Editorial

9 pages, 326 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Editors’ Comments on the Special Issue “Social Determinants of Mental Health”

by Emma Motrico, Jose A. Salinas-Perez, Maria Luisa Rodero-Cosano and Sonia Conejo-Cerón

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(8), 3957; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18083957 - 09 Apr 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2748

Abstract

Mental disorders are one of the greatest public health concerns of our time, and they are affected by social factors. To reduce the considerable burden of mental disorders, more global and systematic knowledge of the social determinants of mental health is necessary. This [...] Read more.

Mental disorders are one of the greatest public health concerns of our time, and they are affected by social factors. To reduce the considerable burden of mental disorders, more global and systematic knowledge of the social determinants of mental health is necessary. This paper presents the results of the 27 studies included in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Special Issue, “Social Determinants of Mental Health”. The studies are grouped into four broad categories: social inclusion and mental health, young people’s mental health, mental health at work, and mental health service users. The results cover different countries, age populations, settings, and methodologies. Finally, the main findings on the relationship between social determinants and mental health are presented and summarized. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

12 pages, 689 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Developmental System Perspective to Interpret the Link between Parental Fixed Mindset and Youth Mental Health: A Moderated Mediation Model

by Wei Qi, Jing Shi and Lijuan Cui

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(20), 13285; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph192013285 - 14 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1619

Abstract

From a developmental system perspective, the present study constructed a moderated mediation model to examine whether youth core self-evaluation (individual factor) served as a mediator and peer support (peer system) served as a moderator in the effect of parental fixed mindset (family system) [...] Read more.

From a developmental system perspective, the present study constructed a moderated mediation model to examine whether youth core self-evaluation (individual factor) served as a mediator and peer support (peer system) served as a moderator in the effect of parental fixed mindset (family system) on youth mental health symptoms. In total, 658 pairs of emerging adults and their parents participated in this study. Youth completed measurements on core self-evaluation, peer support, and mental health symptoms, while their parents filled in the questionnaire on fixed mindset. Mediation analysis indicated that parental fixed mindset was related to increased youth mental health symptoms, and youth core self-evaluation partially mediated this relationship. Moderated mediation analysis suggested that peer support mitigated the mediating process with the direct pathway from parental fixed mindset to youth mental health symptoms and the indirect pathway from parental fixed mindset to youth core self-evaluation being weaker at a high level of peer support. This study highlights how and when a family system, peer system, and individual factors combine to influence youth mental health. The findings suggest it is the interaction of these factors that has to be addressed in efforts to reduce the prevalence of youth mental health symptoms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 340 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Versions of EQ-5D-Y-3L and EQ-5D-Y-5L in Children with Cancer: A Comparative Study

by Miguel A. Perez-Sousa, Pedro R. Olivares and Narcis Gusi

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(18), 11420; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191811420 - 10 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1230

Abstract

(1) Background: The recent published version with five levels of response of EQ-5D-Y needs to be studied in children with chronic illness. For this, the aim of the present study was to assess and compare the psychometric properties of EQ-5D-Y-3L and EQ-5D-Y-5L in [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The recent published version with five levels of response of EQ-5D-Y needs to be studied in children with chronic illness. For this, the aim of the present study was to assess and compare the psychometric properties of EQ-5D-Y-3L and EQ-5D-Y-5L in terms of feasibility, ceiling effect, redistribution properties, informativity and inconsistence responses in children with cancer. (2) Methods: A core set of self-report tools, including the Spanish version of EQ-5D-Y-3L and EQ-5D-Y-5L, were administered to children drawn from the population with cancer. EQ-5D-Y-3L and EQ-5D-Y-5L were evaluated in terms of feasibility, ceiling effects, redistribution properties and differences in absolute and relative informativity. (3) Results: A total of 73 children (9.7 ± 2.3 years old) from the population with cancer participated in the study. No missing data in the new EQ-5D-Y-5L were visualized, so the feasibility was acceptable. EQ-5D-Y-5L showed a low ceiling effect in all dimensions with relative changes from EQ-5D-Y-3L to EQ-5D-Y-5L of between 15.3% and 42.4% for the dimensions and 44.6% for the overall system. Compared to EQ-5D-Y-3L, EQ-5D-Y-5L provided a better distribution of the severity of the problem in the five levels of response. The absolute informativity (Shannon’s index) did not show statistically significant differences between EQ-5D-Y-3L and EQ-5D-Y-5L in all dimensions and the overall system. (4) Conclusions: EQ-5D-Y-5L is feasible, presenting a low ceiling effect and high discriminative power. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

11 pages, 334 KiB

Open AccessArticle

“It Stays with You for Life”: The Everyday Nature and Impact of Police Violence in Toronto’s Inner-City

by Carolyn Greene, Marta-Marika Urbanik and Kanika Samuels-Wortley

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(17), 10503; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191710503 - 23 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2326

Abstract

In recent years, police violence has amassed notable international attention from the public, practitioners, and academics alike. This paper explores experiences and perceptions of police violence in Canada, documenting the impacts of direct and vicarious experiences of police violence on inner-city residents. The [...] Read more.

In recent years, police violence has amassed notable international attention from the public, practitioners, and academics alike. This paper explores experiences and perceptions of police violence in Canada, documenting the impacts of direct and vicarious experiences of police violence on inner-city residents. The study employed semi-structured interviews with 45 community members across three Toronto inner-city neighbourhoods. Using a general interview prompt guide, participants were asked a range of questions about their experiences with and perceptions of police, and particularly, of police violence in their community. The interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, thematically coded, and analyzed. All participants reported direct and/or vicarious experiences of police violence, and most described experiencing long-standing, and continual fear that police contact would result in harm to them. Further, participants described a variety of serious and negative outcomes associated with experiencing and/or witnessing police violence. Police violence in Canada is a public health issue that requires an integrated public health policy approach to address the negative outcomes associated with direct and vicarious police violence exposure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

18 pages, 382 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Sector Assessment and Client-Perception of Social Need at Long-Term Follow-Up of a Group-Randomized Trial of Community-Engaged Collaborative Care for Adults with Depression

by Nicolás E. Barceló, Enrico G. Castillo, Roya Ijadi-Maghsoodi, Nichole Goodsmith, Lingqi Tang, David Okikawa, Felica Jones, Pluscedia Williams, Christopher Benitez, Bowen Chung and Kenneth B. Wells

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(16), 10212; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191610212 - 17 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1445

Abstract

Understanding client perceptions of need for underlying social determinant support may improve services for depression care. This secondary analysis examines perceptions of “social needs” related to housing and employment, financial, and legal (EFL) concerns among individuals with depression. Data were analyzed from Community [...] Read more.

Understanding client perceptions of need for underlying social determinant support may improve services for depression care. This secondary analysis examines perceptions of “social needs” related to housing and employment, financial, and legal (EFL) concerns among individuals with depression. Data were analyzed from Community Partners in Care, a randomized comparative effectiveness trial of multi-sector collaborative care for depression among a sample of people who were predominantly racial/ethnic minorities and low-income. Adults with depression (n = 980) in both interventions were surveyed at 36-month follow-up for (1) being asked about and (2) having social needs for housing or EFL concerns. In multivariate models, life difficulty and mental health visits in non-healthcare sectors predicted being asked about housing and EFL. Lower social determinants of health-related life satisfaction increased the odds of having unmet housing and EFL needs. These findings underscore the role of non-healthcare organizations as community resources for depression care and in screening and addressing social needs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

16 pages, 355 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Family Socioeconomic Status on Adolescents’ Mental Health in China

by Dongliang Yang, Shuxian Hu and Mingna Li

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(13), 7824; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19137824 - 26 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2940

Abstract

Adolescent mental health is an important public health issue that cannot be ignored, and mental health issues are a major cause of physical illness in adolescents and children worldwide. In order to supplement relevant research and provide insightful policy suggestions to government, schools [...] Read more.

Adolescent mental health is an important public health issue that cannot be ignored, and mental health issues are a major cause of physical illness in adolescents and children worldwide. In order to supplement relevant research and provide insightful policy suggestions to government, schools and families, this study investigated the nexus between family socioeconomic status and mental health for adolescents in China. Based on 7234 observations from the China Education Panel Survey, the paper estimated the effects of family socioeconomic status on adolescents’ mental health using ordinary least squares. The effects of family income, parental education level, and parental occupation on adolescent mental health were estimated separately by the same method. Our findings suggest that family socioeconomic status has a significant positive effect on mental health of adolescents in China. This effect is heterogeneous depending on individuals’ registered residence types and their participation in health courses. Finally, frequency of parent-child interaction and classmate interaction are shown to be potential mechanisms for the effect of family socioeconomic status on the mental health of Chinese adolescents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

10 pages, 915 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Relationship between Chinese Elderly Health Status, Social Security, and Depression

by Min Shao, Jianwei Chen and Chao Ma

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(12), 7496; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19127496 - 18 Jun 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2566

Abstract

(1) Background: To explore the relationship between health status, social security status, and the occurrence of depression in older adults and provide a basis for mental health care services for the elderly population; (2) Methods: This study used the 2018 China Health and [...] Read more.

(1) Background: To explore the relationship between health status, social security status, and the occurrence of depression in older adults and provide a basis for mental health care services for the elderly population; (2) Methods: This study used the 2018 China Health and Senior Care Tracking Survey (CHARLS) data to select 8383 older people aged over 60 years old as the research subjects. The two-category Logistic model was used to analyze the research problem; (3) Results: Older adults with depressive tendencies accounted for 34.1% of the total older adults. The incidence of depression among female older adults reached 41.51%. The risk of depression in the elderly population was 40.3% lower in males than in females (OR = 0.597, 95% CI: 0.539–0.662). Self-rated health status, physical disability, and receipt of pensions affected the incidence of depression in older adults (all p < 0.05); (4) Conclusions: Focus on and intervene in the mental status of elderly females and disabled elderly people. Provide mental and economic support and mental health care services to the elderly at the family and social levels. Promote the healthy development of the mental health of the elderly and promote active aging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 707 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gender Differences in the Factors Associated with Alcohol Binge Drinking: A Population-Based Analysis in a Latin American Country

by Akram Hernández-Vásquez, Horacio Chacón-Torrico, Rodrigo Vargas-Fernández, Leandro Nicolás Grendas and Guido Bendezu-Quispe

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(9), 4931; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19094931 - 19 Apr 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2568

Abstract

Alcohol consumption is a public health problem in Peru, fostered by traditional practices, where promoting social interaction in celebrations, facilitating field work as a source of energy and warmth, and achieving objectives in certain labor negotiations, play an important role. However, research on [...] Read more.

