-free air policies exist to protect users and nonusers from exposure to tobacco smoke. Although electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) may expose passerby to nicotine and particulate matter, few US states regulate indoor use of ENDS. The purpose of this study was to investigate reported rationales for ENDS use and reported ENDS use in public smoke-free places by dual cigarette/ENDS users. Methods: A population of ENDS/cigarette co-users (n = 2051) was drawn from Wave 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) dataset (2014–2015). Harm reduction beliefs and cessation behavior of co-users were investigated as predictors of ENDS use in public smoke-free places using logistic regression. Results: Fifty-eight percent of dual users reported past 30-day ENDS use in public smoke-free places. Reported use of ENDS to cut down on cigarette smoking (OR: 2.38, 95% CI: 1.86, 3.05), as an alternative to quitting tobacco (OR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.37, 2.13), or because of belief that ENDS help people to quit cigarettes (OR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.20, 1.92) were significantly associated with increased odds of ENDS use in smoke-free places. Conclusions: Beliefs that ENDS were useful as cessation tools or posed modified risk to users and nonusers were associated with elevated odds of use ENDS in locations where conventional tobacco is prohibited. Due to limitations in the survey instrument, in-home ENDS use could not be directly assessed in this analysis. However, these self-reported findings suggest that use of ENDS in public places where cigarette use is prohibited is prevalent enough to be of concern for future regulation and enforcement efforts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Cigarettes: Good and Bad Impacts)
12 pages, 829 KiB  
Article
Comparison of the Relative Abuse Liability of Electronic Cigarette Aerosol Extracts and Nicotine Alone in Adolescent Rats: A Behavioral Economic Analysis
by Andrew C. Harris, John R. Smethells, Mary Palumbo, Maciej Goniewicz and Mark G. LeSage
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(3), 860; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17030860 - 30 Jan 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2248
Abstract
Background: Characterizing the determinants of the abuse liability of electronic cigarettes (ECs) in adolescents is needed to inform product regulation by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We recently reported that Vuse Menthol EC aerosol extract containing nicotine and a range [...] Read more.
Background: Characterizing the determinants of the abuse liability of electronic cigarettes (ECs) in adolescents is needed to inform product regulation by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We recently reported that Vuse Menthol EC aerosol extract containing nicotine and a range of non-nicotine constituents (e.g., menthol, propylene glycol) had reduced aversive effects compared to nicotine alone in adolescent rats, whereas Aroma E-Juice EC aerosol extract did not. The current study used a behavioral economic approach to compare the relative abuse liability of these EC extracts and nicotine alone in an i.v. self-administration (SA) model in adolescents. Methods: Adolescents were tested for the SA of EC extracts prepared using an ethanol (ETOH) solvent or nicotine and saline, with and without 4% ETOH (i.e., the same concentration in the EC extracts) in 23 h/day sessions. Results. Although acquisition of SA was faster for nicotine + ETOH compared to all other formulations, the elasticity of demand for all nicotine-containing formulations was similar. Conclusions: EC aerosol extracts did not have greater abuse liability than nicotine alone in adolescents. These data suggest that nicotine may be the primary determinant of the abuse liability of these ECs in youth, at least in terms of the primary reinforcing effects of ECs mediated within the central nervous system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Cigarettes: Good and Bad Impacts)
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9 pages, 1328 KiB  
Article
Flavor Preference and Systemic Immunoglobulin Responses in E-Cigarette Users and Waterpipe and Tobacco Smokers: A Pilot Study
by Monica Jackson, Kameshwar P. Singh, Thomas Lamb, Scott McIntosh and Irfan Rahman
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(2), 640; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17020640 - 19 Jan 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2617
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has had an exponential increase in popularity since the product was released to the public. Currently, there is a lack of human studies that assess different biomarker levels. This pilot study attempts to link e-cigarette and other tobacco product [...] Read more.
Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has had an exponential increase in popularity since the product was released to the public. Currently, there is a lack of human studies that assess different biomarker levels. This pilot study attempts to link e-cigarette and other tobacco product usage with clinical respiratory symptoms and immunoglobulin response. Subjects completed surveys in order to collect self-reported data on tobacco product flavor preferences. Along with this, plasma samples were collected to test for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and E (IgE) levels. Our pilot study’s cohort had a 47.9% flavor preference towards fruit flavors and a 63.1% preference to more sweet flavors. E-cigarette and traditional cigarette smokers were the two subject groups to report the most clinical symptoms. E-cigarette users also had a significant increase in plasma IgE levels compared to non-tobacco users 1, and dual users had a significant increase in plasma IgG compared to non-tobacco users 2, cigarette smokers, and waterpipe smokers. Our pilot study showed that users have a preference toward fruit and more sweet flavors and that e-cigarette and dual use resulted in an augmented systemic immune response. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Cigarettes: Good and Bad Impacts)
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12 pages, 339 KiB  
Article
Health Professionals’ Counseling about Electronic Cigarettes for Smokers and Vapers in a Country That Bans the Sales and Marketing of Electronic Cigarettes
by Katia Gallegos-Carrillo, Inti Barrientos-Gutiérrez, Edna Arillo-Santillán, Luis Zavala-Arciniega, Yoo Jin Cho and James F. Thrasher
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(2), 442; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17020442 - 09 Jan 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2466
Abstract
This study describes the prevalence and correlates of adult smokers’ discussions about electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) with health professionals (HPs), including whether these discussions may lead smokers and vapers to use e-cigarettes for smoking cessation. Methods: We analyzed data from an online survey of [...] Read more.
