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A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Exercise and Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 May 2021) | Viewed by 52817

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Special Issue Editors

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Susanna Geidne

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Guest Editor

School of Health Sciences, Division of Sport Science, Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden
Interests: health promoting sports clubs; practice-based research; sustainable sport management

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Aurélie Van Hoye

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Assistant Guest Editor

APEMAC, University of Lorraine, Nancy 54000, France
Interests: physical activity interventions; health promoting sports clubs; physical activity policies

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Health promotion can be understood in different ways in relation to sport, and this Special Issue aims to explore this relation in-depth. The objective of this Special Issue is to better understand how the sport sector can act (through interventions, events, initiatives, policies) as a health-promoting setting.

The World Health Organization (WHO, 1986) has defined Health promotion as the process of enabling organizations or individuals to take control over their health and their determinants.

In the present Special Issue, we consider sport in a broad sense, including both competitive and recreational sport, targeting all groups across the lifespan and socioeconomic gradient, including every-day and non-organized sport practice.

This Special Issue of IJERPH focuses on research such as:

- Health-promoting settings-based approach to sport (HPSC-related research and research on how to change the core-business of sport in a health-promoting direction);

- Health promotion through sport (sport for health, sport for development, sport for social change, using sport as a tool for health promoting outcomes or sustainable development goals);

- Health promotion in sport (health promotion initiatives/interventions/events performed in sport, ex. using sports as an arena for health promotion programs);

- Health promotion in relation to emerging concepts within the field such as physical literacy, salutogenesis, social capital or other perspectives that could broaden our understanding of health promotion and sport.

In this Special Issue, we invite researchers from different scientific disciplines, such as health promotion, sport management, sport sociology, sport pedagogy, and sport psychology, among others, to submit papers that combine or use diverse methods (qualitative, quantitative or mixed). Both empirical and theoretical papers are welcome.

Assoc. Prof. Susanna Geidne
Assoc. Prof. Aurélie Van Hoye
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Health promotion
Sport
Settings-based approach
SDG
Sport for development
Events

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

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22 pages, 386 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gender Marginalization in Sports Participation through Advertising: The Case of Nike

by Kirsten Rasmussen, Mikaela J. Dufur, Michael R. Cope and Hayley Pierce

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(15), 7759; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18157759 - 22 Jul 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 12892

Abstract

The sport sector functions as a site of health-promotion by encouraging and enabling individuals to invest in their health and giving them tools to do so. This investment is often initiated by, or altered by, role modeling, or seeing other individuals engaging in sport. This could include family or peers but could also include depictions of sport in popular media. Inclusive role-modeling could subsequently encourage more sport participation, thus expanding access to health benefits that arise from sport. However, stereotypical depictions of sports role models could make sports seem like a more exclusive space and discourage participation. We examine a case study of a prominent athletic brand and their advertising to examine the ways they expand or reify stereotypes of gender in sport. Through a qualitative content analysis of 131 commercials released by Nike in the past decade, we explore whether their stated goals of being a socially progressive company extend to genuinely diverse and inclusive portrayals of gender in their commercials. Our results indicate that Nike commercials continue to treat sports as a predominantly and stereotypically masculine realm, therefore marginalizing athletes who are female, who do not fit traditional gender binaries, or who do not display traditionally masculine qualities. We also find that the bulk of athletes portrayed by Nike are those who adhere to gender stereotypes. Despite their purported goal of encouraging individuals to participate in sports, Nike’s promotion of gendered sport behaviors may be having an opposite effect for some consumers by discouraging sports participation for those who do not align with the gendered behavior Nike promotes. The stereotyped role modeling of the sport sector portrayed in a majority of Nike commercials could dissuade already marginalized individuals from participating in the health-promoting behaviors available through sport. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Promotion and Sport)

18 pages, 1038 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Youth Perspectives on What Makes a Sports Club a Health-Promoting Setting—Viewed through a Salutogenic Settings-Based Lens

by Susanna Geidne and Mikael Quennerstedt

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(14), 7704; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18147704 - 20 Jul 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3731

