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A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Global Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (18 June 2020) | Viewed by 53868

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Prof. Dr. Claudia Dellavia

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Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20123 Milan, Italy
Interests: functional anatomy; masticatory muscles; temporomandibular disorders; craniofacial morphology; oral tissue microscopy; oral disease epidemiology
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Oral health is an important factor in the maintenance of general health, wellbeing, and of the overall quality of life. Oral diseases affect a vast set of different structures in the masticatory system, including teeth, periodontal ligament, bone, mucosa, muscles, and temporomandibular join, and are caused by different pathogenic agents. However, most of the oral diseases have a multifactorial etiopathogenesis, and present risk factors related to the environment and to patient lifestyles.

The therapeutic approach of these pathologies is based on both the control of these etiopathogenetic and risk factors, as well as the design of diagnostic tools to allow for even more sensitive and specific early detection, as well as the development of personalized medicine.

In order to design specific prevention programs, it is crucial to investigate the variables associated with an increased risk of oral disease and their diffusion among the population. Furthermore, the need for clinical studies assessing the reliability and utility of diagnostic kits for screening programs has emerged.

This Special Issue seeks research papers on the epidemiological features of oral diseases, role of environmental risk factors, as well as original studies on the development of even more precise non-invasive and early diagnostic tools. We especially encourage the submission of clinical studies assessing the potential application of non-invasive and early diagnostic tools for the screening of oral diseases among populations.

Prof. Claudia Dellavia
Guest Editor

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Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

oral epidemiology
oral health
early diagnosis
risk factors
diagnostic tools
oral screening
oral cancer peri-implant diseases
periomedicine
community dentistry

Related Special Issue

2nd Edition of Oral Diseases and Public Health in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (9 articles)

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 1422 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Lifestyle Variables on Oral Diseases and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Children of Milan (Italy)

by Daniela Carmagnola, Gaia Pellegrini, Matteo Malvezzi, Elena Canciani, Dolaji Henin and Claudia Dellavia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(18), 6612; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17186612 - 11 Sep 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2597

Abstract

A large part of the Italian population doesn’t receive adequate information and support on how to maintain oral health. In this observational, cross-sectional, pilot study, we investigated how some lifestyle-related variables affect oral diseases and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of children attending public-school summer services in Milan. A survey that included questions on children’s oral disease, OHRQoL and lifestyle-related factors (feeding habits, oral hygiene protective behaviors, dental coaching and socio-economic and educational status), was administered to the children’s caregivers. Data from 296 surveys were analyzed to assess the protective/negative effect of each variable on oral disease and OHRQoL. With respect to disease, the “never” consumption of fruit juice, the use of fluoride toothpaste, higher educational qualification and ISEE (equivalent family income) of those who filled out the form, resulted protective factors. Regarding OHRQoL, the “never” assumption/use of tea bottle, sugared pacifier and fruit juice as well as the use of fluoride toothpaste, a higher educational qualification and ISEE of those who filled out the form, resulted to have protective effects. In conclusion, protective behaviors and socio-economic status affect oral disease and OHRQoL in children of Milan. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Diseases and Public Health)

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12 pages, 343 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Excessive Weight Gain and Dental Caries Experience among Children Affected by ADHD

by Elzbieta Paszynska, Monika Dmitrzak-Węglarz, Aleksandra Perczak, Maria Gawriolek, Tomasz Hanć, Ewa Bryl, Paula Mamrot, Agata Dutkiewicz, Magdalena Roszak, Marta Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor and Agnieszka Slopien

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(16), 5870; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165870 - 13 Aug 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2946

Abstract

In recent years, attention has been paid to the co-occurrence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity, but results in relation to dental caries outcomes differ. The study was conducted to determine obesity/overweight and dental caries in children suffering from ADHD and to draw comparisons with non-ADHD children. A total of 119 children under 11 years old (8.2 ± 1.2) were enrolled into a cross-sectional study: those with confirmed ADHD (n = 39), and healthy controls (n = 80). The behavioral evaluation included a parent interview directed at sweetened food/drink habits. The clinical evaluation included physical measurements (height, waist, hip circumference, body weight, body mass index (BMI), and dental examination (International Caries Detection and Assessment System—ICDAS). Results showed a higher prevalence of abnormal body weight, hip circumference, and BMI, and a higher frequency of caries (84.6%) in the ADHD group. Significant caries differences for primary (ICDAS 0, 1, 2, 5, 6 scores) and permanent teeth (ICDAS 1, 3 scores) were recorded. The questionnaire pinpointed interplays between sugar consumption and tooth decay, especially for primary dentition. It can be concluded that the consumption of sweetened foods/drinks among ADHD children may lead to an increased rate of overweight, but may also affect oral health. Limiting sugar consumption might be one of the important elements in prevention programmes against dental caries and overweight/obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Diseases and Public Health)