Alcohol consumption is a public health problem in Peru, fostered by traditional practices, where promoting social interaction in celebrations, facilitating field work as a source of energy and warmth, and achieving objectives in certain labor negotiations, play an important role. However, research on the risk factors of binge drinking according to gender is limited. The study aim was to determine the factors associated with binge drinking in the Peruvian adult population by gender. An analytical study of secondary data from the 2018 Peruvian Demographic and Family Health Survey was conducted. The dependent variable was binge drinking in the last 30 days. Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) were estimated for the association between sociodemographic and health-related variables with binge drinking. A total of 32,020 adults were included. Binge drinking was found in 22.4%. Men (32.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 31.4–33.8) presented a higher consumption pattern compared to women (12.8%; 95% CI: 12.0–13.6). For both genders, differences were found in binge drinking according to sociodemographic characteristics (age and wealth quintile was associated in both genders while the educational level was associated only for men, and ethnic self-identification and marital status for women) and health- characteristics related (health insurance, smoking in the last 30 days, overweight and obesity were associated in both genders). Several factors are associated with binge drinking according to gender in the Peruvian population, including age and education level among men, as well as marital status and ethnic self-identification among women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 702 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spiritual Needs, Religious Coping and Mental Wellbeing: A Cross-Sectional Study among Migrants and Refugees in Germany

by Kathrin Maier, Karol Konaszewski, Sebastian Binyamin Skalski, Arndt Büssing and Janusz Surzykiewicz

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(6), 3415; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19063415 - 14 Mar 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2986

Abstract

It has been widely proven that resettlement is associated with negative psychological effects (e.g., increased depression and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder) among refugees. Therefore, there is an urgent need to improve the psychosocial functioning of migrants. This study assessed associations between negative [...] Read more.

It has been widely proven that resettlement is associated with negative psychological effects (e.g., increased depression and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder) among refugees. Therefore, there is an urgent need to improve the psychosocial functioning of migrants. This study assessed associations between negative dysfunctional appraisal (perceiving experiences as stressful), spiritual needs, religious coping and wellbeing. Data from paper-and-pencil questionnaires were collected from 744 refugees (69.8% male) aged 18–67 years (M = 27.99) with diverse backgrounds (including from Mashreq countries) who were resettled in Germany. Bootstrapping mediation analysis revealed that the relationship of dysfunctional appraisal and wellbeing among refugees is mediated by spiritual needs (i.e., existential and religious needs). Additionally, negative religious coping mediates the relationship between spiritual needs and wellbeing. The data obtained suggest the need for practitioners to focus on psychological interventions that strengthen spiritual needs in order to improve mental health among refugees. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 915 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spanish Translation and Psychometric Validation of a Measure of Acculturative Stress among Latinx Immigrants in the USA

by Kritzia Merced, Chimdindu Ohayagha, Ria Grover, Isis Garcia-Rodriguez, Oswaldo Moreno and Paul B. Perrin

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(5), 2808; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052808 - 28 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2205

Abstract

Background: In the United States, the Latinx community is growing at a faster rate than any other racial or ethnic minority group. Members of this community have been found to experience a number of acculturative stressors after immigrating, including xenophobia, racism, and discrimination. [...] Read more.

Background: In the United States, the Latinx community is growing at a faster rate than any other racial or ethnic minority group. Members of this community have been found to experience a number of acculturative stressors after immigrating, including xenophobia, racism, and discrimination. Although several scales have been created in recent years to measure acculturative stress in Spanish-speaking immigrants, they are long, do not have nuanced subscales, or have not been validated in an extremely diverse sample of Latinx immigrants. Objective: The purpose of the current study was to translate and psychometrically validate the Riverside Acculturative Stress Inventory (RASI) in a diverse sample of Spanish-speaking immigrants. Methods: A sample of 202 Latinx immigrants in the United States completed the RASI as well as measures of depression and anxiety. Results: An initial confirmatory factor analysis suggested that the overall subscale factor structure was not an ideal fit for the data. An exploratory factor analysis suggested the retention of four subscales, each with three items, forming a 12-item Spanish RASI short form. As indices of convergent validity, the RASI total score was positively associated with depression and anxiety. Conclusions: The findings from the study contribute to the literature a brief and valid assessment of acculturative stress in Spanish-speaking immigrants. The RASI Spanish short form holds promise to stimulate research on the unique adversities experienced by Latinx immigrants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 367 KiB

Open AccessArticle

by Lin Fu, Yue Fan, Jin Cheng, Hao Zheng and Zhengkui Liu

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(21), 11164; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph182111164 - 24 Oct 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2076

Abstract

Background: Previous studies have found that adolescents’ depressive symptoms are influenced by social networks in a stressful context, especially focusing on the processes of social selection and social influence. The current study aimed to explore the coevolution of sociometric popularity and depressive symptoms [...] Read more.

Background: Previous studies have found that adolescents’ depressive symptoms are influenced by social networks in a stressful context, especially focusing on the processes of social selection and social influence. The current study aimed to explore the coevolution of sociometric popularity and depressive symptoms among adolescents suffering from the stress attached to the Chinese gaokao. Methods: The analytical sample comprised 1062 Chinese adolescents who were under significant pressure to return to school for an additional year (returnees) to prepare for college entrance examinations. Students were assessed for depressive symptoms and asked to nominate up to five friends within their classes across four waves (six months). We employed stochastic actor-oriented models to investigate the interdependent relationships between popularity and depressive symptoms. Results: Adolescents’ depressive symptoms negatively predicted future friendship popularity in this stressful situation, but not vice versa. The results of this study also highlighted the importance of friends’ popularity, indicating that adolescents who nominated popular peers as friends tended to subsequently have lower depressive symptoms. Conclusion: These findings suggested that friends’ popularity may serve as a protective factor against depressive symptoms under major chronic stress. Network-based interventions may have practical implications for reducing depressive symptoms under major chronic stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

12 pages, 336 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Social Network Correlates of Mental Health among Rural-to-Urban Migrants in China

by Wenqing Wang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(20), 10902; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph182010902 - 17 Oct 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2078

Abstract

Internal rural-to-urban migrants in China are facing a high risk of mental disorders. Previous research on mental health correlates and predictors among this population focused on individual-level characteristics, neglecting network-level indicators, and migrant–urbanite intergroup relationship. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Beijing, China [...] Read more.

Internal rural-to-urban migrants in China are facing a high risk of mental disorders. Previous research on mental health correlates and predictors among this population focused on individual-level characteristics, neglecting network-level indicators, and migrant–urbanite intergroup relationship. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Beijing, China from December 2018 to January 2019. A convenience sample of 420 rural-to-urban migrants completed the Chinese 12-item General Health Questionnaire and reported their relationship with urbanites in the past six months. Multivariate linear regression models were used to test the association of the inter-hukou network with migrant mental health. Two indicators of the inter-hukou network were significantly associated with migrant mental health. Migrants were more mentally healthy if their proportion of weak ties in the inter-hukou network was no less than 50%. The more social support migrants received from the inter-hukou network, the better their mental health was. Meanwhile, there was a significant interaction effect between social support and sex, indicating that the same level of social support better protected the mental health of female migrants. Results suggest the importance of social network factors and migrant–urbanite ties for migrant mental health. Future efforts may need to mobilize and facilitate the inter-hukou network to improve migrant mental health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

19 pages, 2262 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Modifying Factors of Anxiety and Depressive Disorders, Using the Example of a Population Study in the Żywiec District

by Bogumiła Lubecka, Marek Lubecki, Janusz Kasperczyk, Jadwiga Jośko-Ochojska and Robert Pudlo

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(19), 10248; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph181910248 - 29 Sep 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1987

Abstract

The aim of this study was the identification of the risk modifying factors of anxiety and depressive disorders based on a population study. This study was conducted in a randomly selected group of 1659 adult inhabitants of the Żywiec district. Anonymous questionnaires consisting [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was the identification of the risk modifying factors of anxiety and depressive disorders based on a population study. This study was conducted in a randomly selected group of 1659 adult inhabitants of the Żywiec district. Anonymous questionnaires consisting of a proprietary questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were used to collect the data. The conducted analysis revealed that the factors increasing the risk of depressive disorders in the studied population were female gender, age over 60, retirement period, primary and vocational education, unemployment, mental work and absolute lack of physical activity, but also daily and intensive sports, heavy smoking, chronic somatic diseases and misuse of sleeping pills and over-the-counter sedatives. Anxiety disorders occurred more often in the group of unemployed, self-employed or retired people. They also occurred more often in the group of people who do not perform any physical activity and use alcohol every day, but also among those who maintain abstinence, regularly smoke tobacco and use stimulants, suffer from somatic diseases and overuse sleeping drugs. Disease preventive factors for anxiety disorders and depression were a constant form of employment, moderate and regular physical activity, avoiding the use of psychoactive substances and the regular treatment of comorbid somatic diseases and insomnia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 2637 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Fading Affect Bias First: Specific Healthy Coping with Partner-Esteem for Romantic Relationship and Non-Relationship Events

by Jeffrey Alan Gibbons, Spencer Dunlap, Kyle Horowitz and Kalli Wilson

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(19), 10121; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph181910121 - 26 Sep 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1823

Abstract

The Fading Affect Bias (FAB) is the faster fading of unpleasant affect than pleasant affect. Research suggests that the FAB is an indicator of general healthy coping, but it has not shown consistent specific healthy coping via differential relations of the FAB to [...] Read more.

