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Maximal Fat Oxidation: Determinant Factors and Metabolic Flexibility
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Maximal Fat Oxidation: Determinant Factors and Metabolic Flexibility

A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Exercise and Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2022) | Viewed by 15541

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Ismael Perez-Suarez

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Health Science, European University of the Canary Islands, University Campus of La Orotava, 38800 Villa de La Orotava, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
Interests: exercise physiology; muscle physiology; sports science; exercise testing; exercise performance

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Metabolic flexibility is defined by the ability to adequately shift between aerobic combustion of fat and carbohydrate from the fasted to the insulin stimulated state, as well as from rest to exercise where metabolic demands are fluctuating. The interest in the concept of metabolic flexibility and how it can affect fuel oxidation during physical exercise has increased in recent years. Maximal fat oxidation rate (MFO) during exercise has been considered a good marker of metabolic flexibility since MFO is directly associated with insulin sensitivity and metabolic risk factors. The interest in fat oxidation capacity is relevant for several cardiometabolic diseases (e.g., type II diabetes, obesity, overweight). Hence, there is an important scientific interest about determinant factors that could affect MFO. It is well known that MFO is influenced by several factors, such as maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and lean mass, which seem to be the most important determinants. However, there are several factors such as age, sex, genetic polymorphism, physical fitness, etc. that may also affect MFO.

This Special Issue of the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) focuses on the current state of knowledge on determinant factors that may affect maximal fat oxidation as a marker of metabolic flexibility in healthy or unhealthy humans (obese, diabetics, etc.). New research papers, reviews or conference papers are welcome to this issue. Papers dealing with new approaches to drive how physical exercise can improve cardiometabolic health through MFO adaptations in different metabolic diseases such as obesity or diabetes are also welcome. Other manuscript types accepted include methodological papers, brief reports, and commentaries.

We will accept manuscripts from different disciplines on sport science, sport medicine, exercise physiology or physical activity for health.

Dr. Ismael Perez-Suarez
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • maximal fat oxidation
  • fatmax
  • metabolic flexibility
  • indirect calorimetry
  • oxygen uptake
  • ergometry exercise
  • peak fat oxidation
  • exercise