This study describes the prevalence and correlates of adult smokers’ discussions about electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) with health professionals (HPs), including whether these discussions may lead smokers and vapers to use e-cigarettes for smoking cessation. Methods: We analyzed data from an online survey of Mexican smokers recruited from a consumer panel for marketing research. Participants who had visited an HP in the prior four months (n = 1073) were asked about discussions of e-cigarettes during that visit and whether this led them to try to quit. Logistic models regressed these variables on socio-demographics and tobacco use-related variables. Results: Smokers who also used e-cigarettes (i.e., dual users) were more likely than exclusive smokers to have discussed e-cigarettes with their HP (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.96; 95% C.I. 2.73, 5.74), as were those who had recently attempted to quit smoking (AOR = 1.89; 95% C.I. 1.33, 2.7). Of smokers who had discussed e-cigarettes, 53.3% reported that the discussion led them to use e-cigarettes in their quit attempt. Also, dual users (AOR = 2.6; 95% C.I. 1.5, 4.5) and daily smokers (>5 cigarettes per day) (AOR = 3.62; 95% C.I. 1.9, 6.8) were more likely to report being led by their HP to use e-cigarettes in the quit attempt compared to exclusive smokers and non-daily smokers, respectively. Conclusions: Discussions between HP and smokers about e-cigarettes were relatively common in Mexico, where e-cigarettes are banned. These discussions appear driven by the use of e-cigarettes, as well as by greater smoking frequency and intentions to quit smoking. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Cigarettes: Good and Bad Impacts)
15 pages, 1206 KiB  
Article
Personality Traits or Genetic Determinants—Which Strongly Influences E-Cigarette Users?
by Anna Grzywacz, Aleksandra Suchanecka, Jolanta Chmielowiec, Krzysztof Chmielowiec, Kamila Szumilas, Jolanta Masiak, Łukasz Balwicki, Monika Michałowska-Sawczyn and Grzegorz Trybek
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(1), 365; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17010365 - 05 Jan 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4178
Abstract
Presently, a growing popularity of electronic cigarettes may be observed. Used as a means of obtaining nicotine they allow to substitute traditional cigarettes. The origins of substance use disorders are conditioned by dopaminergic signaling which influences motivational processes being elementary factors conditioning the [...] Read more.
Presently, a growing popularity of electronic cigarettes may be observed. Used as a means of obtaining nicotine they allow to substitute traditional cigarettes. The origins of substance use disorders are conditioned by dopaminergic signaling which influences motivational processes being elementary factors conditioning the process of learning and exhibiting goal-directed behaviors. The study concentrated on analysis of three polymorphisms located in the dopamine receptor 2 (DRD2) gene—rs1076560, rs1799732 and rs1079597 using the PCR method, personality traits determined with the Big Five Questionnaire, and anxiety measured with the State Trait Anxiety Inventory. The study was conducted on a group of 394 volunteers, consisting e-cigarette users (n = 144) and controls (n = 250). Compared to the controls the case group subjects achieved significantly higher scores in regard to the STAI state and the trait scale, as well as the NEO-FFI Neuroticism and Openness scale. Likewise, in the case of the STAI state for DRD2 rs1076560 significant differences were found. Furthermore, while comparing the groups (e-cigarette users vs. controls) we noticed interactions for the NEO FFI Neuroticism and DRD2 rs1076560. The same was observed in the case of interactions significance while comparing groups (e-cigarette users vs. controls) for the STAI trait/scale and DRD2 rs1799732. Findings from this study demonstrate that psychological factors and genetic determinants should be analyzed simultaneously and comprehensively while considering groups of addicted patients. Since the use, and rapid increase in popularity, of electronic cigarettes has implications for public health, e-cigarette users should be studied holistically, especially younger groups of addicted and experimenting users. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Cigarettes: Good and Bad Impacts)
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22 pages, 5195 KiB  
Article
A Comparison of Flavorless Electronic Cigarette-Generated Aerosol and Conventional Cigarette Smoke on the Planktonic Growth of Common Oral Commensal Streptococci
by John M. Nelson, Giancarlo A. Cuadra and Dominic L. Palazzolo
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(24), 5004; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16245004 - 09 Dec 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4806
Abstract
Background: Smoking is the number one predictor for the development of periodontal disease. Consequently, electronic cigarette (ECIG) use has prompted investigations into the health-related risks induced by ECIG-generated aerosol on oral commensal bacteria as compared to cigarette smoke. Since E-liquid contains fewer constituents [...] Read more.
Background: Smoking is the number one predictor for the development of periodontal disease. Consequently, electronic cigarette (ECIG) use has prompted investigations into the health-related risks induced by ECIG-generated aerosol on oral commensal bacteria as compared to cigarette smoke. Since E-liquid contains fewer constituents than smoke, we hypothesize that growth media containing E-liquid or aerosol has less impact on oral commensal streptococci than cigarette smoke. Methods: Eight-hour growth curves were generated for three strains of streptococci following exposure of growth media to nicotine alone (0.05, 0.1, 0.2 mg/mL), E-liquid ± nicotine (2.3, 4.7, 7.0 µL/mL), ECIG-generated aerosol ± nicotine (25, 50, 75 puffs), or cigarette smoke (2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 puffs). Nicotine and E-liquid were added to the media at concentrations equivalent to vaporized amounts of 25, 50, or 75 puffs. Absorbance readings were taken at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h of bacterial growth. Results: Both E-liquid and aerosol (±nicotine) had little to no effect on eight-hour streptococcal growth. In contrast, five puffs of smoke inhibited streptococcal growth. Conclusions: Smoke-treated growth media, but not E-liquid or ECIG-generated aerosol, inhibits the growth of oral commensal streptococci. A possible implication is that aerosol may induce less periodontitis than smoke. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Cigarettes: Good and Bad Impacts)
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15 pages, 1180 KiB  
Article
E-Liquid Flavor Preferences and Individual Factors Related to Vaping: A Survey among Dutch Never-Users, Smokers, Dual Users, and Exclusive Vapers
by Kim AGJ Romijnders, Erna JZ Krüsemann, Sanne Boesveldt, Kees de Graaf, Hein de Vries and Reinskje Talhout
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(23), 4661; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16234661 - 22 Nov 2019
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 6993
Abstract
Appealing product characteristics, such as flavors, may stimulate e-cigarette use. While switching to e-cigarettes may reduce harm for smokers, concerns exist about e-cigarette use among never-smokers. The role of flavors in the decision to switch to or refrain from vaping is unclear. This [...] Read more.