Abstract

Sports participation has the potential to contribute to young people’s health. A prerequisite for young people to benefit from sports is that they stay in sports. Studies that consider both personal and contextual factors are needed to unpack the broader health-promoting potential of youth sports. The purpose of the study is to contribute to knowledge about the health-promoting potential of young people’s participation in organized sports by exploring youth perspectives on what makes a sports club health-promoting with a focus on health resources that young people consider important for sports club participation. For this cross-sectional study a brief survey was conducted with 15–16 year old students (n = 123) at two schools in Sweden, asking three open-ended questions about their participation in sports. The study used a salutogenic theory-driven analysis in combination with statistical analysis. Five health resources that young people consider important for sports club participation are revealed. On an individual, more ‘swimmer’-related level, these are personal well-being and social relations, including relationally meaningful activities, and on an organizational level, relating to the ‘river’, that sports clubs offer a supportive and well-functioning environment. For sports clubs to be health-promoting settings for young people and thus hopefully to reduce drop-out, we need a more sustainable approach emphasizing drop-in, drop-through, and drop-over as a continuous iterative process. We also need to consider the complexity of sports participation for young people, involving individual, organizational and environmental issues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Promotion and Sport)

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14 pages, 2552 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Challenges of Partnering to Promote Health through Sport

by Alex Donaldson, Kiera Staley, Matthew Cameron, Sarah Dowling, Erica Randle, Paul O’Halloran, Nicola McNeil, Arthur Stukas and Matthew Nicholson

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(13), 7193; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18137193 - 05 Jul 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2708

Abstract

Interagency partnerships and collaborations underpin a settings-based approach to health promotion in all settings, including sport. This study used an online concept mapping approach to explore the challenges that Regional Sports Assemblies (RSAs) in Victoria, Australia experienced when working in partnerships to develop and deliver physical activity programs in a community sport context. Participants from nine RSAs brainstormed 46 unique partnership-related challenges that they then sorted into groups based on similarity of meaning and rated for importance and capacity to manage (6-point scale; 0 = least, 5 = most). A six cluster map (number of statements in cluster, mean cluster importance and capacity ratings)—Co-design for regional areas (4, 4.22, 2.51); Financial resources (3, 4.00, 2.32); Localised delivery challenges (4, 3.72, 2.33); Challenges implementing existing State Sporting Association (SSA) products (9, 3.58, 2.23); Working with clubs (8, 3.43, 2.99); and Partnership engagement (18, 3.23, 2.95)—was considered the most appropriate interpretation of the sorted data. The most important challenge was Lack of volunteer time (4.56). Partnerships to implement health promotion initiatives in sports settings involve multiple challenges, particularly for regional sport organisations working in partnership with community sport clubs with limited human and financial resources, to implement programs developed by national or state-based organisations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Promotion and Sport)

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15 pages, 365 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Learn, Have Fun and Be Healthy! An Interview Study of Swedish Teenagers’ Views of Participation in Club Sport

by Britta Thedin Jakobsson and Suzanne Lundvall

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(13), 6852; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18136852 - 25 Jun 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3607

Abstract

In Sweden, participation in club sport is a vital part of many children’s lives. Despite this, many stop in their teenage years, raising questions concerning if and in what ways club sport can provide health-promoting activities via longer, sustained participation. The aim of this cross-sectional study is to explore and discuss young people’s views of club sport from a health-promoting perspective. The analysis draws on three sets of qualitative data: results from focus groups interviews conducted in 2007 (n = 14) and in 2016 (n = 8) as well as 18 in-depth interviews conducted 2008. Antonovsy’s salutogenic theory and his sense of coherence (SOC) model inspired the analysis. Teenagers want to be a part of club sport because of a sense of enjoyment, learning, belonging and feeling healthy. Teenagers stop when sport becomes too serious, non-flexible, time-consuming and too competitive. The urge for flexibility and possibilities to make individual decisions were emphasised in 2016. The organisation of club sport, it seems, has not adapted to changes in society and a generation of teenagers’ health interests. Club sport has the potential to be a health-promoting arena, but the focus should be on changing the club sport environment, instead of a focus on changing young people. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Promotion and Sport)

20 pages, 396 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Building Public Health Capacity through Organizational Change in the Sport System: A Multiple-Case Study within Australian Gymnastics

by Amy Carrad, Anne-Maree Parrish and Heather Yeatman

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(13), 6726; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18136726 - 22 Jun 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2577

