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Sarcopenia, Exercise and Quality of Life

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A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 60129

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Juan Mielgo-Ayuso

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Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, Physical Therapy Faculty, University of Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain
Interests: sarcopenia; epidemiology of nutrition; exercise; obesity; nutritional assessment; nutritional supplements; iron deficiency
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear colleagues,

Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle mass and power that occurs during aging. Muscle mass gradually decreases by 3%–8% every decade starting at age 30, accelerating from 60 years old. This produces a progressive decrease in strength that contributes greatly to the disability and loss of independence of the elderly. Therefore, in order to treat and delay sarcopenia, the decisions that are made regarding life habits must be taken into account. In addition, with the physiological and systemic changes that occur in the body as age advances and accelerate the progression of this syndrome, lifestyle factors are much more controllable, and the inclusion of exercise (both resistance as strength) in a healthy lifestyle is of paramount importance. Therefore, the increase of public awareness of the importance of lifestyle habits (including an effective training plan to combat the effects of this disease) related to the state of the skeletal muscles in old age is of great importance in the treatment of sarcopenia.

This Special Issue of the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) focuses on the current state of knowledge on the links between sarcopenia, exercise, and quality of life. New research papers, reviews, case reports, and conference papers are welcome to this issue. Papers dealing with new approaches to treatment and prevention of sarcopenia are also welcome. Other manuscript types accepted include methodological papers, position papers, brief reports, and commentaries.

Dr. Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
Guest Editor

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Keywords

Strength
Muscle recovery
Physical activity
Public health
Elderly people
Nutrition
Muscle wasting
Protein supplements
Lifestyle
Frailty

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 263 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Sarcopenia, Exercise and Quality of Life

by Juan Mielgo-Ayuso and Diego Fernández-Lázaro

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(10), 5156; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18105156 - 13 May 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2419

Abstract

The loss of strength, power, and muscle mass caused by the progressive deterioration from aging is known as “sarcopenia [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia, Exercise and Quality of Life)

Research

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11 pages, 557 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of the Use of Wii Games on Physical Frailty Components in Institutionalized Older Adults

by Jerónimo J. González-Bernal, Maha Jahouh, Josefa González-Santos, Juan Mielgo-Ayuso, Diego Fernández-Lázaro and Raúl Soto-Cámara

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(5), 2723; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18052723 - 08 Mar 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3194

Abstract

Aging is a multifactorial physiological phenomenon in which cellular and molecular changes occur. These changes lead to poor locomotion, poor balance, and an increased falling risk. This study aimed to determine the impact and effectiveness of the use of the Wii^® game console on improving walking speed and balance, as well as its influence on frailty levels and falling risk, in older adults. A longitudinal study was designed with a pretest/post-test structure. The study population comprised people over 75 years of age who lived in a nursing home or attended a day care center (n = 80; 45 women; 84.2 ± 8.7 years). Forty of them were included in the Wii group (20 rehabilitation sessions during 8 consecutive weeks), and the other 40 were in the control group. Falling risk and frailty were evaluated using the Downton scale and Fried scale; balance and walking speed were assessed with the Berg Balance scale and the Gait Speed Test, respectively, as well as the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). The results showed that there was no significant association between Frailty Phenotype and study groups in baseline. However, there was significant association between Frailty Phenotype and study groups at the end of study. Moreover, a significantly higher and negative percentage change (Δ) in the Wii group with respect to the control group on the in falling risk (−20.05 ± 35.14% vs. 7.92 ± 24.53%) and in walking speed (−6.42 ± 8.83% vs. −0.12 ± 4.51%) during study, while there was a higher and positive significant percent change in static balance (6.07 ± 5.74% vs. 2.13 ± 4.64%) and on the SPPB (20.28 ± 20.05% vs. 0.71 ± 7.99%) after 8 weeks of study. The main conclusion of this study was that the use of the Wii^® video console for 8 weeks positively influenced walking speed, falling risk, static balance, and frailty levels in older adults. Through a rehabilitation program with the Wii^® game console in the older adults, frailty levels are reduced, accompanied by a reduction in falling risk and an increase in static balance and walking speed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia, Exercise and Quality of Life)

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14 pages, 1022 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of an Intervention with Wii Video Games on the Autonomy of Activities of Daily Living and Psychological–Cognitive Components in the Institutionalized Elderly

by Maha Jahouh, Jerónimo J. González-Bernal, Josefa González-Santos, Diego Fernández-Lázaro, Raúl Soto-Cámara and Juan Mielgo-Ayuso