Appealing product characteristics, such as flavors, may stimulate e-cigarette use. While switching to e-cigarettes may reduce harm for smokers, concerns exist about e-cigarette use among never-smokers. The role of flavors in the decision to switch to or refrain from vaping is unclear. This study used a bottom–up approach to investigate the relation between flavor preferences and individual factors related to vaping between various user groups. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among never-users (n = 407), smokers (n = 138), dual users (n = 122), and exclusive vapers (n = 61) in the Netherlands. Demographics, attractiveness of product characteristics, flavor preferences, and individual factors related to vaping (knowledge, trust, perceived susceptibility, attitude, social influence, deliberation, and intention) were assessed. The availability of different flavors was the most attractive characteristic of e-cigarettes. Dual users and exclusive vapers had most often used tobacco and menthol/mint flavors when they first started vaping. Compared to dual users, exclusive vapers currently used more fruit and sweet flavors. Never-users who were interested in trying an e-liquid flavor had more knowledge about and a more positive attitude towards e-cigarettes. Smokers who were interested in trying a flavor had a more positive attitude towards e-cigarettes and experienced the social influence towards not using e-cigarettes as less strong than those who did not want to try any flavor. Hence, individual factors related to vaping differed depending on whether never-users and smokers wanted to try an e-liquid flavor. This means that flavors may moderate differences found in individual factors related to vaping, or vice versa. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Cigarettes: Good and Bad Impacts)
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10 pages, 748 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Toxic Metals in Liquid from Electronic Cigarettes
by Naudia Gray, Mary Halstead, Nathalie Gonzalez-Jimenez, Liza Valentin-Blasini, Clifford Watson and R. Steven Pappas
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(22), 4450; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16224450 - 13 Nov 2019
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 4294
Abstract
As the technology of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), including e-cigarettes, evolves, assessing metal concentrations in liquids among brands over time becomes challenging. A method for quantification of chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, tin, and lead in ENDS liquids using triple quadrupole inductively [...] Read more.
As the technology of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), including e-cigarettes, evolves, assessing metal concentrations in liquids among brands over time becomes challenging. A method for quantification of chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, tin, and lead in ENDS liquids using triple quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was developed. The method’s limits of detection (LODs) were 0.031, 0.032, 3.15, 1.27, 0.108, 0.099, 0.066 µg/g for Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Sn, and Pb respectively. Liquids analyzed were from different brands and flavors of refill bottles or single-use, rechargeable, and pod devices from different years. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy further evaluated the device components’ compositions. Refill liquids before contacting a device were below lowest reportable levels (LRL) for all metals. Copper and zinc were elevated in liquids from devices containing brass. Cadmium was <LRL in all liquids and was not observed in device components. Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sn, and Pb, reported in µg/g, ranged from <LRL to 0.396, 4.04, 903, 454, 0.898, and 13.5 respectively. Elevated metal concentrations in the liquid were also elevated in aerosol from the corresponding device. The data demonstrates the impact of device design and materials on toxic metals in ENDS liquid. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Cigarettes: Good and Bad Impacts)
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7 pages, 594 KiB  
Article
Influence of Electronic Cigarettes on Selected Antibacterial Properties of Saliva
by Dominika Cichońska, Aida Kusiak, Barbara Kochańska, Jolanta Ochocińska and Dariusz Świetlik
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(22), 4433; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16224433 - 12 Nov 2019
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2838
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate changes in selected physicochemical properties of saliva collected from users of electronic cigarettes. Methods: The study population consisted of 120 patients (40 users of electronic cigarettes, 40 smokers of traditional cigarettes and 40 non-smokers). Laboratory [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to estimate changes in selected physicochemical properties of saliva collected from users of electronic cigarettes. Methods: The study population consisted of 120 patients (40 users of electronic cigarettes, 40 smokers of traditional cigarettes and 40 non-smokers). Laboratory tests included verification of saliva amount of lysozyme, lactoferrin and IgA. Results: Among e-cigarette users, statistically significant differences were observed in values of lysozyme and lactoferrin; however, no statistically significant differences for the IgA value were found. In the group of traditional cigarette smokers, statistically significant differences were observed among all tested parameters in relation to the control group. In relation to IgA, statistically significant differences were found between e-cigarette users and traditional cigarette smokers, to the disadvantage of the latter. Conclusion: Saliva of e-cigarette users showed changes of antibacterial properties in comparison to the control group and traditional cigarette smokers. Further longitudinal studies on larger study groups should be conducted in order to assess the effect of observed changes in the antibacterial properties of saliva on oral health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Cigarettes: Good and Bad Impacts)
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9 pages, 764 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Bi-Directional Association between Tobacco and E-Cigarette Use among Youth in Canada
by Sarah Aleyan, Mahmood R. Gohari, Adam G. Cole and Scott T. Leatherdale
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(21), 4256; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16214256 - 01 Nov 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3947
Abstract
Research has demonstrated associations between e-cigarette use and tobacco use among youth. However, few studies have examined whether reciprocal relationships exist between e-cigarette and tobacco use. The objective of this study was to examine whether bi-directional associations exist between e-cigarette and tobacco use [...] Read more.