Abstract

Sports clubs increasingly are settings for health promotion initiatives. This study explored organizational change processes and perceived facilitators and barriers relevant to implementing a health promotion initiative within gymnastics settings in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. A multiple-case design investigated the experiences of the state association (Gymnastics NSW) and five clubs from one region of NSW in a participatory Health-Promoting Gymnastics Clubs (HPGC) program. The program aimed to build the capacity of Gymnastics NSW to support affiliated clubs to become health-promoting settings. Interviews with organizational representatives explored their experiences of the program and identified factors that enabled or inhibited program adoption, implementation and sustainability. Facilitators and barriers identified included leadership and champions; organizational capacity and culture; priorities and timing; and characteristics of the HPGC framework. This multi-level, organizational change intervention demonstrated potential to create health-promoting gymnastics settings. Tailoring strategies in diverse club contexts required involvement of organizational leaders in program development and action planning. Despite positive impacts, pre-existing organizational culture inhibited integration of health promotion as a core value. Sustained organizational change may result from professional regulatory requirements (e.g., accreditation and affiliation), and policy directives and funding (for organizational change, not program delivery) from relevant government departments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Promotion and Sport)

13 pages, 331 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can Health-Enhancing Sporting Programs in Sports Clubs Lead to a Settings-Based Approach? An Exploratory Qualitative Study

by Linda Ooms, Mette van Kruijsbergen and Dorine Collard

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(11), 6082; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18116082 - 04 Jun 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2141

Abstract

There is limited knowledge about how a settings-based approach can be best applied in a sports club setting. This qualitative exploratory study examined whether and how sporting programs focusing on individual behavior change (i.e., increasing physical activity levels of inactive people) and implemented on the micro-level of the sports club, can be a first step towards a settings-based approach (i.e., inclusion of the meso- and macro-level of the sports club). In addition, this study explored factors that influenced the inclusion of the meso- and macro-level of the sports club. Telephone interviews were conducted with representatives of sixteen sports clubs about program activities on all levels of the sports club. Thematic analyses were performed to explore stimulating and hindering factors. After multiple years, six sports clubs also had program activities on the meso-level and twelve sports clubs had activities on the macro-level. Program activities differed per level within a sports club and on the same level between sports clubs. Cultural and social factors influenced macro-level activities, while predominantly economic factors influenced meso-level activities. Based on these factors, sports clubs could develop, prioritize, and choose strategies that support them in developing a settings-based approach when increasing physical activity levels of inactive citizens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Promotion and Sport)

16 pages, 453 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Motives and Barriers Related to Physical Activity and Sport across Social Backgrounds: Implications for Health Promotion

by Marlene Rosager Lund Pedersen, Anne Faber Hansen and Karsten Elmose-Østerlund

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(11), 5810; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18115810 - 28 May 2021

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 6376

Abstract

Studies have found physical inactivity to be a significant health risk factor and have demonstrated how physical inactivity behaviour varies according to social background. As a result, differences according to social background must be considered when examining motives and barriers related to physical activity and sport. This scoping review examines motives and barriers related to physical activity and sport among people with different social backgrounds, including age, socioeconomic status, gender, ethnic minority background and disability status. A systematic literature search was performed in four scientific databases and yielded 2935 articles of which 58 articles met the inclusion criteria. We identified common motives for physical activity and sport as health benefits, well-being, enjoyment, social interaction, and social support; common barriers as time restrictions, fatigue and lack of energy, financial restrictions, health-related restrictions, low motivation, and shortage of facilities. We also identified several motives and barriers that were specific to or more pronounced among people with different social backgrounds. The knowledge about motives and barriers related to physical activity and sport provided in this article can inform health promotion initiatives that seek to improve public health both in general and when specifically targeting groups of people with different social backgrounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Promotion and Sport)

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13 pages, 1606 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Smoking and Vaping in Amateur Rugby Players, Coaches and Referees: Findings from a Regional Survey Might Help to Define Prevention Targets

by Frédéric Chagué, Emmanuel Reboursière, Jean Israël, Jean-Philippe Hager, Patrice Ngassa, Marc Geneste, Jean-Pierre Guinoiseau, Gilles Garet, Jacques Girardin, Jacques Sarda, Yves Cottin and Marianne Zeller