The Fading Affect Bias (FAB) is the faster fading of unpleasant affect than pleasant affect. Research suggests that the FAB is an indicator of general healthy coping, but it has not shown consistent specific healthy coping via differential relations of the FAB to individual differences across event types. Although previous research did not find specific healthy coping for the FAB across romantic relationship events, these researchers did not include non-relationship control events. Therefore, we examined the relation of the FAB to various relationship variables across romantic relationship events and non-relationship control events. We found general healthy coping in the form of robust FAB effects across both event types and expected relations between relationship variables and the FAB. We also found three significant three-way interactions with the FAB showing specific healthy coping for partner-esteem, which is novel for the FAB. Rehearsal ratings mediated all the three-way interactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 320 KiB

Open AccessArticle

“We Thought We Were Prepared, but We Were Not”: Experiences from the Management of the Psychosocial Support Response during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Sweden. A Mixed-Methods Study

by Karin Hugelius, Sara Johansson and Helena Sjölin

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(17), 9079; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18179079 - 28 Aug 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2169

Abstract

This study aimed to describe experiences of managing mental health and psychosocial activities during the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden. A national survey was answered by a non-probability sample of 340 involved in the psychosocial response. The psychosocial response [...] Read more.

This study aimed to describe experiences of managing mental health and psychosocial activities during the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden. A national survey was answered by a non-probability sample of 340 involved in the psychosocial response. The psychosocial response operations met several challenges, mainly related to the diverse actors involved, lack of competence, and lack of preparations. Less than 20% of the participants had received specific training in the provision of psychosocial support during major incidents. The interventions used varied, and no large-scale interventions were used. The psychosocial response organizations were overwhelmed by the needs of health care staff and failed to meet the needs of patients and family members. An efficient and durable psychosocial response in a long-term crisis requires to be structured, planned and well-integrated into the overall pandemic response. All personnel involved need adequate and specific competence in evidence-based individual and large-scale interventions to provide psychosocial support in significant incidents. By increasing general awareness of mental wellbeing and psychosocial support amongst health professionals and their first-line managers, a more resilient health care system, both in everyday life and during major incidents and disasters, could be facilitated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

12 pages, 336 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of Years Lived with Disability Using a Prevalence-Based Approach: Application to Major Psychiatric Disease in Korea

by Chae-Bong Kim, Minsu Ock, Yoon-Sun Jung, Ki-Beom Kim, Young-Eun Kim, Keun-A Kim and Seok-Jun Yoon

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(17), 9056; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18179056 - 27 Aug 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1925

Abstract

To help develop policies concerning the prevention of psychiatric disease in Korea, we reviewed the literature on this topic in different countries and used a prevalence-based approach to estimate the years lived with disability (YLDs) in Korean patients with major psychiatric diseases. We [...] Read more.

To help develop policies concerning the prevention of psychiatric disease in Korea, we reviewed the literature on this topic in different countries and used a prevalence-based approach to estimate the years lived with disability (YLDs) in Korean patients with major psychiatric diseases. We calculated YLDs by extracting data on the number of patients with mild, moderate, and severe cases of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder, as classified by International Statistical Classification of Disease (ICD) codes. YLDs were highest for patients with major depressive disorder (1190.6; 73.9%), schizophrenia (303.3; 18.8%) and bipolar disorder (117.9; 7.3%). Men had higher YLDs for schizophrenia, 2502 (20–24 years); bipolar disorder, 477 (40–44 years); and major depressive disorder, 2034 (75–79 years). Women had higher YLDs for schizophrenia, 484 (45–49 years); bipolar disorder, 214 (≥80 years); and major depressive disorder, 3541 (75–79 years). The prevalence-based approach and severity distribution is useful for estimating long-term psychiatric disease burden and YLDs. However, YLD-estimation studies must compensate for the shortcomings of the ICD-10 by referencing the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition, as well as updating the disability weight score according to disease severity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

18 pages, 377 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Socioeconomic Status, Mental Health, and Workplace Determinants among Working Adults in Hong Kong: A Latent Class Analysis

by Alan C. Y. Tong, Emily W. S. Tsoi and Winnie W. S. Mak

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(15), 7894; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18157894 - 26 Jul 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3630

Abstract

This study provides insights on mental health correlates and work stress patterns in a representative sample of working adults in Hong Kong using an intersectional perspective. Using data from a cross-sectional, population-based telephone survey of 1007 working adults in Hong Kong, latent class [...] Read more.

This study provides insights on mental health correlates and work stress patterns in a representative sample of working adults in Hong Kong using an intersectional perspective. Using data from a cross-sectional, population-based telephone survey of 1007 working adults in Hong Kong, latent class analysis was conducted to identify socioeconomic classes within the sample. Three latent classes were identified, and they differed significantly in all the SES variables. Results suggested mental health to be the lowest in Class 1, the lowest income group. The three classes did not differ from their perceived level of job demand and control in work-related stress. Predictably, the highest income group perceived the lowest level of effort-reward imbalance. The lowest paid class was also reported perceiving the lowest level of relational justice. Different barriers to mental health services were also identified. Finally, cultural implications associated with work stress patterns, research, and practice implications are discussed. This study provides an empirical foundation for future studies to investigate patterns of job stress and mental health needs in a diverse population of working adults, with a particular focus on addressing the intersectional profiles of working adults and their needs in mental health services. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

11 pages, 376 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Teacher Teleworking during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Association between Work Hours, Work–Family Balance and Quality of Life

by Pablo A. Lizana and Gustavo Vega-Fernadez

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(14), 7566; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18147566 - 16 Jul 2021

Cited by 53 | Viewed by 9331

Abstract

Background: Teachers worldwide had to reinvent their work routine according to teleworking during the COVID-19 pandemic, a work format that negatively impacts individuals’ physical and mental health. This study evaluates the association between work hours, work–family balance and quality of life (QoL) among [...] Read more.

Background: Teachers worldwide had to reinvent their work routine according to teleworking during the COVID-19 pandemic, a work format that negatively impacts individuals’ physical and mental health. This study evaluates the association between work hours, work–family balance and quality of life (QoL) among teachers during the Chilean health emergency of the COVID-19 pandemic. Teachers from across Chile were contacted via email and social media to answer an online survey. QoL was evaluated via the SF-36 questionnaire, work hours and work–family balance in the pandemic. A total of 336 teachers from across Chile participated in this study. Teachers had a low QoL score, associated with age (p < 0.05). Teachers who were ≤44 showed lower deterioration risks in the Physical Component Summary (OR: 0.54) than the ≥45-year-old age group; simultaneously, the younger group (≤44 years) had a greater risk (OR: 2.46) of deterioration in the Mental Component Summary than teachers over 45 years. A total of 78.7% of teachers reported having increased their work hours during the COVID-19 pandemic due to teleworking and 86% indicated negative effects on their work–family balance. Pandemic work hours and negative work–family balance increase the risk of reducing the Mental Component Summary (OR: 1.902; OR: 3.996, respectively). Teachers presented low median QoL scores, especially in the Mental Component Summary, suggesting that it would be beneficial to promote a better workload distribution for teachers in emergency contexts, considering the adverse effects of teleworking. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

10 pages, 337 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quality of Life and Its Associations with Religiosity and Religious Coping among Outpatients with Psychosis in Singapore

by Kumarasan Roystonn, Laxman Cetty, Anitha Jeyagurunathan, Fiona Devi, Edimansyah Abdin, Soo Teng Tan, Charmaine Tang, Swapna Verma and Mythily Subramaniam

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(13), 7200; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18137200 - 05 Jul 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2445

Abstract

This cross-sectional study investigated the relationship of religiosity, the use of positive and negative religious coping methods, and quality of life (QOL) among 364 outpatients with psychosis in Singapore. Positive religious coping was significantly associated with better scores on physical (β = 0.51, [...] Read more.

This cross-sectional study investigated the relationship of religiosity, the use of positive and negative religious coping methods, and quality of life (QOL) among 364 outpatients with psychosis in Singapore. Positive religious coping was significantly associated with better scores on physical (β = 0.51, p = 0.02) and psychological (β = 0.64, p = 0.01) QOL domains in the regression model. Negative religious coping was related to worse QOL in all four domains: physical (β = −0.44, p = 0.03), psychological (β = −0.76, p < 0.01), social (β = −0.54, p = 0.03), and environment (β = −0.65, p < 0.01). Increased participation in organizational religious activities was positively associated with higher QOL for psychological (β = 2.47, p < 0.01), social relationships (β = 2.66, p = 0.01), and environment (β = 2.09, p = 0.01) domains. Interestingly, those with no religious affiliation were found with higher scores in the QOL domain for social relationships (β = 4.59, p = 0.02). Religious coping plays an important role for the QOL of outpatients with psychosis. Greater awareness of the importance of religion in this population may improve cultural competence in treatment. Individuals with psychosis may benefit from greater community support and collaboration between clinical and religious community-based organizations to improve social integration and QOL. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 1315 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Positive Mental Health of Finnish People Living Alone: The Role of Circumstantial Factors and Leisure-Time Activities

by Tytti P. Pasanen, Nina Tamminen, Tuija Martelin and Pia Solin

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(13), 6735; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18136735 - 23 Jun 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2636

Abstract

Living alone has become more common across Europe. Past research has consistently identified living alone as a risk factor for poor mental health while evidence on the positive dimension(s) of mental health has been scarce. Positive mental health has been associated with rather [...] Read more.

Living alone has become more common across Europe. Past research has consistently identified living alone as a risk factor for poor mental health while evidence on the positive dimension(s) of mental health has been scarce. Positive mental health has been associated with rather stable circumstantial factors, such as socio-economic characteristics and social relationships, and day-to-day activities in the form of leisure participation, in general populations. In this study, our objective was to assess these relationships among people living alone. We specified a structural equation model in a random sample of Finnish people living alone (n = 884), with the circumstantial factors as (exogenous) explanatory variables, participation in various leisure activities as mediators, and positive mental health as the outcome. In the model, more frequent engagement in several leisure-time activities, including being in contact with family/friends and physical activity in nature, were positively associated with positive mental health. The circumstantial factors that most strongly explained both leisure participation and positive mental health were the number of friends, being in a relationship, and having no limiting illnesses. In conclusion, among Finnish people living alone, social and functional factors appear to be more strongly associated with leisure participation and positive mental health than socio-economic factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 699 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Application of the Adult Self-Report and the Adult Behavior Checklist Form to Chinese Adults: Syndrome Structure, Inter-Informant Agreement, and Cultural Comparison

by Jianghong Liu, Fanghong Dong, Christopher M. Lee, Jenny Reyes and Masha Ivanova

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(12), 6352; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18126352 - 11 Jun 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2476

Abstract

Given the global public health burden of mental illness, there is a critical need for culturally validated psychopathology assessment tools that perform well in diverse societies. This study examines the psychometric properties of the Adult Self-Report (ASR) and Adult Behavioral Checklist (ABCL) from [...] Read more.

