Submit to IJERPH Review for IJERPH Propose a Special Issue

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

2nd Edition of Exercise and Sport in Stressful Conditions and Environments

Special Issue Editors
Special Issue Information
Keywords
Published Papers

A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Exercise and Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (23 March 2023) | Viewed by 21807

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Christopher Ballmann

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Human Studies, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
Interests: exercise physiology; ergogenic aids; nutraceuticals; oxidative stress
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Courteney Benjamin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, AL 35229, USA
Interests: thermal physiology; hydration; exercise physiology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It has been well documented that exercise, particularly high intensity exercise, acts as an acute stressor to multiple organ systems including, but not limited to, the skeletal muscle, cardiovascular, and pulmonary systems. Humans have the potential to adapt and combat disturbances in homeostasis, but these adaptations are largely influenced by stressful conditions and environments. In the second edition of this Special Issue, we are looking for original investigations describing how stressful environments/conditions during sport and exercise influence adaptive responses. Below are some examples of topics fitting the scope of this Special Issue for IJERPH:

Supramaximal exercise;
Exercise during hypoxia/altitude;
Exercise and heat/cold stress;
Exercise and oxidative stress;
Exercise and nutrient/fluid deprivation;
Exercise and psychological/mental stress.

Dr. Christopher Ballmann
Dr. Courteney Benjamin
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

supramaximal exercise
exercise during hypoxia/altitude
exercise and heat/cold stress
exercise and oxidative stress
exercise and nutrient/fluid deprivation
exercise and psychological/mental stress

Published Papers (11 papers)

Download All Papers

Research

Jump to: Other

13 pages, 1820 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Work-to-Rest Cycles on Cardiovascular Strain and Maximal Oxygen Uptake during Heat Stress

by Anne M. Mulholland, Hillary A. Yoder and Jonathan E. Wingo

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(5), 4580; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph20054580 - 04 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1343

Abstract

Cardiovascular drift—a progressive increase in heart rate (HR) and decrease in stroke volume (SV) during prolonged exercise—is exacerbated by heat stress and thermal strain, and often accompanied by a decrease in work capacity (indexed as maximal oxygen uptake [

\dot{V}

O_2max [...] Read more.

\dot{V}

O_2max]). To attenuate physiological strain during work in the heat, use of work:rest ratios is recommended by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that during moderate work in hot conditions, utilizing the recommended 45:15 min work:rest ratio would result in cardiovascular drift ‘accumulating’ over consecutive work:rest cycles and accompanying decrements in

\dot{V}

O_2max. Eight people (5 women; (mean ± SD) age = 25 ± 5 y; body mass = 74.8 ± 11.6 kg;

\dot{V}

O_2max = 42.9 ± 5.6 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) performed 120 min of simulated moderate work (201–300 kcal·h⁻¹) in hot conditions (indoor wet-bulb globe temperature = 29.0 ± 0.6 °C). Participants completed two 45:15 min work:rest cycles. Cardiovascular drift was evaluated at 15 and 45 min of each work bout;

\dot{V}

O_2max was measured after 120 min. On a separate day,

\dot{V}

O_2max was measured after 15 min under identical conditions for comparison before and after cardiovascular drift occurred. HR increased 16.7% (18 ± 9 beats·min⁻¹, p = 0.004) and SV decreased 16.9% (−12.3 ± 5.9 mL, p = 0.003) between 15 and 105 min, but

\dot{V}

O_2max was unaffected after 120 min (p = 0.14). Core body temperature increased 0.5 ± 0.2 °C (p = 0.006) over 2 h. Recommended work:rest ratios preserved work capacity but did not prevent the accumulation of cardiovascular and thermal strain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Exercise and Sport in Stressful Conditions and Environments)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 586 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Matter of Taste: Roles of Taste Preference on Performance and Psychological Responses during Anaerobic Exercise

by Davis B. Henry, Anna L. Pemberton, Rebecca R. Rogers and Christopher G. Ballmann

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(4), 3730; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043730 - 20 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1412