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(11), 5720; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18115720 - 26 May 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2629

Abstract

A high prevalence of cigarette smoking has been documented in France, and new patterns of tobacco and nicotine consumption are emerging, especially in some sports. In the amateur rugby population, data are scarce on harmful consumption and on the awareness of the risk of smoking. We analyzed the consumption of tobacco and other nicotine products in French amateur players, coaches and referees. Amateur players (>12 years old), coaches and referees participating in the Burgundy amateur championship were invited to answer an electronic, anonymous questionnaire during the 2017–2018 sport season. Among the 683 subjects (gender ratio M/F = 0.9), 176 (25.8%) were current smokers, including 32.4% of the referees and 28.2% of the coaches. The prevalence of smokers was higher in females (37.5%) than in males (24.6%). Most (86.4%) smoked within 2 h before/after a rugby session. Only 28 subjects (4.1%) usually vaped; 21 of them (75%) vaped within 2 h before/after a rugby session. Other tobacco or nicotine products were infrequent. The awareness about the risks of smoking before/after sport was incomplete, including in coaches and referees. The prevalence of cigarette smoking is alarming across the whole spectrum of rugby amateur actors. Education programs are urgently needed to reduce tobacco consumption in this at-risk population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Promotion and Sport)

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19 pages, 378 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Entrepreneurship and Resilience in Spanish Sports Clubs: A Cluster Analysis

by Paloma Escamilla-Fajardo, David Parra-Camacho and Juan Manuel Núñez-Pomar

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(10), 5142; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18105142 - 12 May 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2332

Abstract

Entrepreneurial orientation can be an effective response by sports clubs to manage a recession, such as the COVID-19 crisis. Therefore, its study can be fundamental to understand different ways of managing a recession. This study analyzes the entrepreneurial orientation of Spanish non-profit sports clubs to identify different groups and their profiles. The sample is composed of 145 Spanish non-profit sports clubs. Different validated scales have been used to analyze entrepreneurial orientation, business model adaptation, service quality, and economic and social performance (performance in social impact and performance in social causes). Entrepreneurial orientation is the variable used to differentiate the groups. This is made up of three dimensions: innovation, risk-taking, and proactivity. According to the results obtained, there are three groups of sports clubs according to their entrepreneurial orientation: non-entrepreneurs (n = 11), moderate entrepreneurs (n = 85), and strong entrepreneurs (n = 45). There are substantial differences between the three groups according to the adaptation of the business model, the perceived impact of COVID-19, and the returns analyzed. Strong entrepreneurs have considerably higher levels of business model adaptation, economic performance, social performance, and perceived service quality than non-entrepreneurs. Theoretical and practical implications have been drawn that can bring new information to the sports and organizational sector. For example, the diagnosis of the different profiles according to the level of entrepreneurship can be useful to propose strategies to improve performance. In this way, it can help to evaluate the return on the investment made by sponsors or governments in the organization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Promotion and Sport)

17 pages, 365 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Health Promoting Sports Club in Practice: A Controlled Evaluation of the GAA Healthy Club Project

by Aoife Lane, Niamh Murphy, Colin Regan and David Callaghan

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(9), 4786; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18094786 - 30 Apr 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2361

Abstract

Sport is a developing setting and a relevant system in health promotion but there are few examples of settings-based initiatives and systems thinking in sport. The Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) Healthy Club Project (HCP) adopts a settings approach delivered through and by grassroots clubs who respond to local needs while working within a national support system. The aim of this evaluation was to assess and describe the health promotion impact and experience of the HCP. Healthy Clubs (n = 23) and Control Clubs (n = 10) completed a Healthy Club Questionnaire at the start and end of the 20-month HCP and Healthy Clubs took part in focus group discussions. Healthy Clubs, using the structures of the HCP, a commitment to health and community engagement, demonstrated a significant improvement in their overall orientation to health promotion, which was not apparent in Control Clubs. The health promotion message is pervading into many aspects of the GAA club apart from that which relates to the day to day business of coaching and providing physical activity for all. The HCP represents health promotion activity embedded within and across systems, with further development and evaluation recommended to measure delivery and impact at the individual level, organisational, and wider societal levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Promotion and Sport)