Research has demonstrated associations between e-cigarette use and tobacco use among youth. However, few studies have examined whether reciprocal relationships exist between e-cigarette and tobacco use. The objective of this study was to examine whether bi-directional associations exist between e-cigarette and tobacco use in a large longitudinal sample of Canadian youth. A longitudinal sample of secondary students (n = 6729) attending 87 schools in Ontario and Alberta, Canada, who completed the COMPASS student questionnaire across three waves (from 2014–2015 to 2016–2017) was identified. Using cross-lagged models, we explored bi-directional associations between current tobacco and e-cigarette use, adjusting for relevant covariates. Our findings showed that current e-cigarette use predicted subsequent tobacco use between Wave 1 (W1) and Wave 2 (W2) of the study (W1–2: OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.37–1.74). Similarly, current tobacco use predicted e-cigarette use during earlier waves of the study (W1–2: OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.30–1.58). However, these relationships dissipated in later waves, when tobacco use no longer predicted e-cigarette use (W2–3: OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 0.99–1.16). This study extends prior work that focused mainly on the association between e-cigarette and subsequent tobacco use. Specifically, our findings portray a more complex relationship, where e-cigarette use may influence and be influenced by tobacco use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Cigarettes: Good and Bad Impacts)
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12 pages, 721 KiB  
Article
A Combination of Factors Related to Smoking Behavior, Attractive Product Characteristics, and Socio-Cognitive Factors are Important to Distinguish a Dual User from an Exclusive E-Cigarette User
by Kim A.G.J. Romijnders, Jeroen L.A. Pennings, Liesbeth van Osch, Hein de Vries and Reinskje Talhout
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(21), 4191; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16214191 - 30 Oct 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5111
Abstract
Although total cessation of nicotine and tobacco products would be most beneficial to improve public health, exclusive e-cigarette use has potential health benefits for smokers compared to cigarette smoking. This study investigated differences between dual users and exclusive e-cigarette users provide information to [...] Read more.
Although total cessation of nicotine and tobacco products would be most beneficial to improve public health, exclusive e-cigarette use has potential health benefits for smokers compared to cigarette smoking. This study investigated differences between dual users and exclusive e-cigarette users provide information to optimize health communication about smoking and vaping. A cross-sectional survey (n = 116) among 80 current, adult dual users and 36 current, adult-exclusive e-cigarette users was conducted in the Netherlands. The questionnaire assessed four clusters of factors: (1) Past and current smoking and vaping behavior, (2) product characteristics used, (3) attractiveness and reasons related to cigarettes and e-cigarettes, and (4) socio-cognitive factors regarding smoking, vaping, and not smoking or vaping. We used random forest—a machine learning algorithm—to identify distinguishing features between dual users and e-cigarette users. We are able to discern a dual user from an exclusive e-cigarette user with 86.2% accuracy based on seven factors: Social ties with other smokers, quantity of tobacco cigarettes smoked in the past (e-cigarette users) or currently (dual users), self-efficacy to not vape and smoke, unattractiveness of cigarettes, attitude towards e-cigarettes, barriers: accessibility of e-cigarettes, and intention to quit vaping (A). This combination of features provides information on how to improve health communication about smoking and vaping. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Cigarettes: Good and Bad Impacts)
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15 pages, 1382 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Consequences of Electronic-Cigarette Flavoring Exposure on the Immature Lung
by Sara K. Berkelhamer, Justin M. Helman, Sylvia F. Gugino, Noel J. Leigh, Satyan Lakshminrusimha and Maciej L. Goniewicz
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(19), 3635; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16193635 - 27 Sep 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3513
Abstract
Background: The developing lung is uniquely susceptible and may be at increased risk of injury with exposure to e-cigarette constituents. We hypothesize that cellular toxicity and airway and vascular responses with exposure to flavored refill solutions may be altered in the immature lung. [...] Read more.
Background: The developing lung is uniquely susceptible and may be at increased risk of injury with exposure to e-cigarette constituents. We hypothesize that cellular toxicity and airway and vascular responses with exposure to flavored refill solutions may be altered in the immature lung. Methods: Fetal, neonatal, and adult ovine pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) were exposed to popular flavored nicotine-free e-cigarette refill solutions (menthol, strawberry, tobacco, and vanilla) and unflavored solvents: propylene glycol (PG) or vegetable glycerin (VG). Viability was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase assay. Brochodilation and vasoreactivity were determined on isolated ovine bronchial rings (BR) and pulmonary arteries (PA). Results: Neither PG or VG impacted viability of immature or adult cells; however, exposure to menthol and strawberry flavored solutions increased cell death. Neonatal cells were uniquely susceptible to menthol flavoring-induced toxicity, and all four flavorings demonstrated lower lethal doses (LD50) in immature PASMC. Exposure to flavored solutions induced bronchodilation of neonatal BR, while only menthol induced airway relaxation in adults. In contrast, PG/VG and flavored solutions did not impact vasoreactivity with the exception of menthol-induced relaxation of adult PAs. Conclusion: The immature lung is uniquely susceptible to cellular toxicity and altered airway responses with exposure to common flavored e-cigarette solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Cigarettes: Good and Bad Impacts)
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12 pages, 432 KiB  
Article
Use of Flavored E-Cigarettes and the Type of E-Cigarette Devices Used among Adults and Youth in the US—Results from Wave 3 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study (2015–2016)
by Liane M. Schneller, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Maciej L. Goniewicz, Scott McIntosh, Deborah Ossip and Richard J. O’Connor
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(16), 2991; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16162991 - 20 Aug 2019
Cited by 64 | Viewed by 6598
Abstract
The United States (U.S.) Food and Drug Administration has expressed concern about flavored e-cigarettes (e.g., JUUL brand) because they are appealing to youth who may be unaware that the product is addictive. The Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study Wave 3 provided [...] Read more.