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 1665 KiB  
Article
Effect of Menstrual Cycle Phase on Fuel Oxidation Post HIT in Women Reproductive Age: A Pilot Study
by Caroline Santana Frientes, Marcelo Luis Marquezi, Juliana Monique Lino Aparecido, Marcelo Santin Cascapera, Patrícia Soares Rogeri and Antônio Herbert Lancha Junior
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(4), 3148; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph20043148 - 10 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1597
Abstract
Women of childbearing age have variations in substrate oxidation rates that can lead to overweight, type II diabetes, and other conditions that may be associated with metabolic inflexibility and the variations in estrogen concentrations observed during the monthly ovarian cycle. Purpose: This study [...] Read more.
Women of childbearing age have variations in substrate oxidation rates that can lead to overweight, type II diabetes, and other conditions that may be associated with metabolic inflexibility and the variations in estrogen concentrations observed during the monthly ovarian cycle. Purpose: This study aimed to verify and compare the influence of eight treadmill high-intensity interval training (HIT) sessions on carbohydrate and lipid oxidation rates (CHOox and LIPox, respectively) and intensities of ventilatory anaerobic thresholds (VATs) of women in different phases of the monthly ovarian cycle. Methods: Eleven irregularly active women performed incremental treadmill exercise testing followed by submaximal work-rate running for 45 min to determine VATs, VO2peak, peak velocity (Vpeak), and substrate oxidation rates, before and after a training period, in different phases of their monthly ovarian cycle (follicular phase group, FL, n = 6; luteal phase group, LT, n = 5). The training period consisted of eight HIT sessions, composed each one of eight sets of 60 s running at 100%Vpeak interspersed by 75 s recovery every 48 h. Results: Our results showed no significant differences in VATs intensities between groups. The comparison between groups showed significant differences in relative energy derived from CHO pre- and post-training of −61.42% and −59.26%, respectively, and LIP pre- and post-training of 27.46% and 34.41%, respectively. The relative energy derived from CHO after the training period was 18.89% and 25.50% higher for FL and LT, respectively; consequently, the relative energy derived from LIPox after the training period was 8,45% and 3.46% lower for FL and LT, respectively. Over the training period, Vpeak was ~13.5 km/h, which produced the relative intensities of ~89%VO2peak e ~93%HRpeak for both groups. Conclusion: The monthly ovarian cycle phases promote significant changes in substrate oxidation rates leading to a decrease in CHOox. High-intensity interval training can minimize the differences observed and constitute an alternative intervention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maximal Fat Oxidation: Determinant Factors and Metabolic Flexibility)
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12 pages, 1468 KiB  
Article
Six HIT Sessions Improve Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Metabolic Flexibility in Insulin Resistant and Insulin Sensitive Adolescents with Obesity
by Juliana Monique Lino Aparecido, Marcelo Luis Marquezi, Hellyelson Lopes de Omena Couto, Thais Miriã da Silva Santos, Alison Fabiano Cunha Cruz, Nayara Barbosa Lopes, Marcelo Santin Cascapera, Vivian Bertoni Xavier, Cristiane Kochi, Vera Lúcia dos Santos Alves and Antonio Herbert Lancha, Jr.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(17), 10568; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191710568 - 25 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1674
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIT) on the cardiorespiratory performance and substrate oxidation pattern in insulin-resistant and insulin-sensitive obese adolescents. Methods: We recruited 25 obese adolescents in three schools, and trained them in six HIT sessions, comprising of six series [...] Read more.
To evaluate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIT) on the cardiorespiratory performance and substrate oxidation pattern in insulin-resistant and insulin-sensitive obese adolescents. Methods: We recruited 25 obese adolescents in three schools, and trained them in six HIT sessions, comprising of six series at 100% and recovery at 50% peak velocity (Vpeak). For the evaluation, the participants were divided into two groups: insulin-resistant (IR, n = 12; HOMA index ≥3.16) and insulin-sensitive (IS, n = 13). All participants underwent cardiopulmonary and indirect calorimetry testing. We compared the effects of HIT before and after the intervention among the two groups. The data were analyzed using Student’s t and Mann–Whitney (intergroup comparisons) and Student’s t and Wilcoxon (pre- and post-training comparisons) tests; and Cohen’s d (influence of HIT). Results: There was a significant post-training increase in Vpeak, oxygen consumption (VO2), velocity (V), and heart rate (HR) at the exertion intensity at the first ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT1) in both groups (p < 0.05; d < 0.02). The exercise promoted changes in substrate oxidation rates of the groups, with an increase in carbohydrate oxidation (CHOox) for both IR (p = 0.064) and IS (p = 0.034). Conclusion: Six HIT sessions improved cardiorespiratory performance in both groups and increased CHOox in insulin-sensitive obese adolescents, suggesting its utility for increasing physical fitness and controlling glycemia in these population groups. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maximal Fat Oxidation: Determinant Factors and Metabolic Flexibility)
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13 pages, 1959 KiB  
Article
Exercise Fat Oxidation Is Positively Associated with Body Fatness in Men with Obesity: Defying the Metabolic Flexibility Paradigm
by Isaac A. Chávez-Guevara, Rosa P. Hernández-Torres, Marina Trejo-Trejo, Everardo González-Rodríguez, Verónica Moreno-Brito, Abraham Wall-Medrano, Jorge A. Pérez-León and Arnulfo Ramos-Jiménez
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(13), 6945; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18136945 - 29 Jun 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3435
Abstract
Obesity is thought to be associated with a reduced capacity to increase fat oxidation in response to physical exercise; however, scientific evidence supporting this paradigm remains scarce. This study aimed to determine the interrelationship of different submaximal exercise metabolic flexibility (Metflex) markers and [...] Read more.
Obesity is thought to be associated with a reduced capacity to increase fat oxidation in response to physical exercise; however, scientific evidence supporting this paradigm remains scarce. This study aimed to determine the interrelationship of different submaximal exercise metabolic flexibility (Metflex) markers and define its association with body fatness on subjects with obesity. Twenty-one male subjects with obesity performed a graded-intensity exercise protocol (Test 1) during which cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and its corresponding exercise intensity (FATmax) were recorded. A week afterward, each subject performed a 60-min walk (treadmill) at FATmax (Test 2), and the resulting fat oxidation area under the curve (TFO) and maximum respiratory exchange ratio (RERpeak) were recorded. Blood lactate (LAb) levels was measured during both exercise protocols. Linear regression analysis was used to study the interrelationship of exercise Metflex markers. Pearson’s correlation was used to evaluate all possible linear relationships between Metflex and anthropometric measurement, controlling for CRF). The MFO explained 38% and 46% of RERpeak and TFO’s associated variance (p < 0.01) while TFO and RERpeak were inversely related (R2 = 0.54, p < 0.01). Body fatness positively correlated with MFO (r = 0.64, p < 0.01) and TFO (r = 0.63, p < 0.01) but inversely related with RERpeak (r = −0.67, p < 0.01). This study shows that MFO and RERpeak are valid indicators of TFO during steady-state exercise at FATmax. The fat oxidation capacity is directly associated with body fatness in males with obesity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maximal Fat Oxidation: Determinant Factors and Metabolic Flexibility)
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12 pages, 751 KiB  
Article
Influence of ACE Gene I/D Polymorphism on Cardiometabolic Risk, Maximal Fat Oxidation, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Diet and Physical Activity in Young Adults
by Adrián Montes-de-Oca-García, Alejandro Perez-Bey, Daniel Velázquez-Díaz, Juan Corral-Pérez, Edgardo Opazo-Díaz, María Rebollo-Ramos, Félix Gómez-Gallego, Magdalena Cuenca-García, Cristina Casals and Jesús G. Ponce-González
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(7), 3443; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18073443 - 26 Mar 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3315
Abstract
There is controversy about the relationship between ACE I/D polymorphism and health. Seventy-four healthy adults (n = 28 women; 22.5 ± 4.2 years) participated in this cross-sectional study aimed at determining the influence of ACE I/D polymorphism, ascertained by polymerase chain reaction, [...] Read more.
There is controversy about the relationship between ACE I/D polymorphism and health. Seventy-four healthy adults (n = 28 women; 22.5 ± 4.2 years) participated in this cross-sectional study aimed at determining the influence of ACE I/D polymorphism, ascertained by polymerase chain reaction, on cardiometabolic risk (i.e., waist circumference, body fat, blood pressure (BP), glucose, triglycerides, and inflammatory markers), maximal fat oxidation (MFO), cardiorespiratory fitness (maximal oxygen uptake), physical activity and diet. Our results showed differences by ACE I/D polymorphism in systolic BP (DD: 116.4 ± 11.8 mmHg; ID: 116.7 ± 6.3 mmHg; II: 109.4 ± 12.3 mmHg, p = 0.035) and body fat (DD: 27.3 ± 10.8%; ID: 22.6 ± 9.7%; II: 19.3 ± 7.1%, p = 0.030). Interestingly, a genotype*sex interaction in relativized MFO by lean mass (p = 0.048) was found. The DD polymorphism had higher MFO values than ID/II polymorphisms in men (8.4 ± 3.0 vs. 6.5 ± 2.9 mg/kg/min), while the ID/II polymorphisms showed higher R-MFO values than DD polymorphism in women (6.6 ± 2.3 vs. 7.6 ± 2.6 mg/kg/min). In conclusion, ACE I/D polymorphism is apparently associated with adiposity and BP, where a protective effect can be attributed to the II genotype, but not with cardiorespiratory fitness, diet and physical activity. Moreover, our study highlighted that there is a sexual dimorphism in the influence of ACE I/D gene polymorphism on MFO. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maximal Fat Oxidation: Determinant Factors and Metabolic Flexibility)
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Review