14 pages, 364 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Capitalization of Health Promotion Initiatives within French Sports Clubs

by Aurélie Van Hoye, Stacey Johnson, Fabienne Lemonnier, Florence Rostan, Laurianne Crochet, Benjamin Tezier and Anne Vuillemin

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(3), 888; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18030888 - 20 Jan 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2614

Abstract

The settings-based approach to health promotion within sports clubs is a growing field of research. Evidence of health promotion intervention effectiveness in scientific literature is scarce, and little is known about their implementation mechanisms. The present study explores how promising health promotion interventions in eight French sports clubs are developed, and how the health promoting sports club’s intervention planning framework is applied. A method to collect Experiential Knowledge in health promotion was used, based on two iterative interviews to analyze intervention mechanisms and completed with document analysis. A deductive analysis using the health promoting sports club intervention planning framework was then undertaken. Among the 14 evidence-driven strategies, 13 were implemented in sports clubs (min = 9; max = 13). Policies were not targeted by any of the interventions. Key competencies of the managers of these health promotion interventions were identified: (1) having a deep understanding of the public and environment, (2) acquiring a high capacity to mobilize internal and external human resources, (3) possessing communication skills and (4) having an ability to write grant applications. By using evidence-driven strategies and intervention components, sports professionals can use this experiential knowledge to create successful and sustainable interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Promotion and Sport)

17 pages, 2833 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Measuring Residents’ Perceptions of Corporate Social Responsibility at Small- and Medium-Sized Sports Events

by Juan Antonio Sánchez-Sáez, Francisco Segado Segado, Ferran Calabuig-Moreno and Ana Mª Gallardo Guerrero

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(23), 8798; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17238798 - 26 Nov 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3310

Abstract

Due to the increase of sports events in local communities, it has become essential to organize such events in a socially responsible way at the environmental, social, and economic levels. The aim of this research was to develop a measurement tool to help determine the degree of social responsibility perceived by residents at small-medium scale sports events, to guide sports managers towards the design of socially responsible sports events. From the elaboration of a questionnaire developed ad-hoc, the perception of the residents was analyzed (n = 516). The psychometric properties of the tool, composed of 35 items, were analyzed by means of an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. As main conclusions, we were able to contrast the validity and reliability of the questionnaire on the perception of corporate social responsibility in small-scale sports events, around the dimensions of Sustainable Sports Activity, Social Cohesion, and Well-Being. As a consequence, it allowed us to identify three strategic management areas towards which the organizers of these events should focus special attention if they want to progress towards the achievement of socially responsible sports events. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Promotion and Sport)

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Review

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19 pages, 2002 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mental Well-Being or Ill-Being through Coaching in Adult Grassroots Sport: A Systematic Mapping Review

by María Rato Barrio, Clemens Ley, Anne Schomöller and Detlef Dumon

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(12), 6543; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18126543 - 17 Jun 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3795

Abstract

There is convincing evidence on the effects of sport and exercise on mental health and well-being. Less evidence is provided about how to achieve these benefits in the context of grassroots sport coaching. We systematically reviewed the scientific literature of three databases to narratively synthesize the current knowledge about which coaching-related factors influence well-being or ill-being, and how to promote mental health in adult athletes through sport coaches. The review includes 52 studies with different methodological and theoretical approaches and mental health outcomes. The wide range of themes were mapped and synthesized within two clusters, i.e., coaching behavior, antecedents, and context; and coach–athlete relationship and social support. The results highlight the importance of the promotion of empowering environments, autonomy-supportive coaching behavior, and coach–athlete relationship quality that relate to the satisfaction of basic psychological needs. The review also calls for a critical perspective, in the sense that the coaching context and working environment may not be empowering and supportive to the well-being of coaches and consequently to the athletes, and that coaches who want to provide autonomy-supportive environments may face various obstacles. Finally, the review synthesizes recommendations for the training of coaches, as one piece of a holistic mental health promotion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Promotion and Sport)

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