The United States (U.S.) Food and Drug Administration has expressed concern about flavored e-cigarettes (e.g., JUUL brand) because they are appealing to youth who may be unaware that the product is addictive. The Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study Wave 3 provided data on flavor categories, type of e-cigarette product, and smoking status among past 30-day youth and adult e-cigarette users in the US. Most past 30-day youth and adult users reported using only one flavor category, with fruit (53% youth, 31% adult) being the most commonly reported category. Adults were far more likely to report using tobacco flavor alone, compared to any other individual flavor category or flavor category combinations (OR: 21.08, 95%CI: 5.92, 75.12). Whereas, youth were more likely to report using multiple flavor categories (OR: 2.03, 95%CI: 1.55, 2.65), with the most reported pairing being fruit and candy (36%). The variety of flavors on the market appeals to consumers of all ages. Although most past 30-day e-cigarette users reported only one flavor category, non-tobacco flavors were far more common among youth. Differences in flavor preferences among adult versus youth vapers may have implications for the role of flavors in both the initiation of youth vaping and adult vaping for smoking cessation. Full article
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15 pages, 13296 KiB  
Article
Design Features in Multiple Generations of Electronic Cigarette Atomizers
by Monique Williams and Prue Talbot
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(16), 2904; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16162904 - 14 Aug 2019
Cited by 71 | Viewed by 6212
Abstract
The design of electronic cigarette (EC) atomizing units has evolved since their introduction over 10 years ago. The purpose of this study was to evaluate atomizer design in ECs sold between 2011–2017. Atomizers from 34 brands representing three generations of ECs were dissected [...] Read more.
The design of electronic cigarette (EC) atomizing units has evolved since their introduction over 10 years ago. The purpose of this study was to evaluate atomizer design in ECs sold between 2011–2017. Atomizers from 34 brands representing three generations of ECs were dissected and photographed using a stereoscopic microscope. Five distinct atomizer design categories were identified in first generation products (cig-a-like/cartomizer) and three categories were found in the third generation. Atomizers in most cig-a-like ECs contained a filament, thick wire, wire joints, air-tube, wick, sheath, and fibers, while some later models lacked some of these components. Over time design changes included an increase in atomizer size; removal of solder joints between wires; removal of Polyfil fibers; and removal of the microprocessor from Vuse. In second and third generation ECs, the reservoirs and batteries were larger, and the atomizing units generally lacked a thick wire, fibers, and sheath. These data contribute to an understanding of atomizer design and show that there is no single design for ECs, which are continually evolving. The design of the atomizer is particularly important as it affects the performance of ECs and what transfers into the aerosol. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Cigarettes: Good and Bad Impacts)
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15 pages, 324 KiB  
Article
Influence of Electronic Cigarette Characteristics on Susceptibility, Perceptions, and Abuse Liability Indices among Combustible Tobacco Cigarette Smokers and Non-Smokers
by Cosima Hoetger, Rose S. Bono, Nicole E. Nicksic, Andrew J. Barnes and Caroline O. Cobb
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(10), 1825; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16101825 - 23 May 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2920
Abstract
This study assessed how electronic cigarette (ECIG) characteristics amenable to regulation—namely nicotine content, flavor, and modified risk messages—impact ECIG use susceptibility, harm/addiction perceptions, and abuse liability indices among combustible tobacco cigarette (CTC) smokers and non-smokers. CTC smokers and non-smokers varying in ECIG use [...] Read more.
This study assessed how electronic cigarette (ECIG) characteristics amenable to regulation—namely nicotine content, flavor, and modified risk messages—impact ECIG use susceptibility, harm/addiction perceptions, and abuse liability indices among combustible tobacco cigarette (CTC) smokers and non-smokers. CTC smokers and non-smokers varying in ECIG use recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) completed an online survey in 2016 (analytic n = 706). Participants were randomly assigned to one of eight conditions differing in ECIG characteristics: nicotine content (no, low, high), flavor (menthol, tobacco, fruit), or modified risk message (reduced harm, reduced carcinogen exposure). Regressions assessed ECIG susceptibility, harm/addiction perceptions, and abuse liability indices (purchase task measures of breakpoint/intensity) within each regulatory domain (nicotine content, flavor, message) and their interactions with CTC/ECIG status. Differential effects on ECIG susceptibility, harm/addiction perceptions, and abuse liability indices were observed by regulatory domain with many effects moderated by CTC/ECIG status. ECIG nicotine content and flavor conditions were the most influential across outcomes. Greater nicotine content, tobacco-flavored and reduced carcinogen exposure ECIGs were more highly preferred by CTC smokers with some differing preferences for non-users. Findings reinforce consideration of discrete ECIG preferences across tobacco use status to improve regulatory efficacy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Cigarettes: Good and Bad Impacts)
14 pages, 598 KiB  
Article
The Health Risks of Electronic Cigarette Use to Bystanders
by Wouter F. Visser, Walther N. Klerx, Hans W. J. M. Cremers, Ramon Ramlal, Paul L. Schwillens and Reinskje Talhout
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(9), 1525; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16091525 - 30 Apr 2019
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 9992
Abstract
This works aimed to assess the health risks of e-cigarette use to bystanders. The exhaled breath of 17 volunteers was collected while they were vaping, and the levels of nicotine, propylene glycol, glycerol, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), and heavy metals were [...] Read more.
