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Reducing Exposure to Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke
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Reducing Exposure to Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke

A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 April 2018) | Viewed by 34602

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Billie Bonevski

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
Interests: smoking cessation; tobacco control;health behaviour change; intervention research; disparities; vulnerable groups
Dr. Olivia Wynne

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308 NSW, Australia
Interests: smoking cessation; tobacco control; health behaviour change; intervention research; disparities; vulnerable groups

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Second-hand smoke (SHS), or the smoke emitted by burning tobacco products, results in significant morbidity and mortality, particularly for infants and children. Furthermore, SHS exposure increases the likelihood of smoking initiation by youth. Exposure to SHS is higher in communities and families where smoking rates are high, and subsequently is more prevalent in lower socioeconomic groups.  Subsequently, reducing exposure to SHS has been identified as a public health Priority by the World Health Organisation.

Legislation that restricts smoking in public areas may reduce exposure to SHS. Some evidence of an effect of settings-based smoking policies on reducing smoking rates in hospitals and universities exists. In prisons, reduced mortality rates and reduced exposure to second hand smoke have reported. Other tobacco control measures such as the use of mass media campaigns have also reported varying levels of effectiveness in reducing SHS exposure. The evidence base remains low quality. There is a need for more robust studies assessing the evidence for smoking bans, policies and interventions that aim to reduce exposure to and harms of SHS.

The focus of this Special Issue is strategies aimed at reducing exposure to SHS in adults or children. This Special Issue aims to cover both individual-level and population-level interventions. Authors are invited to submit effectiveness evaluations, process evaluations, economic studies, formative research, and protocols of interventions. Submissions of original articles, critical reviews, and short communications are welcomed.

Prof. Dr. Billie Bonevski
Dr. Olivia Wynne
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Second hand smoke
  • Passive smoking
  • Environmental tobacco smoke
  • Intervention development
  • Evaluation
  • Smoking cessation
  • Tobacco control

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 227 KiB  
Editorial
Developments in the Research Base on Reducing Exposure to Second-Hand Smoke
by Olivia Wynne and Billie Bonevski
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(9), 1873; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph15091873 - 30 Aug 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3736
Abstract
n/a Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reducing Exposure to Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke)