13 pages, 668 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Reported Oral Health, Oral Hygiene and Associated Factors in Lithuanian Adult Population, 1994–2014

by Asta Raskiliene, Vilma Kriaucioniene, Jolanta Siudikiene and Janina Petkeviciene

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(15), 5331; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17155331 - 24 Jul 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2067

Abstract

This study aimed to examine 20-year trends (1994–2014) in self-reported oral health and oral hygiene and to assess the associated factors in a Lithuanian population aged 20–64 years. Nationally representative cross-sectional data on 8612 men and 11,719 women were obtained from 11 biennial postal surveys of Lithuanian health behavior monitoring. Dentate status was assessed by asking about the number of missing teeth. Over the study period, the proportion of men with all teeth increased from 17.5% to 23.0% and the same proportion increased in women—from 12.5% to 19.6%. The prevalence of edentulousness was 2.8% in 2014. The proportion of individuals brushing teeth at least twice a day increased from 14.6% to 31.9% in men and from 33.0% to 58.8% in women. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that older age, lower education, living in rural areas, daily smoking, confectionary consumption (only in women), obesity, no visits to a dentist during the past year, toothache and brushing teeth less than twice a day increased the odds of missing six or more teeth. Efforts should be made to promote good oral hygiene habits, prevent and control behavioral risk factors and increase access to dental care among risk groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Diseases and Public Health)

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16 pages, 702 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Snapshot of Knowledge about Oral Cancer in Italy: A 505 Person Survey

by Riccardo Nocini, Giorgia Capocasale, Daniele Marchioni and Francesca Zotti

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(13), 4889; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17134889 - 07 Jul 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2813

Abstract

Objectives: Patients’ knowledge about oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) plays an important role in primary prevention, early diagnosis, and prognosis and survival rate. The aim of this study was to assess OSCC awareness attitudes among general population in order to provide information for educational interventions. Methods: A survey delivered as a web-based questionnaire was submitted to 505 subjects (aged from 18 to 76 years) in Italy, and the answers collected were statistically analyzed. Information was collected about existence, incidence, features of lesions, risk factors of oral cancer, and self-inspection habits, together with details about professional reference figures and preventive behaviors. Results: Chi-square tests of independence with adjusted standardized residuals highlighted correlations between population features (age, gender, educational attainment, provenance, medical relationship, or previous diagnoses of oral cancer in family) and knowledge about oral cancer. Conclusions: Knowledge about OSCC among the Italian population is limited, and it might be advisable to implement nudging and sensitive customized campaigns in order to promote awareness and therefore improve the prognosis of this disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Diseases and Public Health)

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10 pages, 1502 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water on Dental Fluorosis in Southwest Saudi Arabia

by Gotam Das, Vineet Tirth, Suraj Arora, Ali Algahtani, Mohammed Kafeel, Ayed Hassan G Alqarni, Priyanka Saluja, Hitesh Vij, Shashit Shetty Bavabeedu and Amit Tirth

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(11), 3914; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17113914 - 01 Jun 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5071

Abstract

This study was intended to evaluate the fluoride concentration in drinking water and its effect on dental fluorosis in Southwest Saudi Arabia. Water samples were gathered rom wells, filtration plants and commercial brands (bottled water) in distinct urban and rural areas of Asir region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Overall, 63 water samples were collected from 12 locations and 9 brands of bottled water. ExStik^® FL700Fluoridemeter was used in the analysis of water samples for fluoride levels. The total number of screened patients for dental fluorosis, aged between 9 and 50 years, was 1150; among them, 609 were males and 541 were females. Dean’s index criteria were used to examine the patients for dental fluorosis. The results revealed that fluoride levels varied between 0.03 and 3.8 ppm. People who drank well water displayed increased fluoride levels (>0.81 ppm). The prevalence of dental fluorosis was established to be 20.43% among the total number of examined patients. The findings of this study show very mild to moderate dental fluorosis prevail among the patients who consume well water in the Asir region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Diseases and Public Health)