Given the global public health burden of mental illness, there is a critical need for culturally validated psychopathology assessment tools that perform well in diverse societies. This study examines the psychometric properties of the Adult Self-Report (ASR) and Adult Behavioral Checklist (ABCL) from the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessments in adults in China. Chinese adults (N = 1276) and their spouses completed the ASR and ABCL, respectively. We conducted confirmatory factor analysis on 99 ASR items and 93 ABCL items. Estimators of model fit confirmed that both measures demonstrated excellent fit (e.g., root mean square error of approximation = 0.016 and 0.018, respectively). Syndrome loadings on both measures were satisfactory but generally higher on the ASR. Neither gender nor education had significant effects, but there were informant x gender effects on most problem scales. Cross-informant agreement correlations between the ASR and ABCL were medium to large. Findings from this novel sample of Chinese adults are consistent with previous validation studies supporting the dimensionality, syndrome structure, gender differences, and inter-informant agreement of the ASR and ABCL. Our findings contribute to the cross-cultural understanding of mental health assessment and offer a psychometrically sound approach to measuring adult psychopathology in Chinese populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 3094 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence and Factors for Anxiety during the COVID-19 Pandemic among College Students in China

by Jing Guan, Cuiping Wu, Dandan Wei, Qingqing Xu, Juan Wang, Hualiang Lin, Chongjian Wang and Zhenxing Mao

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(9), 4974; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18094974 - 07 May 2021

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3606

Abstract

Background: Knowledge of the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of college students remains limited. Our aim is to investigate the prevalence of anxiety and explore the potential risk and protective factors of anxiety. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was adopted and a [...] Read more.

Background: Knowledge of the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of college students remains limited. Our aim is to investigate the prevalence of anxiety and explore the potential risk and protective factors of anxiety. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was adopted and a total of 24,678 college students were included from Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China, during February, 2020. Anxiety was assessed by using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder tool (GAD-7). Multiple logistic regression models were established for exploring potential factors of anxiety. Results: The overall prevalence of anxiety was 7.3%. After adjusting for potential confounders, sex, place of residence, worried level, fear level, cognitive levels, and behavior status were found to be associated with anxiety (p < 0.05). Students with positive preventive behaviors showed a protective effect against the anxiety symptoms compared to those with negative preventive behaviors. In contrast to the high-cognition category, participants at a low cognitive level were 14.9% more likely to present anxiety symptoms. Conclusion: This large-scale study assessed the prevalence of anxiety and its potential influencing factors among college students. It suggests that the government could strengthen health education related to COVID-19 and supervise the performance of preventive behaviors to handle anxiety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 377 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Teacher Quality of Life: A Longitudinal Study from before and during the Health Crisis

by Pablo A. Lizana, Gustavo Vega-Fernadez, Alejandro Gomez-Bruton, Bárbara Leyton and Lydia Lera

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(7), 3764; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18073764 - 04 Apr 2021

Cited by 96 | Viewed by 11960

Abstract

Background: Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, teachers were already reporting a low quality of life (QoL) perception, with a significant impact on mental and physical health due to various stress factors associated with work overload. The objective of this study was to evaluate [...] Read more.

Background: Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, teachers were already reporting a low quality of life (QoL) perception, with a significant impact on mental and physical health due to various stress factors associated with work overload. The objective of this study was to evaluate the QoL impact on Chilean teachers before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis was performed following a longitudinal design on a sample of 63 Chilean teachers in pre-pandemic and COVID-19 pandemic timeframes. QoL perception, along with teachers’ sociodemographic data, was evaluated via the Short-Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) questionnaire. Sociodemographic variables presented no significant variations in pre-pandemic and pandemic comparisons. QoL, however, showed a significant decrease during the pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic measurement (p < 0.01). In each gender, there were significant differences between pre-pandemic and pandemic timeframes, with a greater impact among women in the mental and physical component summary variables and seven of the eight QoL scales (p < 0.01). Between age categories, people under 45 presented significant differences (p < 0.05) between pre-pandemic and pandemic timeframes in all summary dimensions and measurements. In conclusion, Chilean teachers’ QoL perception has been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings could be related to work overload due to teleworking or feelings of uncertainty, loneliness, and fear that the pandemic and its associated confinements will worsen. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

20 pages, 1445 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Psychological Responses According to Gender during the Early Stage of COVID-19 in Spain

by Lucía del Río-Casanova, Milagrosa Sánchez-Martín, Ana García-Dantas, Anabel González-Vázquez and Ania Justo

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(7), 3731; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18073731 - 02 Apr 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2868

Abstract

Background: Current research has pointed out an increased risk of mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic in women compared to men, however the reason for this difference remains unclear. The aim of this research is to study early psychological responses to the [...] Read more.

Background: Current research has pointed out an increased risk of mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic in women compared to men, however the reason for this difference remains unclear. The aim of this research is to study early psychological responses to the pandemic in the Spanish general population, focusing on gender differences. Methods: Nine to 14 days after the declaration of a state of emergency an online survey was conducted assessing sociodemographic, health, behavioral and COVID-19-related variables. Mental health status was evaluated by the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and the Self-Care Scale (SCS). Results: The study included 3520 respondents: 2611 women and 909 men. Women scored significantly higher in DASS-21 and IES-R (p < 0.05) and were more likely to somatize, suffer from hypochondriasis, sleeping disturbances and claustrophobia (p < 0.05). Being a woman can be considered a risk factor for intrusive thoughts, avoidance mechanisms, stress and anxiety (Odd Ratio = 2.7/2.3/2.3/1.6). The risk of presenting posttraumatic symptoms and emotional distress was greater in women (Odd Ratio = 6.77/4.59). General linear models to predict IES-R and DASS-21 scores clarified which variables were gender specific, such as main concerns. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that at early stages of the pandemic, women mental health was more impacted and that both genders show different concerns. Gender perspective in secondary and tertiary prevention strategies must be taken into account when facing the distress associated with the pandemic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 331 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neighborhood Environment, Internet Use and Mental Distress among Older Adults: The Case of Shanghai, China

by Dan Ma and Hao Yuan

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(7), 3616; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18073616 - 31 Mar 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2130

Abstract

As the Internet evolves in urban communities, its consequences on mental distress have drawn significant research attention. We examine the relationships of mental distress with neighborhood environment and Internet use among older adults, using data from a representative sample of 2036 adults aged [...] Read more.

As the Internet evolves in urban communities, its consequences on mental distress have drawn significant research attention. We examine the relationships of mental distress with neighborhood environment and Internet use among older adults, using data from a representative sample of 2036 adults aged older than 60 years in Shanghai, China. We assess mental health with a 10-item scale from the Symptom Checklist 90 and Internet use with a 4-item scale and obtain information of neighborhood environment from an online map platform. Results from multilevel models show that both neighborhood environment and Internet use are significantly related to mental distress. Moreover, a worse neighborhood environment may strengthen the correlation between Internet use and mental distress, indicating the strong moderating role of the neighborhood environment. Thus, promoting Internet use among elderly people might result in a reduction in the prevalence of mental distress in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

14 pages, 690 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stress, Anxiety and Depression among a Cohort of Health Sciences Undergraduate Students: The Prevalence and Risk Factors

by Muhammad Faris Fauzi, Tengku Shahrul Anuar, Lay Kek Teh, Wai Feng Lim, Richard Johari James, Rohana Ahmad, Mawarni Mohamed, Sahol Hamid Abu Bakar, Farida Zuraina Mohd Yusof and Mohd Zaki Salleh

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(6), 3269; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18063269 - 22 Mar 2021

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 9187

Abstract

Stress, anxiety, and depression (SAD) have a negative impact on the learning and academic performance of university students. Hence, this study aimed to determine the prevalence, as well as the risk factors associated with SAD among a cohort of students pursuing undergraduate degree [...] Read more.

Stress, anxiety, and depression (SAD) have a negative impact on the learning and academic performance of university students. Hence, this study aimed to determine the prevalence, as well as the risk factors associated with SAD among a cohort of students pursuing undergraduate degree courses in health sciences. This is part of the strategy in building a healthy nation. A questionnaire containing socio-demographic factors and the short version of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) was used to assess the likelihood of psychological distress. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the risk factors of SAD. In total, 449 students completed the questionnaire (93.9% response rate). Of these, 65% had stress, 85.1% had anxiety and 51.4% had depression. Most cases of stress (74.6%) and depression (66.2%) were of normal-to-mild level, while 74.6% of them showed moderate-to-extremely severe anxiety. There was a statistically significant association between stress score and the year of study. In the regression analysis, poor sleep quality and fatigue were risk factors of anxiety and depression, whereas low-grade fever and frequent headaches were risk factors for stress and anxiety. Stress, anxiety, and depression scores were significantly higher among students studying medical imaging. A substantial proportion of health science students are suffering from SAD. This study recommends screening and close monitoring of the above-mentioned predictors and the formulation of comprehensive intervention strategies for students with SAD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 2382 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Latent Variables Quantifying Neighborhood Characteristics and Their Associations with Poor Mental Health

by Katherine L. Forthman, Janna M. Colaizzi, Hung-wen Yeh, Rayus Kuplicki and Martin P. Paulus

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(3), 1202; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18031202 - 29 Jan 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2463

Abstract

Neighborhood characteristics can have profound impacts on resident mental health, but the wide variability in methodologies used across studies makes it difficult to reach a consensus as to the implications of these impacts. The aim of this study was to simplify the assessment [...] Read more.