Abstract

Various tastes including sweet, bitter, and sour have been shown to differentially influence physiological and psychological processes. Furthermore, ingestion of bitter and sweet solutions has been shown to acutely enhance exercise performance. However, the taste is highly individualized, and it is unclear if preference influences the ergogenic potential of taste. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of preferred and non-preferred drink tastes on anaerobic performance and psychological responses thereof. Physically active females participated in two counterbalanced sprint trials each with a different condition: (1) non-preferred taste (NPT), (2) Preferred taste (PT). Participants self-reported taste preferences (sweet, sour, bitter) with the highest-ranked taste being used for the PT condition and the lowest-ranked for NPT. For each visit, participants completed a 15 s Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) prior to (PRE) ingestion of ~20 mL of their NP or PREF taste. Following ingestion, participants completed 2 min of active recovery, rated their taste preference of the solution, and completed another 15 s WAnT. The rate of perceived exertion (RPE), motivation, and enjoyment were measured through a visual analog scale following each WAnT. Anaerobic performance measures and heart rate (HR) were also obtained at the succession of each WAnT. Findings revealed no differences between taste conditions for mean power (p = 0.455), peak power (p = 0.824), or HR (p = 0.847). RPE was significantly lower with PT versus NPT (p = 0.006). Exercise enjoyment (p = 0.022) was higher with PT compared to NPT. NPT resulted in worse motivation compared to PRE (p = 0.001) while no changes were observed between PT and PRE (p = 0.197). These findings suggest that preferred drink taste may not enhance acute performance but improves psychological responses to maximal anaerobic exercise which may have implications for improving exercise training and adherence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Exercise and Sport in Stressful Conditions and Environments)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 350 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Coronavirus Infection on Health-Related Quality of Life in Amateur CrossFit Athletes

by Sebastian Szajkowski, Jarosław Pasek, Michał Dwornik and Grzegorz Cieślar

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(24), 16409; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph192416409 - 07 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1054

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to assess how the disease, developing over the course of coronavirus infection, affects the quality of life of athletes practicing amateur sports who are not burdened with comorbidities. Methods: The study included 102 amateur CrossFit athletes (54 (53%) women and 48 (47%) men) who had been infected with SARS-CoV-2, but were not hospitalized. The training experience of the respondents ranged from 1.5 to 15 years (average: 6.7 ± 3.8 years). The quality of life was assessed with EQ-5D-5L and Clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ), which was used to assess the quality of life specific to the respiratory system, and the severity of dyspnea was assessed using the MRC questionnaire. Results: The training experience did not differ statistically significantly between men and women (p = 0.595). The quality of life in men according EQ-5D-5L was statistically significantly higher than in the case of women (0.979 ± 0.028 vs. 0.942 ± 0.073 (p < 0.001), respectively), and in EQ-VAS it was significantly higher in men than in women (85.64 ± 10.4 vs. 72.5 ± 19.36 points (p < 0.001)). The assessment of dyspnea by means of mMRC showed its higher intensity in women than in men. The differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.195). In men, a significantly lower result of the quality of life was noted in the CCQ questionnaire: 0.71 ± 0.57 vs. 1.14 ± 0.84 points (p = 0.009). Conclusions: The HRQOL, which surveyed amateur CrossFit after COVID-19, was higher in men than in women. People practicing strength- and strength-endurance-based sports rated their quality of life as the highest. Most of the subjects observed a slight intensification of dyspnea. The findings can be used for future healthcare measures to be applied in the population of CrossFit athletes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Exercise and Sport in Stressful Conditions and Environments)

13 pages, 1918 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acute Exercise with Moderate Hypoxia Reduces Arterial Oxygen Saturation and Cerebral Oxygenation without Affecting Hemodynamics in Physically Active Males

by Gabriele Mulliri, Sara Magnani, Silvana Roberto, Giovanna Ghiani, Fabio Sechi, Massimo Fanni, Elisabetta Marini, Silvia Stagi, Ylenia Lai, Andrea Rinaldi, Raffaella Isola, Romina Vargiu, Marty D. Spranger and Antonio Crisafulli

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(8), 4558; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19084558 - 10 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2180