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(4), 1570; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18041570 - 07 Feb 2021

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5258

Abstract

As people age, the risk of disease increases and deterioration becomes more noticeable. These changes can increase the risk of cognitive impairment, with negative consequences for the quality of life and the ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) in older people, which translate into greater dependence and loss of wellness. This study aimed to determine the impact and effectiveness of the use of the Wii^® game console (Nintendo Company Limited, Kyoto, Japan) on improving performance of basic and instrumental ADLs, as well as its relationship with cognitive impairment levels and mood in institutionalized older people. A longitudinal study was designed, whose study population consisted of people over 75 years of age who lived in a nursing-home or attended a day care center (n = 80; 45 women). Cognitive status was assessed using Lobo’s Mini-Cognitive Examination (MCE) and Global Deterioration Scale (FAST-GDS), while the psychological assessment used the Dementia Apathy Interview and Rating (DAIR), Yesavage scale for Geriatric Depression (EGD-15), and Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scale (EADG). Differences from T1 to T2 in the control group (control; n = 40; 23 women; 83.25 ± 8.78 years; 76.35 ± 13.54 kg) and in the experimental group (Wii; n = 40; 22 women; 85.05 ± 8.63 years; 74.60 ± 13.01 kg) were evaluated using a paired Student’s t-test or Wilcoxon’s signed rank test, and a two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. Differences in Δ (%) and other tests at T1 and T2 were compared using the independent t-test or Mann–Whitney U test, with the treatment category as a fixed factor. The results showed that the Wii^® video console had a positive influence for older people, increasing cognitive status and levels of ADLs, and psychological status. In addition, a positive correlation between performance of ADLs and cognitive status was observed, as well as a negative correlation with the psychological status. Through a rehabilitation program with a Wii^® game console in the elderly, depression, anxiety and apathy levels were reduced, accompanied by an increase in memory and attention, as well as in performance of basic and instrumental ADLs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia, Exercise and Quality of Life)

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12 pages, 521 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Impact on Health-Related Quality of Life after Different Aerobic Exercise Programs in Physically Inactive Adults with Overweight/Obesity and Primary Hypertension: Data from the EXERDIET-HTA Study

by Mikel Tous-Espelosín, Ilargi Gorostegi-Anduaga, Pablo Corres, Aitor MartinezAguirre-Betolaza and Sara Maldonado-Martín

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(24), 9349; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17249349 - 14 Dec 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4620

Abstract

Primary hypertension (HTN) and obesity are associated with a worse health-related quality of life (QoL). This research was carried out to analyze the health-related QoL measurements in a physically inactive and obese population with HTN (n = 253) in comparison to a HEALTHY sample (n = 30), to determine the HTN sample changes in QoL following different (high-volume moderate-intensity continuous training, high-volume high-intensity interval training (HIIT), low-volume HIIT) 16-week supervised aerobic exercise training (ExT) programs compared to attention control, and to assess the differences in QoL variables between the different ExT programs. The SF-36 questionnaire was used to assess health-related QoL. At baseline, HTN showed lower scores (p < 0.05) in physical function (88.6 vs. 99.2), general health (63.3 vs. 82.4), vitality (58.2 vs. 68.7), social functioning (88.5 vs. 95.2), and mental health (76.1 vs. 81.8) compared to HEALTHY. Following intervention, all HTN subgroups showed higher (p < 0.05) vitality, but physical functioning and general health significantly improved only in the ExT groups, with even better values in general health for both HIIT subgroups. Only the low-volume HIIT showed positive changes (p < 0.05) in social functioning (∆ = 6.9%) and mental health (∆ = 6.4%) domains after the intervention. These results highlight the important role of supervised exercise in improving physical and psychological health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia, Exercise and Quality of Life)

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12 pages, 681 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence of Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Valencia, Spain

by Carlos Guillamón-Escudero, Angela Diago-Galmés, Jose M. Tenías-Burillo, Jose M. Soriano and Julio J. Fernández-Garrido

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(23), 9130; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17239130 - 07 Dec 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3547