Neighborhood characteristics can have profound impacts on resident mental health, but the wide variability in methodologies used across studies makes it difficult to reach a consensus as to the implications of these impacts. The aim of this study was to simplify the assessment of neighborhood influence on mental health. We used a factor analysis approach to reduce the multi-dimensional assessment of a neighborhood using census tracts and demographic data available from the American Community Survey (ACS). Multivariate quantitative characterization of the neighborhood was derived by performing a factor analysis on the 2011–2015 ACS data. The utility of the latent variables was examined by determining the association of these factors with poor mental health measures from the 500 Cities Project 2014–2015 data (2017 release). A five-factor model provided the best fit for the data. Each factor represents a complex multi-dimensional construct. However, based on heuristics and for simplicity we refer to them as (1) Affluence, (2) Singletons in Tract, (3) African Americans in Tract, (4) Seniors in Tract, and (5) Hispanics or Latinos in Tract. African Americans in Tract (with loadings showing larger numbers of people who are black, single moms, and unemployed along with fewer people who are white) and Affluence (with loadings showing higher income, education, and home value) were strongly associated with poor mental health (

R^{2} = 0.67

,

R^{2} = 0.83

). These findings demonstrate the utility of this factor model for future research focused on the relationship between neighborhood characteristics and resident mental health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 384 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of Mental Health Services for Patients Diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorders in Primary Care

by Laura González-Suñer, Cristina Carbonell-Duacastella, Ignacio Aznar-Lou, Maria Rubio-Valera, Maria Iglesias-González, Maria Teresa Peñarrubia-María, Montserrat Gil-Girbau and Antoni Serrano-Blanco

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(3), 885; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18030885 - 20 Jan 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2415

Abstract

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most disabling diseases worldwide, generating high use of health services. Previous studies have shown that Mental Health Services (MHS) use is associated with patient and Family Physician (FP) factors. The aim of this study was [...] Read more.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most disabling diseases worldwide, generating high use of health services. Previous studies have shown that Mental Health Services (MHS) use is associated with patient and Family Physician (FP) factors. The aim of this study was to investigate MHS use in a naturalistic sample of MDD outpatients and the factors influencing use of services in specialized psychiatric care, to know the natural mental healthcare pathway. Non-randomized clinical trial including newly depressed Primary Care (PC) patients (n = 263) with a 12-month follow-up (from 2013 to 2015). Patient sociodemographic variables were assessed along with clinical variables (mental disorder diagnosis, severity of depression or anxiety, quality of life, disability, beliefs about illness and medication). FP (n = 53) variables were also evaluated. A multilevel logistic regression analysis was performed to assess factors associated with public or private MHS use. Subjects were clustered by FP. Having previously used MHS was associated with the use of MHS. The use of public MHS was associated with worse perception of quality of life. No other sociodemographic, clinical, nor FP variables were associated with the use of MHS. Patient self-perception is a factor that influences the use of services, in addition to having used them before. This is in line with Value-Based Healthcare, which propose to put the focus on the patient, who is the one who must define which health outcomes are relevant to him. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

12 pages, 336 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of the Great East Japan Earthquake on the Employment Status and Mental Health Conditions of Affected Coastal Communities

by Mitsuaki Katayanagi, Moe Seto, Naoki Nakaya, Tomohiro Nakamura, Naho Tsuchiya, Akira Narita, Mana Kogure, Yumi Sugawara, Akira Kodaka, Yusuke Utsumi, Hitomi Usukura, Yasuto Kunii, Atsushi Hozawa, Ichiro Tsuji and Hiroaki Tomita

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(21), 8130; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17218130 - 03 Nov 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2991

Abstract

The Great East Japan Earthquake devasted the old community in coastal areas characterized by primary industry. The number of unemployed people increased from 150,000 to 190,000 after the earthquake. All of the adult residents of Shichigahama (18 years old or older), located in [...] Read more.

The Great East Japan Earthquake devasted the old community in coastal areas characterized by primary industry. The number of unemployed people increased from 150,000 to 190,000 after the earthquake. All of the adult residents of Shichigahama (18 years old or older), located in the coastal area of the Miyagi prefecture, whose houses were totally or majorly damaged, were recruited for a survey conducted in October 2011. All of the residents who responded with written informed consent were included in this study. Among 904 individuals who had a job before the Great East Japan Earthquake, 19% became unemployed. Concerning gender and age, 9% of young men, 34% of elderly men, 21% of young women, and 49% of elderly women became unemployed. Concerning the type of industry, 38%, 15%, and 16% of people who had belonged to the primary, secondary, and tertiary industries, respectively, before the disaster became unemployed. Those who became unemployed exhibited a significantly higher risk of insomnia compared to those who maintained jobs. The study pointed out the severe impact of the Great East Japan Earthquake on populations who had belonged to the primary industry, especially among elderly women, and its effect on sleep conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

22 pages, 1975 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mental Health, Quality of Life and Violence Exposure in Low-Socioeconomic Status Children and Adolescents of Guatemala

by Rosalba Company-Córdoba, Diego Gómez-Baya, Francisca López-Gaviño and Joaquín A. Ibáñez-Alfonso

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(20), 7620; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17207620 - 19 Oct 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4444

Abstract

Growing up in vulnerable conditions has an impact on children and adolescents’ mental health and well-being outcomes. However, this evidence has rarely been obtained in middle and low-income countries like Guatemala, where food insecurity and exposure to violence frequently threaten childhood development. The [...] Read more.

Growing up in vulnerable conditions has an impact on children and adolescents’ mental health and well-being outcomes. However, this evidence has rarely been obtained in middle and low-income countries like Guatemala, where food insecurity and exposure to violence frequently threaten childhood development. The aim of this study was to analyse the relations that sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors have with psychological adjustment of low-socioeconomic status (SES) Guatemalan children and adolescents, and how these relations were mediated by food insecurity and exposure to violence. A total of 185 participants (50.8% girls; aged between 6 to 17, M = 11.82, SD = 3.7) from three vulnerable schools located in rural and urban areas of Guatemala were assessed. The results indicated that exposure to violence significantly moderates the effect of sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables in measures of depression, anxiety and health-related quality of life. Adolescents more exposed to violence reported higher levels of depression and anxiety, as well as lower levels of health-related quality of life. In contrast, food insecurity did not seem to influence psychological adjustment outcomes in this low-SES sample. These findings highlight the relevance of exposure to violence for mental health and well-being, and is a factor that should be considered when designing public health policies to promote children and adolescents’ welfare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 743 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Are There Heterogeneous Impacts of National Income on Mental Health?

by Zimei Huang, Tinghui Li and Mark Xu

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(20), 7530; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17207530 - 16 Oct 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2354

Abstract

Understanding heterogeneous impact and mechanisms between national income and mental health are crucial to develop prevention and intervention strategies. Based on panel data from 2007 to 2017, this study explores the heterogeneous impact of national income on different types of mental health. Then, [...] Read more.

Understanding heterogeneous impact and mechanisms between national income and mental health are crucial to develop prevention and intervention strategies. Based on panel data from 2007 to 2017, this study explores the heterogeneous impact of national income on different types of mental health. Then, it analyzes the heterogeneous impact among countries with different income levels. Furthermore, the heterogeneous moderating effects of national income on mental health mechanisms are elaborated and the findings reveal several key conclusions: firstly, national income exerts a heterogeneous impact on different types of mental health. Rising national income is conducive to increase people’s happiness and reduce their prevalence of anxiety disorders, but it increases the prevalence of depression disorders. Secondly, national income has a heterogeneous impact on different types of mental health among countries with different income levels. Furthermore, the heterogeneous influence mechanism of national income on mental health is mainly reflected in different types of mental health. Unemployment, social support and freedom can moderate the relationship between national income and depression, while social support, positive affect and negative affect can moderate the relationship between national income and anxiety. Finally, based on the conclusions of quantitative analysis, some important policy recommendations are proposed for policy makers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1731 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What Is Rural Adversity, How Does It Affect Wellbeing and What Are the Implications for Action?

by Joanne Lawrence-Bourne, Hazel Dalton, David Perkins, Jane Farmer, Georgina Luscombe, Nelly Oelke and Nasser Bagheri

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(19), 7205; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17197205 - 01 Oct 2020

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 7481

Abstract

A growing body of literature recognises the profound impact of adversity on mental health outcomes for people living in rural and remote areas. With the cumulative effects of persistent drought, record-breaking bushfires, limited access to quality health services, the COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing [...] Read more.

A growing body of literature recognises the profound impact of adversity on mental health outcomes for people living in rural and remote areas. With the cumulative effects of persistent drought, record-breaking bushfires, limited access to quality health services, the COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing economic and social challenges, there is much to understand about the impact of adversity on mental health and wellbeing in rural populations. In this conceptual paper, we aim to review and adapt our existing understanding of rural adversity. We undertook a wide-ranging review of the literature, sought insights from multiple disciplines and critically developed our findings with an expert disciplinary group from across Australia. We propose that rural adversity be understood using a rural ecosystem lens to develop greater clarity around the dimensions and experiences of adversity, and to help identify the opportunities for interventions. We put forward a dynamic conceptual model of the impact of rural adversity on mental health and wellbeing, and close with a discussion of the implications for policy and practice. Whilst this paper has been written from an Australian perspective, it has implications for rural communities internationally. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 676 KiB

Open AccessArticle

by Elena Tsarouha, Christine Preiser, Birgitta Weltermann, Florian Junne, Tanja Seifried-Dübon, Felicitas Stuber, Sigrid Hartmann, Andrea Wittich, Monika A. Rieger and Esther Rind

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(19), 7114; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17197114 - 28 Sep 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2995

Abstract

General practices are established microenterprises in Germany providing a variety of preventive and therapeutic health care services and procedures in a challenging working environment. For example, general practice teams are confronted increasingly with work-related demands, which have been associated with poor psychological and [...] Read more.

General practices are established microenterprises in Germany providing a variety of preventive and therapeutic health care services and procedures in a challenging working environment. For example, general practice teams are confronted increasingly with work-related demands, which have been associated with poor psychological and physical outcomes. It is therefore important to gain a better understanding of issues related to occupational health and safety for personnel working in the primary care setting. This study aims to gain an in-depth understanding of psychosocial demands and resources in the primary care setting. We applied an ethnographic design, comprising a combination of participating observations, individual interviews with general practitioners (GPs) (N = 6), and focus group discussion with practice assistants and administrative staff (N = 19) in five general practices in Germany. A grounded theory approach was applied to analyze all data. Our results identified psychosocial demands and resources exemplified mainly along two typical tasks in GP practices: the issuing of medical prescriptions and blood sampling. Main psychosocial demands included factors related to work content and tasks, organization of work, and the working environment. For example, daily routines across all practices were characterized by a very high work intensity including disturbances, interruptions, delegation, and the division of labor between GPs and practice staff. Work-related resources comprised the staff’s influence on aspects related to work organization and social support. The triangulation of methods and data formats allowed the disclosure of interconnectedness between these factors. Although work processes in general practices are complex and required to comply with legal regulations, there are opportunities for practice owners and practice teams to establish working procedures in ways that reduce psychosocial risks and strengthen work-related resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 405 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lifetime and Twelve-Month Prevalence, Persistence, and Unmet Treatment Needs of Mood, Anxiety, and Substance Use Disorders in African American and U.S. versus Foreign-Born Caribbean Women

by Audrey L. Jones, Susan D. Cochran, Jane Rafferty, Robert Joseph Taylor and Vickie M. Mays

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(19), 7007; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17197007 - 25 Sep 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3230

Abstract

There is growing diversity within the Black population in the U.S., but limited understanding of ethnic and nativity differences in the mental health treatment needs of Black women. This study examined differences in the prevalence of psychiatric disorders, their persistence, and unmet treatment [...] Read more.