Abstract

Hemodynamic changes during exercise in acute hypoxia (AH) have not been completely elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate hemodynamics during an acute bout of mild, dynamic exercise during moderate normobaric AH. Twenty-two physically active, healthy males (average age; range 23–40 years) completed a cardiopulmonary test on a cycle ergometer to determine their maximum workload (W_max). On separate days, participants performed two randomly assigned exercise tests (three minutes pedaling at 30% of W_max): (1) during normoxia (NORMO), and (2) during normobaric AH at 13.5% inspired oxygen (HYPO). Hemodynamics were assessed with impedance cardiography, and peripheral arterial oxygen saturation (SatO₂) and cerebral oxygenation (Cox) were measured by near-infrared spectroscopy. Hemodynamic responses (heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, mean arterial blood pressure, ventricular emptying rate, and ventricular filling rate) were not any different between NORMO and HYPO. However, the HYPO test significantly reduced both SatO₂ (96.6 ± 3.3 vs. 83.0 ± 4.5%) and Cox (71.0 ± 6.6 vs. 62.8 ± 7.4 A.U.) when compared to the NORMO test. We conclude that an acute bout of mild exercise during acute moderate normobaric hypoxia does not induce significant changes in hemodynamics, although it can cause significant reductions in SatO₂ and Cox. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Exercise and Sport in Stressful Conditions and Environments)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 1611 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of a Novel Collection of Exhaled Breath Condensate to Exercise Settings

by Joseph A. Sol and John C. Quindry

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 3948; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19073948 - 26 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1582

Abstract

The collection of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a non-invasive method for obtaining biosamples from the lower respiratory tract, an approach amenable to exercise, environmental, and work physiology applications. The purpose of this study was to develop a cost-effective, reproducible methodology for obtaining larger volume EBC samples. Participants (male: n = 10; female: n = 6; 26 ± 8 yrs.) completed a 10 min EBC collection using a novel device (N-EBC). After initial collection, a 45 min bout of cycling at 75% HRmax was performed, followed by another N-EBC collection. In a subset of individuals (n = 5), EBC was obtained using both the novel technique and a commercially available EBC collection device (R-EBC) in a randomized fashion. N-EBC volume—pre- and post-exercise (2.3 ± 0.8 and 2.6 ± 0.9 mL, respectively)—and pH (7.4 ± 0.5 and 7.4 ± 0.5, respectively) were not significantly different. When normalized for participant body height, device comparisons indicated N-EBC volumes were larger than R-EBC at pre-exercise (+12%) and post-exercise (+48%). Following moderate-intensity exercise, no changes in the pre- and post-trial values of Pentraxin 3 (0.25 ± 0.04 and 0.26 ± 0.06 pg/mL, respectively) and 8-Isoprostrane (0.43 ± 0.33 and 0.36 ± 0.24 pg/mL, respectively) concentrations were observed. In a cost-efficient fashion, the N-EBC method produced larger sample volumes, both pre- and post-exercise, facilitating more biomarker tests to be performed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Exercise and Sport in Stressful Conditions and Environments)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 614 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Four High-Altitude Training Camps on the Aerobic Capacity of a Short Track PyeongChang 2018 Olympian: A Case Study

by Anna Lukanova-Jakubowska, Katarzyna Piechota, Tomasz Grzywacz, Tadeusz Ambroży, Łukasz Rydzik and Mariusz Ozimek

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 3814; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19073814 - 23 Mar 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2687

Abstract

This study characterizes high-altitude training camps and their effect on the aerobic capacity of a Polish national team member (M.W.), who was a participant in the PyeongChang 2018 Winter Olympic Games (body weight: 59.6 kg, body height: 161.0 cm, fat mass: 10.9 kg and 18.3% of fat tissue, fat-free mass: 48.7 kg, muscle mass: 46.3 kg, and BMI = 23.0 kg/m²). The tests were conducted in the periods from April 2018 to September 2018 and April 2019 to September 2019 (period of general and special preparation). The study evaluated aerobic and anaerobic capacity determined by laboratory tests, a cardiopulmonary graded exercise test to exhaustion performed on a cycle ergometer (CPET), and the Wingate anaerobic test. Based on the research, training in hypobaric conditions translated into significant improvements in the skater’s exercise capacity recorded after participating in the Olympic Winter Games in Korea (February 2018). In the analyzed period (2018–2019), there was a significant increase in key parameters of aerobic fitness such as anaerobic threshold power output (AT-PO) [W]—223; power output POmax [W]—299 and AT-PO [W/kg]—3.50; (POmax) [W/kg]—4.69; and AT-VO₂ [mL/kg/min]—51.3; VO₂max [mL/kg/min]—61.0. The athlete showed high-exercise-induced adaptations and improvements in the aerobic metabolic potential after two seasons, in which four training camps were held in altitude conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Exercise and Sport in Stressful Conditions and Environments)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 651 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Resistance Training in Hypobaric vs. Normobaric Hypoxia on Circulating Ions and Hormones