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14 pages, 318 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Perception of Periodontal Health and Associated Factors: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Study

by Federica Romano, Stefano Perotto, Laura Bianco, Francesca Parducci, Giulia Maria Mariani and Mario Aimetti

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(8), 2758; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17082758 - 16 Apr 2020

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3210

Abstract

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical factors associated with self-awareness of periodontal health. Data were collected from a representative sample of 736 adults (25–75 years old) in a city of Northern Italy who self-assessed gingival bleeding, oral malodor, and tooth mobility in a questionnaire and who underwent clinical periodontal examination and organoleptic evaluation. Approximately 50% of the subjects were aware of their actual gingival health status and oral odor. The logistic regression analysis revealed that females presented higher odds of correctly perceiving their gingival conditions and mouth odor, while those who were older and smokers had a greater probability of being less objective in reporting them. Tooth type and position in the dental arches were positively associated with self-perception of tooth mobility. These findings reflected a low level of self-awareness that may influence oral care-seeking behavior. Subjects may be unconcerned about their periodontal health condition or lack enough knowledge to be aware of it. This points to the need for planning strategies to improve education and knowledge about periodontal health, which, by enhancing self-perception of periodontal symptoms, could help everyone to seek treatment in the initial stage of the disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Diseases and Public Health)

10 pages, 327 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surface-Specific Caries Preventive Effect of an Intervention Comprising Fissure Sealant, Povidone-Iodine and Fluoride Varnish in a Remote Indigenous Community in Australia

by Santosh K. Tadakamadla, Ratilal Lalloo, Jeroen Kroon and Newell W. Johnson

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(6), 2114; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17062114 - 23 Mar 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2980

Abstract

This study evaluates the effect of a topical intervention comprising of fissure sealant, povidone-iodine, and fluoride varnish in preventing caries on occlusal, approximal, and smooth surfaces. This three-year clinical trial was conducted in a remote Indigenous community of Australia. All schoolchildren (age range: 4–17) were invited to participate; those with parental consents to receive three-annual epidemiological examinations and interventions constituted the experimental group, while those with consents for only the epidemiological examination formed a comparison group. The intervention group received an annual application of fissure sealant, povidone–iodine and fluoride varnish for two consecutive years along with the restoration of any cavitated lesions, while the comparison group did not receive any intervention except for the usual care that included emergency treatment and restorations. Incipient and advanced caries were recorded in the permanent dentition while data on confounding variables were collected through questionnaires. Caries increment and progression were the outcome variables. A total of 408 children participated in the baseline examination, 208 finished the study. After adjusting for confounders, the prevented fraction (PF) on occlusal surfaces for advanced caries in the experimental group was 76.1% (mean difference- −0.35, 95% CI: −0.67–0.04), while the PF for progression from incipient to advanced caries was 100%(mean difference- −0.30, 95% CI: −0.52–0.09). The mean number of smooth surfaces that progressed from incipient to advanced caries in the comparison group was more than twice that of the experimental group, the mean difference was −0.25 (95% CI: −0.46–−0.03) with a PF of 61%. The intervention was only effective in preventing advanced caries on occlusal surfaces and in halting the progression of caries on occlusal and smooth surfaces but not on approximal caries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Diseases and Public Health)

11 pages, 578 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Malocclusion, Dental Caries and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life: A Comparison between Adolescent School Children in Urban and Rural Regions in Peru

by Maria Cadenas de Llano-Pérula, Estela Ricse, Steffen Fieuws, Guy Willems and Maria Fernanda Orellana-Valvekens

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(6), 2038; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17062038 - 19 Mar 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3339