Abstract

This study is an observational and cross-sectional study on the prevalence of sarcopenic disease in 202 autonomous older adults; 18.8 and 81.2% were men and women, respectively, living in their own homes in Valencia, Spain. Sarcopenia was diagnosed using the criteria and cutting points for the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2), using the tests: SARC-F, grip strength, sit-to-stand, gait speed, appendicular skeletal muscle mass and short physical performance battery. According to the EWGSOP2 criteria, probable sarcopenia was present in 21.1% and 18.3% of men and women, respectively, and the sum of confirmed and severe sarcopenia was 7.9% and 7.3% in men and in women, respectively. A relationship was shown between the prevalence of the disease and the age of the participants, but no significant differences were found between the sum of confirmed and severe sarcopenia between the sexes, nor a relationship between the amount of muscle mass and the strength of grip. The SARC-F questionnaire diagnosed 40% of the sarcopenia cases present in the study. More thorough research is needed to continue using the EWGSOP2 criteria in different populations to establish a correct prevalence of sarcopenic disease in different populations of the world. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia, Exercise and Quality of Life)

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12 pages, 350 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Relationship of Body Composition with the Strength and Functional Capacity of People over 70 Years

by Fredy Alonso Patiño-Villada, Jerónimo J González-Bernal, Josefa González-Santos, José Antonio de Paz, Maha Jahouh, Juan Mielgo-Ayuso, Ena Monserrat Romero-Pérez and Raúl Soto-Cámara

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(21), 7767; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17217767 - 23 Oct 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2594

Abstract

Background: Aging is a multifactorial physiological phenomenon, in which a series of changes in the body composition occur, such as a decrease in muscle mass and bone mineral density and an increase in fat mass. This study aimed to determine the relationship of muscle mass, osteoporosis, and obesity with the strength and functional capacity of non-dependent people over 70 years of age. Methods: A cross-sectional study was designed, whose study population was all people aged over 70 years, living independently and attending academic and recreational programs. Muscle strength and functional capacity of the participants were assessed by isometric exercises of lower and upper limbs and by four tests taken from the Senior Fitness Test, respectively. Bone mineral density, total mass, fat mass, total lean mass, arms lean mass, legs lean mass, and appendicular lean mass (ALM) was calculated by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Differences in muscle strength and functional capacity, according to the sex, muscle mass, mineral bone density and fat mass, were measured by χ² test, independent samples Student’s t-test, analysis of covariance and a 2-factor analysis of covariance; Results: 143 subjects were included in the study group. Men and women with an adequate amount of ALM adjusted for body mass index (BMI) had a maximal dynamic biceps strength in a single repetition, a maximal isometric leg extension strength, a maximal dynamic leg extension strength in a single repetition, a maximum right hand grip strength and maximum hand grip strength (the highest). Significantly higher values were observed in the maximal isometric biceps’ strength in men with osteoporosis. Obese men had less isometric strength in the biceps and took longer to perform the chair stand test; Conclusions: Men and women with an adequate amount of ALM adjusted for BMI obtained better results in tests of muscle strength and functional capacity. However, osteoporosis and obesity are not related to these parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia, Exercise and Quality of Life)

13 pages, 510 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparisons of Muscle Quality and Muscle Growth Factor Between Sarcopenic and Non-Sarcopenic Older Women

by Myong-Won Seo, Sung-Woo Jung, Sung-Woo Kim, Hyun Chul Jung, Deog-Yoon Kim and Jong Kook Song

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(18), 6581; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17186581 - 10 Sep 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2678

Abstract

Sarcopenia, an age-related disease, is one of the important health problems in the elderly and the prevalence of sarcopenia is rapidly increased among the Korean population. This study examined the muscle quality and muscle growth factors of elderly women to identify the potential diagnostic tool for sarcopenia. One hundred and thirty-six elderly women, aged over 65 years old, initially enrolled, but only 59 participants who met the criteria (sarcopenic group, n = 27; non-sarcopenic group, n = 32) completed the study. Muscle quality assessment included thigh cross-sectional computed tomography scan and maximal isometric muscle strength. Muscle growth factors such as GDF-15, myostatin, activin A, and follistatin were analyzed, and a battery of Senior Fitness Test was used to examine functional fitness. The statistical significance level was set at 0.05. Elderly women with sarcopenia had a lower thigh muscle volume (−20.1%), and a higher thigh intermuscular adipose tissue (15.8%) than those of the non-sarcopenic group (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences in muscle growth factors were observed between the groups. Muscle quality variables including maximal voluntary isometric contraction (OR: 0.968, p < 0.001), relative maximal voluntary isometric contraction (OR: 0.989, p < 0.05), thigh muscle volume (OR: 0.836, p < 0.001), and thigh intermuscular adipose tissue (OR: 1.138, p < 0.05) were associated with a risk of sarcopenia. Our findings suggest that the sarcopenic group exhibits a poor thigh muscle quality in comparison with the non-sarcopenic group. Muscle quality assessment can be utilized for sarcopenia identification, but our study remains inconclusive for the causality of muscle growth factors in sarcopenia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia, Exercise and Quality of Life)