by Rafael Timon, Guillermo Olcina, Paulino Padial, Juan Bonitch-Góngora, Ismael Martínez-Guardado, Cristina Benavente, Blanca de la Fuente and Belen Feriche

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(6), 3436; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19063436 - 14 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2136

Abstract

Hypobaric hypoxia (HH) seems to lead to different responses compared to normobaric hypoxia (NH) during physical conditioning. The aim of the study was to analyze the hormonal and circulating ion responses after performing high-intensity resistance training with different inter-set rest under HH and NH condition. Sixteen male volunteers were randomly divided into two training groups. Each group completed two counterbalanced resistance training sessions (three sets × ten repetitions, remaining two repetitions in reserve), with both one- and two-minute inter-set rest, under HH and NH. Blood samples were obtained to determine hormones and circulating ions (Ca²⁺, Pi, and HCO₃⁻) at baseline and after training sessions (5, 10, and 30 min). Resistance training with one-minute rest caused greater hormonal stress than with two-minute rest in cortisol and growth hormone, although the hypoxic environmental condition did not cause any significant alterations in these hormones. The short inter-set rest also caused greater alterations in HCO₃⁻ and Pi than the longer rest. Additionally, higher levels of Ca²⁺ and Pi, and lower levels of HCO₃⁻, were observed after training in HH compared to NH. Metabolic and physiological responses after resistance training are mediated by inter-set rest intervals and hypoxic environmental condition. According to the alterations observed in the circulating ions, HH could cause greater muscular fatigue and metabolic stress than NH. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Exercise and Sport in Stressful Conditions and Environments)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 1434 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sleep–Wake Behaviour of 200-Mile Ultra-Marathon Competitors: A Case Study

by Darren Bianchi, Dean J. Miller and Michele Lastella

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(5), 3006; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19053006 - 04 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1852

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the sleep–wake behaviour of 200-mile ultra-marathon runners before, during, and after a competition. A longitudinal, observational study was conducted to collect the sleep data of four (two females; mean age: 45.5 ± 3.1 years) runners competing in a 200-mile ultra-marathon (N = 4). Wrist-worn activity monitors, in conjunction with self-report sleep diaries, were used to measure sleep, beginning seven days prior to the race and concluding seven days following the race (2–19 June 2021). Descriptive analysis of runners’ subjective and objective sleep data was conducted. All runners completed the 200-mile event in an average of 82.5 ± 7.1 h. On average, runners obtained 4.7 ± 3.0 h of sleep from 4.8 ± 2.4 sleep episodes, averaging 59.9 ± 49.2 min of sleep per episode. Runners averaged 6.0 ± 1.3 h of sleep per night in the week before the competition and 6.3 ± 1.3 h per night in the week following the competition. Runners in the 200-mile (326 km) ultra-marathon drastically restricted their sleep. However, obtained sleep, the number of sleep episodes, and sleep episode length were greater than those previously reported with 100-mile (161 km) runners. In-race sleep data suggest an increased need for sleep as race duration increases. Interestingly, runners obtained less than the recommended ~8 h of sleep per night, in both pre-race and post-race phases of the competition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Exercise and Sport in Stressful Conditions and Environments)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 659 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fluid Restriction Negatively Influences Perceived Morning Alertness and Visuomotor Ability

by Courteney L. Benjamin, Elliot P. Norton, Benjamin M. Shirley, Rebecca R. Rogers, Tyler D. Williams, Mallory R. Marshall and Christopher G. Ballmann

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(1), 370; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19010370 - 30 Dec 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1630