Research

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16 pages, 954 KiB  
Article
Kids Safe and Smokefree (KiSS) Multilevel Intervention to Reduce Child Tobacco Smoke Exposure: Long-Term Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial
by Stephen J. Lepore, Bradley N. Collins, Donna L. Coffman, Jonathan P. Winickoff, Uma S. Nair, Beth Moughan, Tyra Bryant-Stephens, Daniel Taylor, David Fleece and Melissa Godfrey
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1239; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph15061239 - 12 Jun 2018
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5572
Abstract
Background: Pediatricians following clinical practice guidelines for tobacco intervention (“Ask, Advise, and Refer” [AAR]) can motivate parents to reduce child tobacco smoke exposure (TSE). However, brief clinic interventions are unable to provide the more intensive, evidence-based behavioral treatments that facilitate the knowledge, skills, [...] Read more.
Background: Pediatricians following clinical practice guidelines for tobacco intervention (“Ask, Advise, and Refer” [AAR]) can motivate parents to reduce child tobacco smoke exposure (TSE). However, brief clinic interventions are unable to provide the more intensive, evidence-based behavioral treatments that facilitate the knowledge, skills, and confidence that parents need to both reduce child TSE and quit smoking. We hypothesized that a multilevel treatment model integrating pediatric clinic-level AAR with individual-level, telephone counseling would promote greater long-term (12-month) child TSE reduction and parent smoking cessation than clinic-level AAR alone. Methods: Pediatricians were trained to implement AAR with parents during clinic visits and reminded via prompts embedded in electronic health records. Following AAR, parents were randomized to intervention (AAR + counseling) or nutrition education attention control (AAR + control). Child TSE and parent quit status were bioverified. Results: Participants (n = 327) were 83% female, 83% African American, and 79% below the poverty level. Child TSE (urine cotinine) declined significantly in both conditions from baseline to 12 months (p = 0.001), with no between-group differences. The intervention had a statistically significant effect on 12-month bioverified quit status (p = 0.029): those in the intervention group were 2.47 times more likely to quit smoking than those in the control. Child age was negatively associated with 12-month log-cotinine (p = 0.01), whereas nicotine dependence was positively associated with 12-month log-cotinine levels (p = 0.001) and negatively associated with bioverified quit status (p = 0.006). Conclusions: Pediatrician advice alone may be sufficient to increase parent protections of children from TSE. Integrating clinic-level intervention with more intensive individual-level smoking intervention is necessary to promote parent cessation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reducing Exposure to Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke)
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9 pages, 454 KiB  
Article
Global Evidence on the Association between Cigarette Graphic Warning Labels and Cigarette Smoking Prevalence and Consumption
by Anh Ngo, Kai-Wen Cheng, Ce Shang, Jidong Huang and Frank J. Chaloupka
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(3), 421; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph15030421 - 28 Feb 2018
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 6368
Abstract
Background: In 2011, the courts ruled in favor of tobacco companies in preventing the implementation of graphic warning labels (GWLs) in the US, stating that FDA had not established the effectiveness of GWLs in reducing smoking. Methods: Data came from various [...] Read more.
Background: In 2011, the courts ruled in favor of tobacco companies in preventing the implementation of graphic warning labels (GWLs) in the US, stating that FDA had not established the effectiveness of GWLs in reducing smoking. Methods: Data came from various sources: the WHO MPOWER package (GWLs, MPOWER policy measures, cigarette prices), Euromonitor International (smoking prevalence, cigarette consumption), and the World Bank database (countries’ demographic characteristics). The datasets were aggregated and linked using country and year identifiers. Fractional logit regressions and OLS regressions were applied to examine the associations between GWLs and smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption, controlling for MPOWER policy scores, cigarette prices, GDP per capita, unemployment, population aged 15–64 (%), aged 65 and over (%), year indicators, and country fixed effects. Results: GWLs were associated with a 0.9–3 percentage point decrease in adult smoking prevalence and were significantly associated with a reduction of 230–287 sticks in per capita cigarette consumption, compared to countries without GWLs. However, the association between GWLs and cigarette consumption became statistically insignificant once country indicators were included in the models. Conclusions: The implementation of GWLs may be associated with reduced cigarette smoking. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reducing Exposure to Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke)
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311 KiB  
Article
Do Clinicians Ask Pregnant Women about Exposures to Tobacco and Cannabis Smoking, Second-Hand-Smoke and E-Cigarettes? An Australian National Cross-Sectional Survey
by Gillian S. Gould, Yael Bar Zeev, Laura Tywman, Christopher Oldmeadow, Simon Chiu, Marilyn Clarke and Billie Bonevski
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14(12), 1585; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph14121585 - 16 Dec 2017
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6683
Abstract
Clinicians often ask pregnant women about tobacco smoking, but their practices of asking about other smoking and nicotine exposures are unknown. This study analysed how often clinicians ask pregnant women about their use of e-cigarettes, cannabis, chewing tobacco, and second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure. [...] Read more.
Clinicians often ask pregnant women about tobacco smoking, but their practices of asking about other smoking and nicotine exposures are unknown. This study analysed how often clinicians ask pregnant women about their use of e-cigarettes, cannabis, chewing tobacco, and second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure. Two cross-sectional surveys were undertaken. A random sample of 500 General Practitioner (GP) members were invited from the National Faculty of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health (NFATSIH) to complete an on-line survey, and 5571 GP and Obstetrician (OBS) members of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG) were sent a paper survey by mail. Questions on frequency of asking about the exposures used Likert Scales, later dichotomized to “often-always” and “never-sometimes”. Logistic regressions estimated associations between clinician type and asking about cannabis, e-cigarettes, chewing tobacco, and SHS. An adjusted model reduced potential confounders of location, guidelines, gender and population. n = 378 GPs and OBS participated (6.2% response). In total, 13–14% asked “often-always” about e-cigarettes; 58% cannabis; 38% cannabis with tobacco; 27% SHS, and 10% chewing tobacco—compared to 95% of the sample asking about cigarette smoking. After adjustment, the odds of RANZCOG GPs (OR 0.34) and OBS (OR 0.63) asking about cannabis were lower compared to NFATSIH GPs. Clinician type was non-significant for asking about e-cigarettes, chewing tobacco and SHS. Surveyed Australian GPs and obstetricians asked less frequently about e-cigarettes, chewing, SHS exposure, and cannabis, potentially missing important exposures for mother and child. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reducing Exposure to Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke)
309 KiB  
Article
Hospital Smoke-Free Policy: Compliance, Enforcement, and Practices. A Staff Survey in Two Large Public Hospitals in Australia
by Sam McCrabb, Amanda L. Baker, John Attia, Zsolt J. Balogh, Natalie Lott, Kerrin Palazzi, Justine Naylor, Ian A. Harris, Christopher M. Doran, Johnson George, Luke Wolfenden, Eliza Skelton and Billie Bonevski
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14(11), 1358; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph14111358 - 08 Nov 2017
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6260
Abstract
Background: Smoke-free hospital policies are becoming increasingly common to promote good health and quit attempts among patients who smoke. This study aims to assess: staff perceived enforcement and compliance with smoke-free policy; the current provision of smoking cessation care; and the characteristics of [...] Read more.
Background: Smoke-free hospital policies are becoming increasingly common to promote good health and quit attempts among patients who smoke. This study aims to assess: staff perceived enforcement and compliance with smoke-free policy; the current provision of smoking cessation care; and the characteristics of staff most likely to report provision of care to patients. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey of medical, nursing, and allied staff from two Australian public hospitals was conducted. Staff report of: patient and staff compliance with smoke-free policy; perceived policy enforcement; the provision of the 5As for smoking cessation (Ask, Assess, Advise, Assist, and Arrange follow-up); and the provision of stop-smoking medication are described. Logistic regressions were used to determine respondent characteristics related to the provision of the 5As and stop-smoking medication use during hospital admission. Results: A total of 805 respondents participated. Self-reported enforcement of smoke-free policy was low (60.9%), together with compliance for both patients (12.9%) and staff (23.6%). The provision of smoking cessation care was variable, with the delivery of the 5As ranging from 74.7% (ask) to 18.1% (arrange follow-up). Medical staff (odds ratio (OR) = 2.09, CI = 1.13, 3.85, p = 0.018) and full time employees (OR = 2.03, CI = 1.06, 3.89, p = 0.033) were more likely to provide smoking cessation care always/most of the time. Stop-smoking medication provision decreased with increasing age of staff (OR = 0.98, CI = 0.96, 0.99, p = 0.008). Conclusions: Smoke-free policy enforcement and compliance and the provision of smoking cessation care remains low in hospitals. Efforts to improve smoking cessation delivery by clinical staff are warranted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reducing Exposure to Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke)