Abstract

Rural, isolated areas benefit less from caries prevention programs and access to treatment than urban areas, and, hence, differences in oral health can be expected. This study aims to assess the prevalence of caries and malocclusion in urban and rural areas of Peru and to compare them with patients’ oral health perception. A total of 1062 adolescents were examined in five schools of rural (Titicaca) and urban (Lima and Cuzco) areas in Peru. Decay Missing Filled Teeth’s Surfaces, the Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need and the Child Oral Health Impact Profile short form-19 (COHIP-SF 19) were used to assess caries, severity of malocclusion and Oral Health Quality of Life, respectively. Significant differences in the prevalence (p = 0.001) and degree of caries (p = 0.001) were found between regions. The prevalence of caries was the highest in Cuzco (97.65%), followed by Titicaca (88.81%) and Lima (76.42%). The severity of malocclusion was the lowest in Titicaca. There was a negative relation between malocclusion, caries and COHIP-SF 19, with no evidence of a difference between the regions. This suggests that the higher the prevalence of caries and the more severe the malocclusion, the poorer the perception of oral health. In our study, rural areas presented a lower severity of malocclusion than urban areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Diseases and Public Health)

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11 pages, 495 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Cross-Sectional Study of Age-Related Changes in Oral Function in Healthy Japanese Individuals

by Kiyomi Iyota, Shinsuke Mizutani, Saori Oku, Misa Asao, Toshiko Futatsuki, Ryosuke Inoue, Yuko Imai and Haruhiko Kashiwazaki

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(4), 1376; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17041376 - 20 Feb 2020

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 4032

Abstract

Background: Oral function deterioration is related to a variety of factors, including aging, decline in activities of daily living, malnutrition, and cognitive decline. This cross-sectional study examined the effects of aging on oral function in healthy individuals. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 175 healthy, independent patients aged 40–89 years, without dementia and with ≥20 teeth, who visited a local dental clinic in Japan. Patients were compared with 92 university students aged 20–29 years. The seven criteria proposed by the Japanese Society of Gerodontology to diagnose “oral hypofunction” were observed and statistically analyzed. Results: Compared with those in the control group, the degree of tongue coating was increased in the group aged over 80 years, occlusal force was decreased in the group aged 70–79 years, tongue motor function was decreased in the groups aged 60–69 years and older, and tongue pressure was decreased in the groups aged 70–79 years and older. Conclusions: Healthy, independent individuals maintained several oral function criteria across aging, including oral mucosal wetness, occlusal force, lip motor function, masticatory function, and swallowing function. Tongue motor function and tongue pressure decreased with aging, indicating that these may be rehabilitation targets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Diseases and Public Health)

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15 pages, 340 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of ICDAS, CAST, Nyvad’s Criteria, and WHO-DMFT for Caries Detection in a Sample of Italian Schoolchildren

by Guglielmo Campus, Fabio Cocco, Livia Ottolenghi and Maria Grazia Cagetti

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(21), 4120; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16214120 - 25 Oct 2019

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4154

Abstract

Caries measurement methods vary considerably in terms of the stages of lesion considered making the comparison problematic among different surveys. In this cross-sectional study, four caries measurement methods, the WHO-DMFT, the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS), the Caries Assessment Spectrum and Treatment (CAST), and the Nyvad Criteria were tested in a sample of children. Five-hundred 12-year old children (236 males and 264 females) were examined four times by four calibrated examiners. The calibration process showed that Cohen’s Kappa exceeded the criterion of K = 0.75 and K = 0.80 for inter/intra-examiner agreement, respectively. In the survey, the total number of misclassification errors for the four methods amounted to 312 observations (67.94% regarding enamel lesions). The greatest difference among methods was shown by number of sound teeth (p < 0.01): WHO-DMFT n = 9505, 74.14%; ICDAS n = 2628, 20.49%; CAST n = 5053, 39.41%; and Nyvad Criteria n = 4117, 32.11%. At the level of dentinal Distinct/Active Cavity lesions, no statistically significant difference was observed (p = 0.40) between ICDAS (n = 1373, 10.71%), CAST (n = 1371, 0.69%), and Nyvad Criteria (n = 1720, 13.41%). In the severe caries levels, all methods were partially in agreement, while no accordance was found for the initial (enamel) lesions. A common language in caries detection is critical when different studies are compared. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Diseases and Public Health)

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11 pages, 312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship between Sleep Bruxism, Perceived Stress, and Coping Strategies

by Klara Saczuk, Barbara Lapinska, Paulina Wilmont, Lukasz Pawlak and Monika Lukomska-Szymanska