This works aimed to assess the health risks of e-cigarette use to bystanders. The exhaled breath of 17 volunteers was collected while they were vaping, and the levels of nicotine, propylene glycol, glycerol, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), and heavy metals were analyzed. Increased levels of nicotine, propylene glycol, TSNAs and copper were found in the exhaled breath of the volunteers. From these measurements, bystander exposure was estimated for two different scenarios: (1) A non-ventilated car with two e-cigarette users and (2) a ventilated office with one e-cigarette user. Our results show that bystanders may experience irritation of the respiratory tract as a result of exposure to propylene glycol and glycerol. Systemic effects of nicotine should also be expected if nicotine-containing e-liquid is used, including palpitations, and an increase of the systolic blood pressure. Furthermore, due to the presence of TSNAs in some e-liquids, an increased risk of tumors could not be excluded for the ‘car’ scenario. While e-cigarette use can clearly have effects on the health of bystanders, the risks depend on the rate of ventilation, dimensions of the room, and vaping behavior of the e-cigarette user. The presence of TSNAs in e-liquids can be avoided, which will prevent the most serious effect identified (increased risk of tumors). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Cigarettes: Good and Bad Impacts)
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9 pages, 438 KiB  
Article
Association between Regular Electronic Nicotine Product Use and Self-Reported Periodontal Disease Status: Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Survey
by Nkiruka C. Atuegwu, Mario F. Perez, Cheryl Oncken, Sejal Thacker, Erin L. Mead and Eric M. Mortensen
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(7), 1263; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16071263 - 09 Apr 2019
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 6249
Abstract
Electronic nicotine product use is increasing in the U.S., but few studies have addressed its effects on oral health. The goal of this work was to determine the association between electronic nicotine product use and periodontal disease. Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health [...] Read more.
Electronic nicotine product use is increasing in the U.S., but few studies have addressed its effects on oral health. The goal of this work was to determine the association between electronic nicotine product use and periodontal disease. Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health adult survey data from 2013–2016 (waves 1, 2 and 3) was used for the analysis. Longitudinal electronic nicotine product users used electronic nicotine products regularly every day or somedays in all three waves. Participants with new cases of gum disease reported no history of gum disease in wave 1 but reported being diagnosed with gum disease in waves 2 or 3. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated to determine the association between electronic nicotine product use and new cases of gum disease after controlling for potential confounders. Compared to never users, longitudinal electronic nicotine product users had increased odds of being diagnosed with gum disease (OR 1.76, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.12–2.76) and bone loss around teeth (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.06–2.63). These odds were higher for participants with a history of marijuana and a history of illicit or non-prescribed drug use. Our findings show that e-cigarettes may be harmful to oral health. Full article
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11 pages, 313 KiB  
Article
Electronic Cigarette Use and Smoking Initiation in Taiwan: Evidence from the First Prospective Study in Asia
by Yu-Ning Chien, Wayne Gao, Mattia Sanna, Ping-Ling Chen, Yi-Hua Chen, Stanton Glantz and Hung-Yi Chiou
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(7), 1145; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16071145 - 30 Mar 2019
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 7077
Abstract
A growing literature indicates that electronic cigarette use increases the risk of subsequent initiation of conventional smoking among cigarette-naïve adolescents in several Western countries. This research assesses the same relationship in an Asian country, Taiwan. The Taiwan Adolescent to Adult Longitudinal Study is [...] Read more.
A growing literature indicates that electronic cigarette use increases the risk of subsequent initiation of conventional smoking among cigarette-naïve adolescents in several Western countries. This research assesses the same relationship in an Asian country, Taiwan. The Taiwan Adolescent to Adult Longitudinal Study is a school-based survey that was carried out in two waves in 2014 (baseline) and in 2016 (follow-up). It employs probability sampling to create nationally representative samples of students in junior high school (mean age 13, 7th grade at baseline) and in senior high school (mean age 16, 10th grade at baseline). Data from this survey were analyzed via logistic regression to estimate the association between ever use of e-cigarettes at baseline and smoking initiation at follow-up, accounting for susceptibility to smoking, socio-demographic profile, depression status, and peer support. Among the 12,954 cigarette-naïve students surveyed, those with e-cigarette experience at baseline exhibited higher odds of smoking initiation at follow-up (Odds Ratio = 2.14, 95% CI (1.66, 2.75), p < 0.001). For the first time, we confirmed, through a longitudinal survey, a prospective association between ever use of e-cigarettes and smoking initiation in an Asian adolescent population. The restrictive policy on e-cigarettes currently in force in Taiwan is justified to prevent both e-cigarette and cigarette use among adolescents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Cigarettes: Good and Bad Impacts)
13 pages, 595 KiB  
Article
A Comparison of E-Cigarette Use Patterns and Smoking Cessation Behavior among Vapers by Primary Place of Purchase
by Greta Hsu, Anthony C. Gamst, Yue-Lin Zhuang, Tanya Wolfson and Shu-Hong Zhu
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(5), 724; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16050724 - 28 Feb 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4220
Abstract
Background: E-cigarettes are purchased through multiple channels, including general retail, online, and specialty smoke and vape shops. We examine how e-cigarette users’ primary purchase place relates to e-cigarette use and smoking cessation behaviors. Methods: Probability-based samples of the U.S. population who were current [...] Read more.