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10 pages, 454 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gender and Exercise in Relation to Obesity in Greek Elderly Population

by Sousana K. Papadopoulou, Dimitrios Papandreou, Elias Tassoulas, Fani Biskanaki, Stavros Kalogiannis and Maria N. Hassapidou

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(18), 6575; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17186575 - 09 Sep 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2247

Abstract

Purpose: The prevalence of sarcopenic obesity is increasing in older adults (>65 years) and older. Sarcopenic obesity is also related to reduced muscle synthesis, due to low physical activity levels. The purpose of the present study is to investigate possible risk factors, and effects of habitual activity status on different types of obesity in an elderly population. Methods: One hundred and two (n = 102) free living participants, aged >60 years, were randomly selected from Rehabilitation Centers for the Elderly in Thessaloniki and from municipal gymnasiums of Thessaloniki, Greece with a mean age of 68.11 ± 6.40 years. The response rate of the participants was 51%. For the purpose of this study, all the participants selected were healthy and did not receive any medication. Specifically, 46 subjects (19 men and 27 women) were members of Rehabilitation Centers for the Elderly in Thessaloniki, while 56 individuals (31 men and 25 women were members of the municipal gymnasiums of Thessaloniki and exercised 2 to 3 times per week). Anthropometric measurements were taken for all subjects. Body composition was assessed with bioelectrical impedance. Body Mass Index (BMI) was categorized according to the World Health Organization (WHO) (2000) standards. Central obesity was defined as a waist circumference of >102 cm in men and >88 cm in women. All participants completed a specific questionnaire regarding their health status, physical activity and previous weight status. Risk of sarcopenic obesity was diagnosed in the participants with co-existing sarcopenia and obesity resulting in high fat mass concurrent with low lean body mass. Results: Women had more than double risk of developing abdominal obesity (OR:2.133, 95% CI: 0.963–4.725) compared to men. More specifically, 69.6% of the elders who did not exercise regularly had central obesity (men: 52.6% and women: 81.5%), while 38.2% of the exercised elders (men: 36.7% and women: 40%) had central obesity. Sedentary elders demonstrated an increased risk of obesity according to body fat (%BF) (OR: 1.259, 95% CI: 0.576–2.750), double the risk of obesity according to body mass (OR: 2.074, 95% CI: 0.765–5.622), and triple the risk of having central obesity (OR: 3.701, 95% CI: 1.612–8.494) compared to those who exercised. Conclusion Exercise appears to have a protective role against all modes of obesity and thus possibly against obesity-related co-morbidities in the elderly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia, Exercise and Quality of Life)

13 pages, 1131 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Indicators of Absolute and Relative Changes in Skeletal Muscle Mass during Adulthood and Ageing

by Milivoj Dopsaj, Filip Kukić, Marina Đorđević-Nikić, Nenad Koropanovski, Dragan Radovanović, Dragan Miljuš, Dane Subošić, Milena Tomanić and Violeta Dopsaj

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(16), 5977; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17165977 - 18 Aug 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3152

Abstract

This study aimed to explore the set of variables related to skeletal muscle mass (SMM) in both sexes, and to create age- and sex-related models of changes in SMM, using the most representative indicator of muscular status. Body composition was assessed in 8733 subjects (♀ = 3370 and ♂ = 5363), allocated into subsamples according to age: 18–29.9, 30–39.9, 40–49.9, 50–59.9, 60–69.9, and 70.0–79.9 years. Nine variables were used: protein mass, protein percent, protein mass index, SMM, percent of SMM, SMM index, fat-free mass, fat-free mass index, and protein/fat index. Univariate and multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA and MANOVA) were used to determine between- and within-sex difference in all variables by age. Correlation analysis established the relationship between age and muscularity variables. Principal Component Analysis extracted the variables that loaded highest in explaining muscularity, while regression analysis determined the linearity of association between the age and indicators of muscular status. Variables SMMI and PSMM were extracted as the most sensitive to age, with SMMI being gender-independent while showing the parabolic and sinusoidal form of change as function of ageing in males and females, respectively; and PSMM being sex-dependent while showing a linear trend of decrease in both sexes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia, Exercise and Quality of Life)