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(17), 3193; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16173193 - 01 Sep 2019

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 6579

Abstract

Sleep bruxism (SB) is a common phenomenon defined as a masticatory muscle activity during sleep. Untreated severe SB can have significant dental and orofacial consequences. SB has often been linked with stress and maladaptive coping strategies. Therefore, in this study, a potential correlation between SB, perceived stress and coping strategies was evaluated. A total of 60 adults were enrolled into this study. Participants underwent a detailed intra- and extraoral exam focused on detecting bruxism symptoms. Additionally, the overnight Bruxism Index was recorded using the Bruxoff device. A total of 35 participants with symptoms of bruxism were assigned to the study group, whereas 25 asymptomatic participants were assigned to the control group. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) was used for stress assessment and Brief-COPE for coping strategies. Results showed that the higher the PSS-10 score, the higher the Bruxism Index was in the study group. Positive coping strategies were chosen most frequently in the control group, while maladaptive ones were chosen in the study group. It can be concluded that there is a relationship between perceived stress and sleep bruxism. Moreover, the type of coping strategies used by participants may have an impact on sleep bruxism, but the relationship should be further investigated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Diseases and Public Health)

Review

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16 pages, 1060 KiB

Open AccessReview

Xerostomia and Salivary Flow in Patients Taking Antihypertensive Drugs

by Lucía Ramírez Martínez-Acitores, Fernando Hernández Ruiz de Azcárate, Elisabeth Casañas, Julia Serrano, Gonzalo Hernández and Rosa María López-Pintor

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(7), 2478; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17072478 - 05 Apr 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3810

Abstract

The aims of this systematic review are (1) to compare the prevalence of xerostomia and hyposalivation between patients taking antihypertensive drugs with a control group (CG), (2) to compare salivary flow rate between patients treated with a CG, and (3) to identify which antihypertensives produce xerostomia. This systematic review was carried out according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. To evaluate methodological quality of the eligible studies Cochrane Collaboration tool for assessing the risk of bias for clinical trials and the modified Newcastle–Ottawa scale case-control studies were used. The databases were searched for studies up to November 19th 2019. The search strategy yielded 6201 results and 13 publications were finally included (five clinical trials and eight case-control studies). The results of the included studies did not provide evidence to state that patients taking antihypertensives suffer more xerostomia or hyposalivation than patients not taking them. With regard to salivary flow, only two clinical studies showed a significant decrease in salivary flow and even one showed a significant increase after treatment. The case–control studies showed great variability in salivary flow, but in this case most studies showed how salivary flow is lower in patients medicated with antihypertensive drugs. The great variability of antihypertensive drugs included, the types of studies and the outcomes collected made it impossible to study which antihypertensive drug produces more salivary alterations. The quality assessment showed how each of the studies was of low methodological quality. Therefore, future studies about this topic are necessary to confirm whether antihypertensive drugs produce salivary alterations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Diseases and Public Health)

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22 pages, 992 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Vitamins in Oral Health. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Maria Grazia Cagetti, Thomas Gerhard Wolf, Christian Tennert, Nicole Camoni, Peter Lingström and Guglielmo Campus

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(3), 938; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17030938 - 03 Feb 2020

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 9629

Abstract

The association between vitamins and oral health have recently been discussed, yielding increased attention from medical and dental perspectives. The present review aimed to systematically evaluate and appraise the most recently scientific papers investigating the role of vitamins in the prevention and treatment of the main oral diseases as hard dental pathological processes and gum/periodontal disease. Randomized controlled trials, cross-sectional studies, cohort studies, comparative studies, validation studies and evaluation studies, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, reporting associations between vitamins and oral diseases or the use of vitamins to prevent or treat oral diseases in patients of any age were included. PubMed, Embase and Scopus were searched to November 2019 using an ad hoc prepared search string. All the papers meeting the inclusion criteria were subjected to a quality assessment. The search identified 1597 papers; 741 were selected after removing duplicates. A total of 334 articles were excluded after title and abstract evaluation; 407 were assessed and 73 papers were full-text assessed; other 14 papers were discharged after full text evaluation, leaving finally 58 papers included. In general, there is weak evidence supporting the association between vitamins and both gingival/periodontal disease and hard dental pathological processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Diseases and Public Health)

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