Background: E-cigarettes are purchased through multiple channels, including general retail, online, and specialty smoke and vape shops. We examine how e-cigarette users’ primary purchase place relates to e-cigarette use and smoking cessation behaviors. Methods: Probability-based samples of the U.S. population who were current e-cigarette users were surveyed in 2014 (N = 879) and 2016 (N = 743), with responses combined for most analyses. E-cigarette use and smoking cessation behaviors were compared across users’ primary purchase place. Results: Higher percentages of vape shop (59.1%) and internet (42.9%) customers were current daily users of e-cigarettes compared to retail (19.7%) and smoke shop (23.2%) customers (p-values < 0.001). Higher percentages of vape shop (40.2%) and internet (35.1%) customers were also former smokers, compared to 17.7% of retail and 19.3% of smoke shop customers (p’s < 0.001). Among those smoking 12 months prior to survey, smoking cessation rates were higher for vape shop (22.2%) and internet customers (22.5%) than for retail customers (10.7%, p = 0.010 and p = 0.022, respectively), even though retail customers were more likely to use FDA-approved smoking cessation aids. The percentage of customers purchasing from vape shops increased from 20.4% in 2014 to 37.6% in 2016, surpassing general retail (27.7%) as the most likely channel in 2016. Conclusions: E-cigarette customers differed in significant ways by channels of purchase, most notably in their smoking cessation behaviors. Previous population studies have relied mostly on retail channel data, which accounted for less than 30% of all products sold by 2016. Future studies of e-cigarette use should consider a broader set of channels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Cigarettes: Good and Bad Impacts)
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13 pages, 282 KiB  
Article
Where Do Vapers Buy Their Vaping Supplies? Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) 4 Country Smoking and Vaping Survey
by David C. Braak, K. Michael Cummings, Georges J. Nahhas, Bryan W. Heckman, Ron Borland, Geoffrey T. Fong, David Hammond, Christian Boudreau, Ann McNeill, David T. Levy and Ce Shang
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(3), 338; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16030338 - 26 Jan 2019
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 6036
Abstract
Aim: This study examines where vapers purchase their vaping refills in countries having different regulations over such devices, Canada (CA), the United States (US), England (EN), and Australia (AU). Methods: Data were available from 1899 current adult daily and weekly vapers who participated [...] Read more.
Aim: This study examines where vapers purchase their vaping refills in countries having different regulations over such devices, Canada (CA), the United States (US), England (EN), and Australia (AU). Methods: Data were available from 1899 current adult daily and weekly vapers who participated in the 2016 (Wave 1) International Tobacco Control Four Country Smoking and Vaping. The outcome was purchase location of vaping supplies (online, vape shop, other). Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were reported for between country comparisons. Results: Overall, 41.4% of current vapers bought their vaping products from vape shops, 27.5% bought them online, and 31.1% from other retail locations. The vast majority of vapers (91.1%) reported using nicotine-containing e-liquids. In AU, vapers were more likely to buy online vs other locations compared to CA (OR = 6.4, 2.3–17.9), the US (OR = 4.1, 1.54–10.7), and EN (OR = 7.9, 2.9–21.8). In the US, they were more likely to buy from vape shops (OR = 3.3, 1.8–6.2) or online (OR = 1.9, 1.0–3.8) vs other retail locations when compared to those in EN. In CA, vapers were more likely to purchase at vape shops than at other retail locations when compared to vapers in EN (5.9, 3.2–10.9) and the US (1.87, 1.0–3.1). Conclusions: The regulatory environment and enforcement of such regulations appear to influence the location where vapers buy their vaping products. In AU, banning the retail sale of nicotine vaping products has led vapers to rely mainly on online purchasing sources, whereas the lack of enforcement of the same regulation in CA has allowed specialty vape shops to flourish. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Cigarettes: Good and Bad Impacts)

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6 pages, 475 KiB  
Brief Report
E-Cigarette Use by Smoking Status in Estonia, 2012–2018
by Rainer Reile and Kersti Pärna
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(2), 519; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17020519 - 14 Jan 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2268
Abstract
Background: In the context of declining smoking rates in Estonia, this study aims to analyze the recent trends in e-cigarette use and its associations with smoking status and sociodemographic factors. Methods: Nationally representative data from biennial cross-sectional health surveys in 2012–2018 (n = [...] Read more.
Background: In the context of declining smoking rates in Estonia, this study aims to analyze the recent trends in e-cigarette use and its associations with smoking status and sociodemographic factors. Methods: Nationally representative data from biennial cross-sectional health surveys in 2012–2018 (n = 9988) were used to describe the prevalence of smoking and e-cigarette use by smoking status in Estonia. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to describe the sociodemographic patterns of e-cigarette use in three subgroups: the general population, smokers, and ex-smokers. Results: The prevalence of current smoking decreased from 45.4% in 2012 to 31.5% in 2018 among men and from 26.6% to 20.0% among women. At the same time, e-cigarette use in the general population had increased to 3.7% among men and to 1.2% among women. The increase in the prevalence of e-cigarette use was statistically significant among men in the general population, smokers, and ex-smokers, but non-significant among women. In addition to period effects, e-cigarette use was patterned by age, gender, and education. Conclusion: In 2002–2018, the e-cigarette use had increased but smoking had decreased in Estonia. A timely and targeted tobacco policy may alleviate the harm of e-cigarette use from the public health perspective. Full article
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5 pages, 1166 KiB  
Letter
Are E-Cigarette Flavors Associated with Exposure to Nicotine and Toxicants? Findings from Wave 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study
by Danielle M. Smith, Liane M. Schneller, Richard J. O’Connor and Maciej L. Goniewicz
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(24), 5055; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16245055 - 11 Dec 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2860
Abstract
Increasing adoption of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has led to numerous concerns about health effects resulting from long-term use [...] Full article
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13 pages, 566 KiB  
Brief Report
The Use of HPLC-PDA in Determining Nicotine and Nicotine-Related Alkaloids from E-Liquids: A Comparison of Five E-Liquid Brands Purchased Locally
by Dominic Palazzolo, John M. Nelson and Zuri Hudson
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(17), 3015; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16173015 - 21 Aug 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5152
Abstract
E-liquid manufacturers are under scrutiny concerning the purity and concentration accuracy of nicotine and the minor nicotine-related alkaloids (NRAs) packaged in their products. In this communication we report concentrations of nicotine and five NRAs (nornicotine, cotinine, anabasine, anatabine, myosmine) from locally purchased E-liquids. [...] Read more.