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15 pages, 889 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Functional and Clinical Characteristics for Predicting Sarcopenia in Institutionalised Older Adults: Identifying Tools for Clinical Screening

by Maria A. Cebrià i Iranzo, Anna Arnal-Gómez, Maria A. Tortosa-Chuliá, Mercè Balasch-Bernat, Silvia Forcano, Trinidad Sentandreu-Mañó, Jose M. Tomas and Natalia Cezón-Serrano

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(12), 4483; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17124483 - 22 Jun 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3454

Abstract

Background: Recently, the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2) has updated the sarcopenia definition based on objective evaluation of muscle strength, mass and physical performance. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between sarcopenia and clinical aspects such as functionality, comorbidity, polypharmacy, hospitalisations and falls in order to support sarcopenia screening in institutionalised older adults, as well as to estimate the prevalence of sarcopenia in this population using the EWGSOP2 new algorithm. Methods: A multicentre cross-sectional study was conducted on institutionalised older adults (n = 132, 77.7% female, mean age 82 years). Application of the EWGSOP2 algorithm consisted of the SARC-F questionnaire, handgrip strength (HG), appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI) and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Clinical study variables were: Barthel Index (BI), Abbreviated Charlson’s Comorbidity Index (ACCI), number of medications, hospital stays and falls. Results: Age, BI and ACCI were shown to be predictors of the EWGSOP2 sarcopenia definition (Nagelkerke’s R-square = 0.34), highlighting the ACCI. Sarcopenia was more prevalent in older adults aged over 85 (p = 0.005), but no differences were found according to gender (p = 0.512). Conclusion: BI and the ACCI can be considered predictors that guide healthcare professionals in early sarcopenia identification and therapeutic approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia, Exercise and Quality of Life)

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11 pages, 2411 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Prevalence of the Sarcopenia Level Using Machine Learning Techniques: Case Study in Tijuana Baja California, Mexico

by Cristián Castillo-Olea, Begonya Garcia-Zapirain Soto and Clemente Zuñiga

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(6), 1917; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17061917 - 15 Mar 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3224

Abstract

The article presents a study based on timeline data analysis of the level of sarcopenia in older patients in Baja California, Mexico. Information was examined at the beginning of the study (first event), three months later (second event), and six months later (third event). Sarcopenia is defined as the loss of muscle mass quality and strength. The study was conducted with 166 patients. A total of 65% were women and 35% were men. The mean age of the enrolled patients was 77.24 years. The research included 99 variables that consider medical history, pharmacology, psychological tests, comorbidity (Charlson), functional capacity (Barthel and Lawton), undernourishment (mini nutritional assessment (MNA) validated test), as well as biochemical and socio-demographic data. Our aim was to evaluate the prevalence of the level of sarcopenia in a population of chronically ill patients assessed at the Tijuana General Hospital. We used machine learning techniques to assess and identify the determining variables to focus on the patients’ evolution. The following classifiers were used: Support Vector Machines, Linear Support Vector Machines, Radial Basis Function, Gaussian process, Decision Tree, Random Forest, multilayer perceptron, AdaBoost, Gaussian Naive Bayes, and Quadratic Discriminant Analysis. In order of importance, we found that the following variables determine the level of sarcopenia: Age, Systolic arterial hypertension, mini nutritional assessment (MNA), Number of chronic diseases, and Sodium. They are therefore considered relevant in the decision-making process of choosing treatment or prevention. Analysis of the relationship between the presence of the variables and the classifiers used to measure sarcopenia revealed that the Decision Tree classifier, with the Age, Systolic arterial hypertension, MNA, Number of chronic diseases, and Sodium variables, showed a precision of 0.864, accuracy of 0.831, and an F1 score of 0.900 in the first and second events. Precision of 0.867, accuracy of 0.825, and an F1 score of 0.867 were obtained in event three with the same variables. We can therefore conclude that the Decision Tree classifier yields the best results for the assessment of the determining variables and suggests that the study population’s sarcopenia did not change from moderate to severe. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia, Exercise and Quality of Life)