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15 pages, 1510 KiB  
Review
Factors Determining the Agreement between Aerobic Threshold and Point of Maximal Fat Oxidation: Follow-Up on a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Association
by Carlo Ferri Marini, Philippe Tadger, Isaac Armando Chávez-Guevara, Elizabeth Tipton, Marco Meucci, Zoran Nikolovski, Francisco Jose Amaro-Gahete and Ratko Peric
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(1), 453; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph20010453 - 27 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2157
Abstract
Regular exercise at the intensity matching maximal fat oxidation (FATmax) has been proposed as a key element in both athletes and clinical populations when aiming to enhance the body’s ability to oxidize fat. In order to allow a more standardized and [...] Read more.
Regular exercise at the intensity matching maximal fat oxidation (FATmax) has been proposed as a key element in both athletes and clinical populations when aiming to enhance the body’s ability to oxidize fat. In order to allow a more standardized and tailored training approach, the connection between FATmax and the individual aerobic thresholds (AerT) has been examined. Although recent findings strongly suggest that a relationship exists between these two intensities, correlation alone is not sufficient to confirm that the intensities necessarily coincide and that the error between the two measures is small. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis aim to examine the agreement levels between the exercise intensities matching FATmax and AerT by pooling limits of agreement in a function of three parameters: (i) the average difference, (ii) the average within-study variation, and (iii) the variation in bias across studies, and to examine the influence of clinical and methodological inter- and intra-study differences on agreement levels. This study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021239351) and ClinicalTrials (NCT03789045). PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for studies examining FATmax and AerT connection. Overall, 12 studies with forty-five effect sizes and a total of 774 subjects fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The ROBIS tool for risk of bias assessment was used to determine the quality of included studies. In conclusion, the overall 95% limits of agreement of the differences between FATmax and AerT exercise intensities were larger than the a priori determined acceptable agreement due to the large variance caused by clinical and methodological differences among the studies. Therefore, we recommend that future studies follow a strict standardization of data collection and analysis of FATmax- and AerT-related outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maximal Fat Oxidation: Determinant Factors and Metabolic Flexibility)
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Other