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of two fluid intake protocols on alertness and reaction time before and after fluid intake. Healthy college-age males (n = 12) followed two fluid intake protocols on separate occasions: (1) prescribed fluid (PF) and fluid restricted (FR). In PF, participants were instructed to consume 500 mL of fluid the night prior to and the morning of data collection. In FR, participants were instructed to refrain from the consumption of fluid for 12 h. To assess hydration status, urine specific gravity and urine color were measured. Participants perceived level of thirst and alertness were also recorded. Participants then completed visuomotor reaction time tests using the Dynavision LED board, using both a central visuomotor test and a peripheral visuomotor test (PVRT) prior to (1) and following (2) the ingestion of 100 mL of water. Participants displayed significantly improved PVRT in PF state as compared to FR (PF1 = 1.13 ± 0.16, PF2 = 1.04 ± 0.14; FR1 = 1.27 ± 0.27, FR2 = 1.18 ± 0.20; p = 0.038, η_p² = 0.363). Both CVRT and PVRT improved over time, following the ingestion of 100 mL of fluid. Participants in the PF state were also significantly more alert than participants in the FR state (PF = 4 ± 2, FR = 5 ± 2; p = 0.019, ES = 0.839). Collectively, perceived alertness and PVRT were negatively impacted by FR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Exercise and Sport in Stressful Conditions and Environments)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 1127 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Activity under Stress: A Perspective of HAPA and Individual Differences

by Song Zhou, Linqian Li, Yan Zhao, Yiheng Cao, Baozhong Peng and Lei Zheng

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(22), 12144; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph182212144 - 19 Nov 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3423

Abstract

Aims: Physical activity is an effective way for people to cope with stress. However, people often decrease their physical activity in response to stressors. Therefore, we aimed to understand the relationship between perceived stress and physical activity from an outcome expectancies perspective and investigated the moderating role of future orientation in this relationship. Methods: This study recruited 425 students who completed a three-wave survey at six-week intervals. A moderated mediation model was used to examine the mediating effects of outcome expectancies and the moderating effects of future orientation. Results: The results indicated that outcome expectancies mediated the relationship between perceived stress and physical activity. This relationship was moderated by future orientation. In particular, the mediating effects were significant for people with a high future orientation, but not for those with a low future orientation. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate the adaptive function of future orientation in response to general stress. Importantly, the link between perceived stress and reduced physical activity could be mitigated by encouraging people to focus on future consequences. Future studies should consider developing intervention strategies that help those struggling with stressful contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Exercise and Sport in Stressful Conditions and Environments)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Other

Jump to: Research

9 pages, 699 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

The Effect of Fluid Availability on Consumption and Perceptual Measures during Aerobic Exercise

by Courteney L. Benjamin, Luke W. Dobbins, Shealyn G. Sullivan, Rebecca R. Rogers, Tyler D. Williams, Mallory R. Marshall and Christopher G. Ballmann

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(2), 1310; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph20021310 - 11 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1414

Abstract

Fluid availability may alter drinking behavior; however, it is currently unknown if the availability of fluid impacts behavior and gastrointestinal issues (GI) that are often associated with increased fluid intake. The purpose of this study was to determine if ad libitum (AL) versus periodic (PER) fluid intake influences fluid consumption and GI distress during exercise in trained athletes. Male and female Division I NCAA Cross Country athletes (n = 11; age = 20 ± 1 years) participated in this counterbalanced crossover study. Each participant completed a moderate intensity 10 km run on two separate occasions. In one trial, participants had unlimited availability to fluid to consume AL. In the other trial, participants consumed PER fluid at stations placed every 3.2 km. Assurance of euhydration prior to each trial was confirmed via urine specific gravity (USG) and urine color. Subjective perceptions of thirst and gastric fullness were assessed pre- and post-exercise via Likert questioning and a visual analog scale, respectively. Participants started each trial euhydrated (AL = 1.009 USG ± 0.009; PER = 1.009 USG ± 0.009; urine color AL, 3 ± 1; urine color PER, 2 ± 1). Fluid volume consumption was significantly higher during the AL condition compared to PER (p = 0.050). Thirst significantly increased from pre- to post-run regardless of treatment (p < 0.001); however, there was no significant difference between the groups (p = 0.492). Feelings of fullness did not change pre-post trial (p = 0.304) or between trials (p = 0.958). Increased fluid availability allows for increased fluid consumption without the negative experience of GI discomfort. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Exercise and Sport in Stressful Conditions and Environments)

► Show Figures