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12 pages, 955 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship between Knee Muscle Strength and Fat/Muscle Mass in Elderly Women with Knee Osteoarthritis Based on Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry

by Xini Zhang, Xiaoyu Pan, Liqin Deng and Weijie Fu

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(2), 573; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17020573 - 16 Jan 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 19643

Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the characteristics and correlation of knee muscle strength and body composition (fat and muscle mass) among elderly women aged 60–70 years with knee osteoarthritis. The present study hypothesized that the muscle mass and the peak torques of the knee joints were considerably low in the knee osteoarthritis (KOA) group. Methods: A total of 47 elderly women aged 60–70 years were recruited from Yangpu District in Shanghai and assigned to the knee osteoarthritis (n = 25, KOA) or healthy control group (n = 22, CON). The knee extension/flexion isokinetic strength measurements were conducted on an isokinetic dynamometer at angular velocities of 90°/s. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure the body composition (fat and muscle mass in the whole body and lower limbs). The independent sample t-test was employed to determine the effects of knee osteoarthritis on each variable, and the Pearson correlation analysis was used to investigate the correlation between the body composition and knee muscle strength. Results: Compared with the CON, the KOA exhibited the following: (1) Lower absolute peak knee extension torque (66.02 ± 10.57 vs. 56.61 ± 14.69 Nm), relative peak knee extension (1.11 ± 0.19 vs. 0.89 ± 0.26 Nm/kg), and flexion torque (0.62 ± 0.15 vs. 0.54 ± 0.16 Nm/kg, p < 0.05); (2) greater relative peak torque ratio of the knee extension and flexion (0.55 ± 0.08 vs. 0.62 ± 0.15, p < 0.05); and (3) lower total body muscle mass percentage (63.24% ± 4.50% vs. 59.36% ± 3.94%), particularly in the lower limbs (19.96% ± 1.51% vs. 18.47% ± 1.49%, p < 0.05). Furthermore, the total body fat mass percentage was negatively associated with the relative peak knee extension and flexion torque regardless of the group (p < 0.05). The total body muscle mass percentage was positively associated with the relative peak knee extension torque in the two groups and the relative peak knee flexion torque in the CON (p < 0.05). Conclusion: For elderly women with knee osteoarthritis, knee muscle strength decreases significantly, especially for the extensor strength. Moreover, compared with fat mass, the index of muscle mass is more sensitive in detecting the decrease in knee joint torque. Therefore, rather than weight loss alone, the quadriceps muscle and the rear-thigh muscles, which maintain the stability of knee joints during rehabilitation training, should be strengthened emphatically to improve muscle mass. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia, Exercise and Quality of Life)

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Other

Jump to: Editorial, Research

10 pages, 351 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Physical Performance and Quality of Life in Older Adults: Is There Any Association between Them and Potential Drug Interactions in Polymedicated Octogenarians?

by Zoraida Verde, Laura García de Diego, Luis M. Chicharro, Fernando Bandrés, Verónica Velasco, Teresa Mingo and Ana Fernández-Araque

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(21), 4190; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16214190 - 29 Oct 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2910

Abstract

Older adults are at increased risk of several cytochrome P450 (CYP) drug interactions that can result in drug toxicity, reduced pharmacological effect, and adverse drug reactions. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of potential CYP interactions referring to the most clinically relevant drugs and exploring the relationship between them and quality of life and physical performance in Spanish octogenarians. Institutionalized and community-dwelling octogenarians (n = 102) treated at three primary care centers, were recruited by a research nurse. Anthropometric measurements, chronic diseases, prescribed drugs, quality of life, physical performance, mobility skills, hand grip strength and cognitive status data were collected. Potential CYP drug-drug interactions (DDIs) were selected referring to the main CYP implicated in their metabolism. The 72.2% of recruited octogenarians presented potentially inappropriate CYP inhibitor-substrate or CYP inductor-substrate combinations. Analyzing the EuroQol Visual Analogue scale (EQ-VAS) results, patients with a potential CYP DDI perceived worse health status than patients without it (p = 0.004). In addition, patients with a potential CYP DDI presented worse exercise capacity, kinesthetic abilities, or mobility than those who didn’t present a potential interaction (p = 0.01, p = 0.047, and p = 0.02, respectively). To investigate and control factors associated with loss of muscle strength and poor quality of life, polypharmacy and DDIs could help institutions in the management of physical frailty. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenia, Exercise and Quality of Life)

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