E-liquid manufacturers are under scrutiny concerning the purity and concentration accuracy of nicotine and the minor nicotine-related alkaloids (NRAs) packaged in their products. In this communication we report concentrations of nicotine and five NRAs (nornicotine, cotinine, anabasine, anatabine, myosmine) from locally purchased E-liquids. Methods: Five brands of E-liquids (three bottles each) were purchased locally. Additionally, three bottles of reference E-liquid were prepared. Concentrations of nicotine and NRAs from each bottle were measured by HPLC. Concentrations of these alkaloids were also determined from electronic cigarette-generated aerosol and traditional cigarette smoke. Results: Nicotine concentrations in E-liquid brands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and in the reference E-liquid were 17.8 ± 4.1, 23.2 ± 0.7, 24.0 ± 0.9, 24.9 ± 0.2, 19.7 ± 0.3 and 20.4 ± 0.1 mg/mL, respectively. Concentrations normalized to 100% of product label were 74%, 97%, 100%, 104%, 109% and 102%, respectively. E-liquid brand 1 showed significance (p < 0.001) between bottles, while the reference showed the least variability. Similar results were obtained for the NRAs. Results also indicated the NRAs in aerosol of the reference E-liquid are lower than in cigarette smoke. Conclusions: The amounts of NRAs present in E-liquids and E-liquid aerosol are less compared to cigarettes, however, inconsistencies and variation in nicotine concentrations supports the need for regulatory oversight. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Cigarettes: Good and Bad Impacts)
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6 pages, 267 KiB  
Brief Report
Evidence of Nicotine Dependence in Adolescents Who Use Juul and Similar Pod Devices
by Rachel Boykan, Maciej L. Goniewicz and Catherine R. Messina
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(12), 2135; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16122135 - 17 Jun 2019
Cited by 58 | Viewed by 5737
Abstract
Background: The use of high-nicotine content e-cigarettes (so-called pods, such as Juul) among adolescents raises concerns about early onset of nicotine addiction. Methods: In this analysis of adolescents surveyed from April 2017–April 2018, we compare survey responses and urinary cotinine of [...] Read more.
Background: The use of high-nicotine content e-cigarettes (so-called pods, such as Juul) among adolescents raises concerns about early onset of nicotine addiction. Methods: In this analysis of adolescents surveyed from April 2017–April 2018, we compare survey responses and urinary cotinine of pod vs. non-pod using past-week e-cigarette users aged 12–21. Results: More pod users categorized themselves as daily users compared to non-pod users (63.0% vs. 11.0%; p = 0.001); more pod than non-pod users had used e-cigarettes within the past day (76.2% vs. 29.6%; p = 0.001). More pod users responded affirmatively to nicotine dependence questions (21.4% vs. 7.1%; p = 0.04). Urinary cotinine levels were compared among those responding positively and negatively to dependence questions: those with positive responses had significantly higher urinary cotinine levels than those responding negatively. Conclusions: Adolescents who used pod products showed more signs of nicotine dependence than non-pod users. Pediatricians should be vigilant in identifying dependence symptoms in their patients who use e-cigarettes, particularly in those using pod devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Cigarettes: Good and Bad Impacts)
14 pages, 2991 KiB  
Brief Report
A Comparison of Flavorless Electronic Cigarette-Generated Aerosol and Conventional Cigarette Smoke on the Survival and Growth of Common Oral Commensal Streptococci
by Giancarlo A. Cuadra, Maxwell T. Smith, John M. Nelson, Emma K. Loh and Dominic L. Palazzolo
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(10), 1669; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16101669 - 14 May 2019
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 7724
Abstract
Background: The use of electronic cigarettes (ECIG) has become very common. Consequently, critical analysis of the biological effects of ECIG aerosol deserves attention. Flavorless ECIG aerosol is known to comprise fewer harmful constituents than cigarette smoke. Therefore, we hypothesize that aerosol has less [...] Read more.
Background: The use of electronic cigarettes (ECIG) has become very common. Consequently, critical analysis of the biological effects of ECIG aerosol deserves attention. Flavorless ECIG aerosol is known to comprise fewer harmful constituents than cigarette smoke. Therefore, we hypothesize that aerosol has less immediate effect on the viability of oral commensal streptococci than smoke. Methods: Survival and growth of four strains of commensal streptococci were measured after exposure to flavorless ECIG aerosol ± nicotine and smoke. Peristaltic pumps were used to transport aerosol or smoke into chambers containing recently seeded colony-forming units (CFUs) of the oral commensal streptococci on agar plates. Bacterial survival and growth, based on colony counts and sizes, were determined 24 h post-exposure. Additionally, aerosol or smoke were delivered into chambers containing pre-adhered streptococci to plastic coverslips and biofilm formation was determined 24 h post-exposure via scanning electron microscopy. Results: The results suggest that flavorless aerosol ± nicotine has a modest effect on bacterial growth both as colonies on agar and as biofilms. In contrast, smoke dramatically decreased bacterial survival and growth in all parameters measured. Conclusion: Unlike cigarette smoke, flavorless ECIG aerosol has only a small effect on the survival and growth of oral commensal streptococci. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Cigarettes: Good and Bad Impacts)
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