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19 pages, 2021 KiB  
Systematic Review
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Association and Differences between Aerobic Threshold and Point of Optimal Fat Oxidation
by Ratko Peric, Zoran Nikolovski, Marco Meucci, Philippe Tadger, Carlo Ferri Marini and Francisco José Amaro-Gahete
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(11), 6479; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19116479 - 26 May 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2395
Abstract
Over the past two decades, scientists have attempted to evaluate whether the point of maximal fat oxidation (FATmax) and the aerobic threshold (AerT) are connected. The existence of such a relationship would allow a more tailored training approach for athletes while [...] Read more.
Over the past two decades, scientists have attempted to evaluate whether the point of maximal fat oxidation (FATmax) and the aerobic threshold (AerT) are connected. The existence of such a relationship would allow a more tailored training approach for athletes while improving the efficacy of individualized exercise prescriptions when treating numerous health-related issues. However, studies have reported conflicting results, and this issue remains unresolved. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed: (i) to examine the strength of the association between FATmax and AerT by using the effect size (ES) of correlation coefficient (r) and standardized mean difference (SMD); (ii) to identify potential moderators and their influence on ES variability. This study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021239351) and ClinicalTrials (NCT03789045). PubMed and Google Scholar were searched and fourteen articles, consisting of overall 35 ES for r and 26 ES for SMD were included. Obtained ESs were analyzed using a multilevel random-effects meta-analysis. Our results support the presence of a significant association between FATmax and AerT exercise intensities. In conclusion, due to the large ES variance caused by clinical and methodological differences among the studies, we recommend that future studies follow strict standardization of data collection and analysis of FATmax and AerT-related outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maximal Fat Oxidation: Determinant Factors and Metabolic Flexibility)
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