Review

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14 pages, 489 KiB  
Review
Signs, Fines and Compliance Officers: A Systematic Review of Strategies for Enforcing Smoke-Free Policy
by Olivia Wynne, Ashleigh Guillaumier, Laura Twyman, Sam McCrabb, Alexandra M. J. Denham, Christine Paul, Amanda L. Baker and Billie Bonevski
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(7), 1386; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph15071386 - 02 Jul 2018
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5313
Abstract
Background. Smoke-free environment policies limit or eliminate the use of smoke-producing tobacco in designated areas thereby reducing second hand smoke. Enforcement is perceived as critical to the successful adoption of a smoke-free policy. However, there is limited guidance available regarding effective enforcement [...] Read more.
Background. Smoke-free environment policies limit or eliminate the use of smoke-producing tobacco in designated areas thereby reducing second hand smoke. Enforcement is perceived as critical to the successful adoption of a smoke-free policy. However, there is limited guidance available regarding effective enforcement strategies. A systematic review was conducted to examine the effectiveness of enforcement strategies at increasing compliance with and enforcement of smoke-free policies; and to determine circumstances other than enforcement strategies that are associated with compliance with smoke-free policies. Design. Medline, Medline in Process, The Cochrane Library, Embase, PsycInfo and CINAHL databases were searched using MeSH and keywords for relevant studies published between January 1980 and August 2017. A narrative synthesis and methodological quality assessment of included studies was undertaken. Results. Policy promotion and awareness-raising activities, signage, enforcement officers, and penalties for violations were the enforcement strategies most frequently cited as being associated with successful policy enforcement. Additionally, awareness of the laws, non-smoking management and lower staff smoking rates, and membership of a network guiding the policy enforcement contributed to higher compliance with smoke-free policies. Conclusions. There is weak evidence of the effectiveness of strategies associated with compliance with smoke-free policies. Given the evidence base is weak, well-designed trials utilizing appropriate evaluation designs are needed. Overall enforcement strategies associated with total smoke-free bans resulted in higher levels of compliance than strategies for policies that had only partial smoke-free bans. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reducing Exposure to Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke)
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