There is growing diversity within the Black population in the U.S., but limited understanding of ethnic and nativity differences in the mental health treatment needs of Black women. This study examined differences in the prevalence of psychiatric disorders, their persistence, and unmet treatment needs among Black women in the U.S. Data were from the National Survey of American Life, a nationally representative survey that assessed lifetime and twelve-month mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Edition (DSM-IV) criteria, and mental health service use among those meeting disorder criteria. One in three African American women met criteria for a lifetime disorder, compared to one in three Caribbean women born within the U.S. and one in five Caribbean women born outside the U.S. About half of African American women with a lifetime disorder had a persistent psychiatric disorder, compared to two in five Caribbean women born within the U.S. and two in three Caribbean women born outside the U.S. African Americans had more persisting dysthymia and panic disorder and less persisting social phobia compared to foreign-born Caribbean women. Of the three groups, Caribbean women born within the U.S. were most likely to seek mental health treatment during their lifetime. These results demonstrate, despite a lower prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Black women, that there is a great likelihood their disorders will be marked by persistence and underscores the need for culturally specific treatment approaches. As Black immigrants in the United States are increasing in number, adequate mental health services are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

15 pages, 743 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety and Stress and Their Associated Factors in College Students

by Enrique Ramón-Arbués, Vicente Gea-Caballero, José Manuel Granada-López, Raúl Juárez-Vela, Begoña Pellicer-García and Isabel Antón-Solanas

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(19), 7001; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17197001 - 24 Sep 2020

Cited by 196 | Viewed by 43436

Abstract

Aim: To estimate the prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress and associated factors in a population of college students. Method: Cross-sectional study of psychological distress measured through the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) in a sample of 1074 college students. Results: [...] Read more.

Aim: To estimate the prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress and associated factors in a population of college students. Method: Cross-sectional study of psychological distress measured through the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) in a sample of 1074 college students. Results: We found a moderate prevalence of depression (18.4%), anxiety (23.6%) and stress (34.5%) symptoms in our study population. Being <21, having problematic Internet use behavior, smoking, presenting insomnia and having a low self-esteem were independently associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress. Being a woman, living with their family, having a stable partner, consuming alcohol frequently and having poor nutritional habits were significantly associated with symptoms of stress; lacking a stable partner was significantly associated with depressive symptoms; and frequent consumption of alcohol was significantly associated with symptoms of anxiety. Conclusion: We found a moderate prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress symptoms in our population. Interventions aimed at promoting mental health among college students should be implemented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 811 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Elucidating Mental Health Disorders among Rohingya Refugees: A Malaysian Perspective

by Kushilpal Kaur, Ahmad Hatim Sulaiman, Chee Kok Yoon, Aili Hanim Hashim, Manveen Kaur, Koh Ong Hui, Zuraida Ahmad Sabki, Benedict Francis, Sarbhan Singh and Jesjeet Singh Gill

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(18), 6730; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17186730 - 15 Sep 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3551

Abstract

Mental health disorders (MHDs) among refugees has been recognized as a major public health issue. However, to date, there is limited evidence on the prevalence of MHDs among Rohingya refugees in Malaysia. This study aimed to examine the prevalence and associated factors of [...] Read more.

Mental health disorders (MHDs) among refugees has been recognized as a major public health issue. However, to date, there is limited evidence on the prevalence of MHDs among Rohingya refugees in Malaysia. This study aimed to examine the prevalence and associated factors of major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Rohingya refugees in Malaysia. A total of 220 refugees were randomly selected to participate in this cross-sectional study, conducted from June 2019 to November 2019. Perceived social support, religious orientation, food security, and sociodemographic characteristics were assessed as independent variables. The dependent variables assessed were MDD, GAD, and PTSD. The prevalence of GAD, PTSD, and MDD was reported at 92 (41.8%), 84 (38.2%), and 71 (32.3%). Several factors were significantly associated with MDD following multivariate analysis such as perceived low to moderate social support (AOR = 2.17; 95% CI 1.13, 4.19) and food insecurity (AOR = 2.77; 95% CI 1.19, 6.47). Exposure to violence (AOR = 38.46; 95% CI 16.27, 90.91) and food insecurity (AOR = 3.74; 95% CI 1.41, 9.91) were significantly associated with PTSD. Addressing these risk factors could be key in improving mental health outcomes among this vulnerable population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Figure A1

14 pages, 933 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hedonic and Utilitarian Performances as Determinants of Mental Health and Pro-Social Behaviors among Volunteer Tourists

by Heesup Han, Bo Meng, Bee-Lia Chua and Hyungseo Bobby Ryu

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(18), 6594; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17186594 - 10 Sep 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2797

Abstract

International volunteer tourism is an emerging and sustainable trend of the global tourism industry. In this study, we attempted to provide a clear comprehension of volunteer tourists’ mental health increase and pro-social intention formation. A survey method and quantitative approach were used. Our [...] Read more.

International volunteer tourism is an emerging and sustainable trend of the global tourism industry. In this study, we attempted to provide a clear comprehension of volunteer tourists’ mental health increase and pro-social intention formation. A survey method and quantitative approach were used. Our result from the structural analysis showed that hedonic and utilitarian performances, mental health, and volunteer tourism engagement had significant associations and that these relationships contributed to improving pro-social intention. In addition, results from the metric invariance assessment revealed that the volunteer tourism engagement and pro-social intention relation was under the significant influence of problem awareness and ascribed responsibility. Mental health and engagement acted as significant mediators. The comparative importance of volunteer tourism engagement was uncovered. Overall, our results provided a sufficient understanding of volunteer tourists’ pro-social decision-making process and behaviors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 865 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does Believing in Fate Facilitate Active or Avoidant Coping? The Effects of Fate Control on Coping Strategies and Mental Well-Being

by Wesley C. H. Wu, Sylvia Xiaohua Chen and Jacky C. K. Ng

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(17), 6383; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17176383 - 02 Sep 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3671

Abstract

The development of control-related constructs has involved different approaches over time, and yet internal and external locus of control are conceptualized as dichotomous factors influencing active versus avoidant coping strategies. While external control is associated with avoidance, a similar belief construct fate control, [...] Read more.

The development of control-related constructs has involved different approaches over time, and yet internal and external locus of control are conceptualized as dichotomous factors influencing active versus avoidant coping strategies. While external control is associated with avoidance, a similar belief construct fate control, which denotes that life events are pre-determined and influenced by external forces but predictable and alterable, challenges the assumption of incompatibility between fate and agency. To develop a dynamic model of control, we suggest that external control would affect avoidant coping, which in turn would affect psychological distress, whereas fate control would affect both active and avoidant coping when dealing with stress. The model was supported among Hong Kong Chinese using a cross-sectional approach in Study 1 (n = 251) and hypothetical stressful scenarios in Study 2 (n = 294). The moderating effect of perceived controllability was observed in coping behaviors using a diary approach in Study 3 (n = 188). Our findings offer an alternative perspective to the dichotomous view of control and provide implications for coping strategies and mental well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 674 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Living Conditions of Adolescents Who Have Attempted Suicide in Mexico

by Rosario Valdez-Santiago, Alma Lilia Cruz-Bañares, Anabel Rojas-Carmona and Luz Arenas-Monreal

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(16), 5990; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17165990 - 18 Aug 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2481

Abstract

Suicidal behavior represents a complex public health problem, with a rising number of suicide attempts registered among Mexican adolescents. We undertook a qualitative study in order to understand the living conditions of adolescents who had attempted to take their lives in five Mexican [...] Read more.

Suicidal behavior represents a complex public health problem, with a rising number of suicide attempts registered among Mexican adolescents. We undertook a qualitative study in order to understand the living conditions of adolescents who had attempted to take their lives in five Mexican states. We interviewed 37 adolescents who had engaged in suicide attempts in the year prior to our study. To code and analyze the information, we defined the following three categories of living conditions as social determinants of health for adolescents: poverty and vulnerability, education, and health care. To this end, we followed the methodology proposed by Taylor and Bogdan, and used Atlas.ti 7.5.18 software for analyses. Among our findings, we noted that poverty, manifested primarily as material deprivation, rendered the daily lives of our interviewees precarious, compromising even their basic needs. All the young people analyzed had either received medical, psychological, and/or psychiatric care as outpatients or had been hospitalized. School played a positive role in referring adolescents with suicidal behavior to health services; however, it also represented a high-risk environment. Our findings highlight the urgent need to implement a national intersectoral strategy as part of comprehensive public policy aimed at improving the health of adolescents in Mexico. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 717 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Demographic, Social, and Economic Factors of Internalizing Problems in Referred and Non-Referred Adolescents

by Lucía Antolín-Suárez, Francisco J. Nieto-Casado, Ana Rodríguez-Meirinhos and Alfredo Oliva

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(14), 5195; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17145195 - 18 Jul 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2433

Abstract

Depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation are common internalizing problems during adolescence. Numerous studies have explored the role of certain demographic, social, and economic factors in their development in referred or non-referred adolescents, but not simultaneously in both groups. In this study, we examined [...] Read more.

Depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation are common internalizing problems during adolescence. Numerous studies have explored the role of certain demographic, social, and economic factors in their development in referred or non-referred adolescents, but not simultaneously in both groups. In this study, we examined the association between age, gender, parents’ educational level, and socioeconomic status (SES) and depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in a referred group (n = 211) and a non-referred (n = 1401) group of adolescents. We also examined the moderating role that these factors play in the relationships between both internalizing problems. The results showed: higher levels of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in the referred group; an increase in both problems during early-to-middle adolescence in the non-referred group; an association between low SES and suicidal ideation in both groups; an association between low father’s education level and depressive symptoms in the non-referred group; and no gender differences in either of these two internalizing problems. The moderation analyses showed that age, in referred adolescents, and SES, in non-referred adolescents, moderated the relationship between depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation. This study contributes to the identification of groups of vulnerable adolescents that could constitute the target populations of preventive programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 754 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Individual Health Budgets in Mental Health: Results of Its Implementation in the Friuli Venezia Giulia Region, Italy

by Elisa Fontecedro, Morena Furlan, Davide Tossut, Elisabetta Pascolo-Fabrici, Matteo Balestrieri, Luis Salvador-Carulla, Barbara D’Avanzo and Giulio Castelpietra

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(14), 5017; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17145017 - 13 Jul 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2518

Abstract

Background: Individual Health Budget (IHB) is an intervention for recovery in mental health services, providing personalized care for subjects with severe disorders and complex needs. Little is known on its effectiveness and on the criteria for its delivery. Methods: A total of 67 [...] Read more.

Background: Individual Health Budget (IHB) is an intervention for recovery in mental health services, providing personalized care for subjects with severe disorders and complex needs. Little is known on its effectiveness and on the criteria for its delivery. Methods: A total of 67 IHB beneficiaries and 61 comparators were recruited among service users of the Mental Health Department of the Trieste Healthcare Agency, Italy. Data included sociodemographic and clinical variables, type of IHB, and Health of the Nation Outcome Scale (HoNOS) scores. Results: A comparison between groups showed significant differences in several socioeconomic and clinical characteristics. Multivariate logistic regression showed that IHB was positively associated to the 20–49 age group, single status, unemployment, low family support, cohabitation with relatives or friends, diagnosis of personality disorder, and a higher number of hospitalizations. The IHB group was at a higher risk of severe problems related to aggressive or agitated behaviors (OR = 1.4), hallucinations and delusions (OR = 1.5), and impairment in everyday life activities (OR = 2.1). Conclusions: IHB was used in patients with severe clinical and social problems. More resources, however, may be aimed at the working and social axes. More research is needed to better assess clinical and social outcomes of IHB and to adjust their intensity in a longitudinal perspective in order to enhance cost-effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1331 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Finding the Hidden Risk Profiles of the United States Opioid Epidemic: Using a Person-Centered Approach on a National Dataset of Noninstitutionalized Adults Reporting Opioid Misuse

by Francisco A. Montiel Ishino, Tamika Gilreath and Faustine Williams

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(12), 4321; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17124321 - 17 Jun 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2734

Abstract

Opioid misuse can lead to use disorder and other adverse outcomes. Identifying sociodemographic risk profiles and understanding misuse patterns in combination with health indicators can inform prevention science and clinical practice. A latent class analysis of opioid misuse was conducted on noninstitutionalized United [...] Read more.

Opioid misuse can lead to use disorder and other adverse outcomes. Identifying sociodemographic risk profiles and understanding misuse patterns in combination with health indicators can inform prevention science and clinical practice. A latent class analysis of opioid misuse was conducted on noninstitutionalized United States civilians aged 18 and older that reported opioid dependence or abuse in the 2017 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (n = 476; weighted n = 2,018,922). Opioid misuse was based on heroin and/or prescription pain reliever use, and associated determinants of health and mental health indicators. Five misuse profiles were identified: (1) single heroin or prescription misuse with high-income; (2) female prescription pain reliever misuse with psychological distress and suicidality; (3) younger polyopioid misuse with the highest proportion of Hispanics and heroin use; (4) older polyopioid misuse with the highest proportion of non-Hispanic blacks and disability; and (5) older non-Hispanic white male exclusive dual heroin and/or prescription misuse (27%, 20%, 38%, 10%, and 5% of sample, respectively). The identified risk profiles can inform public health practice to develop interventions for acute and immediate response by providing etiological evidence and to inform prevention and intervention efforts along the continuum from opioid initiation to use disorder. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 714 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Social Capital as a Mediator through the Effect of Education on Depression and Obesity among the Elderly in China

by Yu Xin and Xiaohui Ren

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(11), 3977; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17113977 - 04 Jun 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3587

Abstract

Objectives: Global aging is an increasingly serious problem. The health problems faced by the elderly, such as depression and obesity, require serious consideration. Education, depression and obesity are inextricably linked; for the elderly, education is constant, and the factors which can mediate the [...] Read more.

Objectives: Global aging is an increasingly serious problem. The health problems faced by the elderly, such as depression and obesity, require serious consideration. Education, depression and obesity are inextricably linked; for the elderly, education is constant, and the factors which can mediate the relationship between education, depression and obesity are still being discussed by scholars. The mediating effect of social capital is rarely studied. The objective of this study was to assess the mediating role of cognitive social capital and structural social capital, as well as the effect of education on depression and obesity among the elderly using China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) data. Methods: In total, 4919 respondents were included in the final analysis. Education was measured by years of schooling. Trust and participation were used as measures of cognitive social capital and structural social capital. Depression symptoms and BMI were used as outcomes. Structural equation models were developed to examine the direct and indirect effect of social capital and education on health outcomes. Results: Education was negatively correlated with depression symptom (r = −0.15, p < 0.001), while education was positively correlated with BMI (r = 0.08, p < 0.001). Older adults with a higher education level have higher cognitive social capital (r = 0.11, p < 0.001) and structural social capital (r = 0.20, p < 0.001). Social capital plays a mediatory role. Older adults with higher social capital have a lower risk of depression (cognitive: r = −0.23, p < 0.001; structural: r = −0.03, p < 0.01) but a higher risk of obesity (cognitive: r = 0.06, p < 0.01; structural: r = 0.03, p < 0.01). For depression, the mediating function of cognitive social capital (a1b1= −0.025) is stronger than that of structural social capital (a2b2 = −0.006). While, for obesity, the effects of both cognitive and structural social capital are the same (a1c1 = a2c2 = 0.005). Conclusions: Social capital as a mediator through the effect of education on depression and obesity among the elderly in China. Meanwhile, using the positive effects of social capital to avoid negative effects should also be seriously considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Mental Health of Brazilian Students Involved in Risky Behaviors

by Daise Fernanda Santos Souza Escobar, Priscilla Rayanne e Silva Noll, Thaís Ferreira de Jesus and Matias Noll

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(10), 3647; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17103647 - 22 May 2020

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3804

Abstract

Adolescence, which is the transition from childhood to adulthood, is marked by emotional sensitivity and inconsistency and may be affected by mental health problems. In order to fill the gap related to the risky behaviors in students in Brazil, our cross-sectional study aimed [...] Read more.

Adolescence, which is the transition from childhood to adulthood, is marked by emotional sensitivity and inconsistency and may be affected by mental health problems. In order to fill the gap related to the risky behaviors in students in Brazil, our cross-sectional study aimed to analyze the relationship between risky behaviors and indicators of mental health of Brazilian students. We used the data from the National School Health Survey to analyze the relationship between risk behaviors and three symptoms of mental health issues: feeling of being alone, number of close friends, and trouble sleeping due to worries. The sample consisted of 102,072 students in Brazil (48.3% boys and 51.7% girls), aged between 11 to 19 years. The risk behaviors evaluated were substance use, sedentary lifestyle, sexual behavior, and suffering violence and bullying. We have performed a multivariate analysis based on the Poisson regression model, and the measure of effect used was the prevalence ratio (PR) with confidence intervals (CI) of 95%. Our results showed that students with symptoms of mental health issues were involved in risky behaviors, including drug use and unsafe sex. Thus, mental illness outcomes may be associated with risky behaviors, or mental health may be impaired by them. Given these findings, in-school programs focused on improving mental health outcomes should be developed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

14 pages, 330 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Preliminary Validation of the Couples’ Stigma Scale to Assess Self-Stigma among the Partners of Persons with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Japan

by Deguchi Naoko, Asakura Takashi and Omiya Tomoko

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(10), 3533; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17103533 - 18 May 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2458

Abstract

Spouses of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may struggle with self-stigma and may require attention and care; however, no scale exists to measure the stigma of spouses of persons with ASD. This study created and investigated the construct validity of the Couples [...] Read more.

Spouses of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may struggle with self-stigma and may require attention and care; however, no scale exists to measure the stigma of spouses of persons with ASD. This study created and investigated the construct validity of the Couples Stigma Scale. This scale consists of 14 items and it was designed based on prior literature, interviews, and the self-stigma theory to assess the self-stigma experienced by spouses of people with ASD. A survey was conducted with spouses of persons with ASD who participated in a self-help group. Responses were obtained from 259 people, of which 253 women were included in the analysis. Exploratory factor analysis was performed separately with two independent groups, indicating a four-factor structure, to determine structural validity. The factor loadings of the items constituting the four factors were 0.39 or greater. Regarding external validity, the correlation coefficient between the Couples Stigma Scale and the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) score was −0.341 (p < 0.001), and the domain correlation coefficient was significant for all relevant WHOQOL domains. Our results suggest that the Japanese version of the Couples Stigma Scale is a valid instrument for assessing self-stigma in the spouses of persons with ASD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

17 pages, 622 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does the Conversion of Household Registration Actually Improve the Happiness of Migrant Workers in China?

by Xin-hao Liu, Li-min Han and Bin Yuan

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(8), 2661; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17082661 - 13 Apr 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2323

Abstract

Migrant workers are an important human resource for economic and social development. Considering the government’s goal of serving and improving people’s livelihoods, improving the happiness of migrant workers is necessary. This study investigates in-depth the impact of the conversion of household registration on [...] Read more.

Migrant workers are an important human resource for economic and social development. Considering the government’s goal of serving and improving people’s livelihoods, improving the happiness of migrant workers is necessary. This study investigates in-depth the impact of the conversion of household registration on migrant workers’ happiness, which is represented by a multi-dimensional comprehensive index based on the propensity matching score model and data from the China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS) in 2017. Moreover, this study explores the different effects of conversion among the groups divided by the characteristics of migrant workers. The results show that from an overall perspective, although the conversion of household registration could improve the happiness of migrant workers, the degree of this improvement is minor. Further, the characteristics of the different groups, including age, educational background, contracted land, collective dividends, and income significantly affect the improvement of happiness. The conversion of household registration has obviously improved the happiness of migrant workers with low educational backgrounds, low income, and contracted land. Based on these findings, the government should take more targeted actions to improve the positive effects of household registration among different migrant worker groups due to the different characteristics in the process of household registration system reform. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 313 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Psychotic Symptoms and Social Cognition on Job Retention in Patients with Schizophrenia in Korea

by Mihwa Han and Seong Sook Jun

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(8), 2628; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17082628 - 11 Apr 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2517

Abstract

This research examined the relationship between psychotic symptoms, social cognition, and job retention among people with schizophrenia in Korea. Participants (158 people with schizophrenia from 15 mental health institutions) were divided into two groups: those with a job retention period of less than [...] Read more.

This research examined the relationship between psychotic symptoms, social cognition, and job retention among people with schizophrenia in Korea. Participants (158 people with schizophrenia from 15 mental health institutions) were divided into two groups: those with a job retention period of less than six months (n = 75), and those with a job retention period of six months or more (n = 83). Participants completed a survey packet containing the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Global Assessment of Function (GAF) Scale, Interpersonal Relationship Functioning Assessment Scale, Basic Empathy Scale, Hinting Task, and Ambiguous Intention Hostility Questionnaire (AIHQ), and provided their job retention status. We used binomial logistic regression analysis to examine whether job retention was affected by participants’ demographic, clinical, and vocational characteristics, as well as the three components of social cognition, i.e., theory of mind, empathy, and attribution style. Results showed that theory of mind (ToM), attribution style, and psychotic symptoms explained 52.7% of the variance in job retention. A higher theory of mind means a higher ability to grasp the intentions of others. The higher theory of mind, the lesser attribution style, and the lesser psychotic symptoms were related to a longer period of job retention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

12 pages, 428 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations among Employment Status, Health Behaviors, and Mental Health in a Representative Sample of South Koreans

by Se Jin Park, Soo Yeon Kim, Eun-Sun Lee and Subin Park

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(7), 2456; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17072456 - 03 Apr 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3086

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to compare the health behaviors, general health, and mental health of South Korean employees according to their employment status, and to examine how these associations vary across genders using the latest Korean National Examination Health and [...] Read more.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the health behaviors, general health, and mental health of South Korean employees according to their employment status, and to examine how these associations vary across genders using the latest Korean National Examination Health and Nutrition Survey data. Logistic regression analyses were performed using employment status—permanent job, temporary job, and unemployed—as predictor variables and health-related variables as the outcome variables. Results indicated that temporary workers and the unemployed have higher odds of poor mental health regardless of gender. On the other hand, only male permanent workers were found to have a higher risk of problematic drinking compared to precarious workers and the unemployed. Meanwhile, only women showed a higher risk of current smoking in the temporary job and unemployed groups compared with permanent employees. Regarding general health, women, not men, in the temporary job group reported poorer general health (i.e., low health-related quality of life and higher self-perceived poor health) than those in other groups. These findings suggest that the development and implementation of intervention services, as well as organizational actions, need to consider differential impacts of unfavorable employment status on health issues according to gender. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 357 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Evidences about Subjective Well-Being in Adolescence and Its Links with Neurocognitive Performance

by Javier Ortuño-Sierra, Rebeca Aritio-Solana and Eduardo Fonseca-Pedrero

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(6), 1866; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17061866 - 13 Mar 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2652

Abstract

The main purpose of the present work was to study the neurocognitive endophenotypes of adolescents at risk for low personal wellbeing. The sample included a total of 1588 adolescents from stratified random cluster sampling; derived from this sample, a group of high-risk ( [...] Read more.

The main purpose of the present work was to study the neurocognitive endophenotypes of adolescents at risk for low personal wellbeing. The sample included a total of 1588 adolescents from stratified random cluster sampling; derived from this sample, a group of high-risk (n = 84) and a control group (n = 84) were selected. The personal well-being index–school children (PWI–SC), the University of Pennsylvania computerized neuropsychological test battery for children (included 14 tasks assessing five neurobehavioral domains: executive functions, episodic memory, complex cognition, social cognition and sensorimotor speed), and the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) were used. Adolescents with low personal wellbeing showed statistically significant impairments across the different neurocognitive domains. In particular, adolescents at risk showed lower accuracy scores on executive function and complex cognition and lower speed scores on episodic memory, complex cognition and social cognition scores. The results of the present study contribute relevant information about the nature of neurocognitive impairments associated with subjective wellbeing and allow implementing preventive treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

9 pages, 307 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Community Integration of Persons with Mental Disorders Compared with the General Population

by Min Hwa Lee and Mi Kyung Seo

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(5), 1596; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17051596 - 02 Mar 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2907

Abstract

Aims: Community integration is the catalyst for recovery that is provided by mental health services to persons with mental disorders. This study explores the impact of socio-demographic variables on the level of community integration in persons with mental disorders compared to the [...] Read more.

Aims: Community integration is the catalyst for recovery that is provided by mental health services to persons with mental disorders. This study explores the impact of socio-demographic variables on the level of community integration in persons with mental disorders compared to the general population living in the same communities and the difference in community integration level between the two groups. Methods: A total of 224 persons with mental disorders (M age = 45.0, SD = 12.84, male 51.8%, female 48.2%) in communities and 247 individuals (M age = 44.6, SD = 11.41, male 50.6%, female 49.4%) of the general population in the same communities participated in the evaluation of levels of physical, psychological, and social integration. The effects of socio-demographic variables on the three types of community integration on both groups were evaluated using multiple regression analyses. Differences in the three types of community integration between the two groups were tested using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) by controlling for socio-demographic variables as covariates. Results: The effects of socio-demographic variables on the three types of community integration differed between the two groups. In addition, the two groups differed significantly in terms of social rather than physical or psychological integration when the level of community integration was compared while controlling socio-demographic variables. The results also show that persons with mental disorders had smaller social networks and fewer social contacts than the general population. Conclusions: Based on the findings, we recommended that service providers provide incentives for consumers to strengthen social relationships and social skills training in order to maintain relationships. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

11 pages, 503 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Religiosity and Mental Health: A Contribution to Understanding the Heterogeneity of Research Findings

by Klara Malinakova, Peter Tavel, Zdenek Meier, Jitse P. van Dijk and Sijmen A. Reijneveld

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(2), 494; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17020494 - 13 Jan 2020

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4331

Abstract

Most studies report positive associations between religiosity and spirituality and aspects of mental health, while a small proportion report mixed or fully negative associations. The aim of this study was to assess the associations of religiosity measured more specifically, with mental health in [...] Read more.

Most studies report positive associations between religiosity and spirituality and aspects of mental health, while a small proportion report mixed or fully negative associations. The aim of this study was to assess the associations of religiosity measured more specifically, with mental health in a secular environment, using a nationally representative sample of Czech adults (n = 1795). We measured religious affiliation, conversion experience, non-religious attitudes and the stability of these attitudes, mental health problems, and anxiety levels. Compared to stable non-religious respondents, unstable non-religious and converted respondents who perceived God as distant were more likely to experience anxiety in close relationships, and had higher risks of worse mental health. Our findings support the idea that the heterogeneity of findings in associations between religiosity/spirituality and mental health could be due to measurement problems and variation in the degree of secularity. A shift towards religiosity could be expected to be seen in a substantial part of non-religious respondents in problematic times. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

23 pages, 765 KiB

Open AccessReview

by Elena Christina Schreibauer, Melina Hippler, Stephanie Burgess, Monika A. Rieger and Esther Rind

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(20), 7446; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17207446 - 13 Oct 2020

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5184

Abstract

Background: Work-related psychosocial stress can cause mental and physical illnesses resulting in high costs for the individual, the economy and society. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) employ the majority of the world’s workforce and often have fewer financial and human resources compared [...] Read more.

Background: Work-related psychosocial stress can cause mental and physical illnesses resulting in high costs for the individual, the economy and society. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) employ the majority of the world’s workforce and often have fewer financial and human resources compared to larger businesses. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge on work-related stress in SMEs according to well-established guidelines categorizing psychosocial factors at work. Methods: A systematic database search was carried out in PubMed, PsycINFO, PSYNDEX and Business Source Premiere from March to June 2019, updated in January 2020. Data of included studies were analyzed and mapped into five themes: “work content and task”, “organization of work”, “social relations”, “working environment” and “new forms of work”. Results: After full-text screening, 45 out of 116 studies were included for data extraction. Studies were very heterogeneous and of varying quality, mostly applying a cross-sectional study design. Psychosocial factors in SMEs have been researched with a focus on the work patterns “work organization” and “work content and task”. Conclusions: This review underlines the need for more and better quality research of psychosocial factors in SMEs, particularly in relation to ongoing and new challenges in the workplace, including stressors related to the process of digitalization or the development of safe working conditions during the emerge of new infectious diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 790 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Determinants of Suicidality in the European General Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by María Teresa Carrasco-Barrios, Paloma Huertas, Paloma Martín, Carlos Martín, Mª Carmen Castillejos, Eleni Petkari and Berta Moreno-Küstner

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(11), 4115; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17114115 - 09 Jun 2020

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 5615

Abstract

Close to one million people commit suicide each year, with suicidal attempts being the main risk factor for suicide. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to achieve a greater understanding of suicidality in the general population of Europe by studying [...] Read more.

Close to one million people commit suicide each year, with suicidal attempts being the main risk factor for suicide. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to achieve a greater understanding of suicidality in the general population of Europe by studying associated factors and their statistical significance with suicidality, as well as the effect of the temporal moment in which suicidality is observed in a relationship. A search strategy was carried out in electronic databases: Proquest’s Psychology Database, Scopus, PsycINFO, Medline and Embase. Odds ratios (ORs), publication bias, influential studies on heterogeneity and analysis moderators were calculated. Twenty-six studies were included after meeting the inclusion criteria. Factors statistically associated with suicidality are female gender, age over 65 years, unemployment, low social support, adulthood adversity, childhood adversity, family history of mental disorder, any affective disorder, major depression, anxiety/stress/somatoform disorders, tobacco and substance use, any mental disorder and body mass index. As a limitation, a high heterogeneity between studies was found. Factors associated with suicidality in the general population are relevant for understanding the suicidal phenomenon. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Social Determinants of Mental Health

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Published Papers (53 papers)

Editorial

Research

Review

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI