Research

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13 pages, 1877 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Severity Is Negatively Associated with Depressive Symptoms: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Outpatients with Suspected Obstructive Sleep Apnoea in Japan

by Kazuki Ito, Masahiro Uetsu, Ayaka Ubara, Arichika Matsuda, Yukiyoshi Sumi and Hiroshi Kadotani

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(9), 5007; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19095007 - 20 Apr 2022

Viewed by 1942

Abstract

Background: Multiple clinical departments are involved in the provision of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) therapy in Japan. Inconsistent results regarding the association between depression and OSA have been reported. Methods: This cross-sectional survey compared newly diagnosed OSA patients at two outpatient sleep apnoea [...] Read more.

Background: Multiple clinical departments are involved in the provision of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) therapy in Japan. Inconsistent results regarding the association between depression and OSA have been reported. Methods: This cross-sectional survey compared newly diagnosed OSA patients at two outpatient sleep apnoea units in Shiga Prefecture, Japan: one associated with the psychiatry department (n = 583), and the other with the otolaryngology department (n = 450). Results: The unit associated with the psychiatry department had more patients referred by psychiatrists than that with the otolaryngology department (11% vs. 3% p < 0.05). Sleepiness, insomnia, and depression were assessed using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), respectively. The ESS, AIS, and PHQ-9 scores were higher in the sleep unit in the psychiatry department (p < 0.001 each). Snoring and moderate to severe OSA were more prevalent in the unit attached to the otolaryngology department (p < 0.001 each). Patients with moderate to severe OSA had lower PHQ-9 scores than those with no to mild OSA (OR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.92–1.00, p = 0.042). Conclusion: Patients with sleepiness, insomnia, and depressive symptoms were more likely to attend a sleep outpatient unit associated with a psychiatry department, whereas those with snoring and sleep apnoea attended that associated with an otolaryngology department. OSA severity was negatively associated with depressive symptoms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep Quality and Health-Related Outcomes)

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10 pages, 341 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Validating Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) in a Bangladeshi Population: Using Classical Test Theory and Rasch Analysis

by Mohammed A. Mamun, Zainab Alimoradi, David Gozal, Md Dilshad Manzar, Anders Broström, Chung-Ying Lin, Ru-Yi Huang and Amir H. Pakpour

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(1), 225; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19010225 - 25 Dec 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6074

Abstract

The COVID-19 outbreak is associated with sleep problems and mental health issues among individuals. Therefore, there is a need to assess sleep efficiency during this tough period. Unfortunately, the commonly used instrument on insomnia severity—the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI)—has never been translated and [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 outbreak is associated with sleep problems and mental health issues among individuals. Therefore, there is a need to assess sleep efficiency during this tough period. Unfortunately, the commonly used instrument on insomnia severity—the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI)—has never been translated and validated among Bangladeshis. Additionally, the ISI has never been validated during a major protracted disaster (such as the COVID-19 outbreak) when individuals encounter mental health problems. The present study aimed to translate the ISI into Bangla language (ISI-Bangla) and validate its psychometric properties. First, the linguistic validity of the ISI-Bangla was established. Then, 9790 Bangladeshis (mean age = 26.7 years; SD = 8.5; 5489 [56.1%] males) completed the Bangla versions of the following questionnaires: ISI, Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). All the participants also answered an item on suicidal ideation. Classical test theory and Rasch analyses were conducted to evaluate the psychometric properties of the ISI-Bangla. Both classical test theory and Rasch analyses support a one-factor structure for the ISI-Bangla. Moreover, no substantial differential item functioning was observed across different subgroups (gender, depression status (determined using PHQ-9), and suicidal ideation). Additionally, concurrent validity of the ISI-Bangla was supported by significant and moderate correlations with FCV-19S and PHQ-9; known-group validity was established by the significant difference of the ISI-Bangla scores between participants who experienced suicidal ideation and those without. The present psychometric validation conducted during the COVID-19 outbreak suggests that the ISI-Bangla is a promising and operationally adequate instrument to assess insomnia in Bangladeshis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep Quality and Health-Related Outcomes)

10 pages, 807 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Emotional Intelligence as a Mediator between Subjective Sleep Quality and Depression during the Confinement Due to COVID-19

by María Pilar Salguero-Alcañiz, Ana Merchán-Clavellino and Jose Ramón Alameda-Bailén

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(16), 8837; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18168837 - 22 Aug 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2162

Abstract

In March of 2020, as a consequence of the health crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) virus, the State of Alarm and home confinement of the entire population was imposed in Spain. It is foreseeable that this exceptional situation will have psychological effects [...] Read more.

In March of 2020, as a consequence of the health crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) virus, the State of Alarm and home confinement of the entire population was imposed in Spain. It is foreseeable that this exceptional situation will have psychological effects on citizens. In this work, the impact of confinement on perceived sleep quality and depression is evaluated through questionnaires, as well as the mediating role of Emotional Intelligence (EI) in this relationship. Our results show, firstly, higher prevalence of depressive symptoms in women and young people associated with poorer perceived sleep quality, and secondly, that Emotional Intelligence intervenes as a mediator in this relationship through three different pathways. Worse perceived quality of sleep causes a greater number of depressive symptoms. In addition, this direct relationship may be enhanced by the mediating role of Emotional Intelligence, which we can express in three different ways: low perceived sleep quality and high emotional attention lead to greater depression; low perceived sleep quality and low emotional clarity increase greater symptoms of depression; and low perceived sleep quality together with low clarity and low emotional repair increase levels of depression. Therefore, we can conclude that improving the skills involved in Emotional Intelligence might increase perceived sleep quality, and thus reduce depressive symptoms, which in turn may improve the quality of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep Quality and Health-Related Outcomes)

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11 pages, 1268 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sleep Debt and Social Jetlag Associated with Sleepiness, Mood, and Work Performance among Workers in Japan

by Isa Okajima, Yoko Komada, Wakako Ito and Yuichi Inoue

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(6), 2908; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18062908 - 12 Mar 2021

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3466

Abstract

Although sleep debt and social jetlag (SJL) influence daytime dysfunctions, the effects of both sleep debt and SJL on them have not been analyzed. The aim of this study was to examine the mutual relationship between sleep debt and SJL on daytime sleepiness, [...] Read more.

Although sleep debt and social jetlag (SJL) influence daytime dysfunctions, the effects of both sleep debt and SJL on them have not been analyzed. The aim of this study was to examine the mutual relationship between sleep debt and SJL on daytime sleepiness, mood, and work performance. This study was a cross-sectional study on sleep health conducted on the Japanese general population. A total of 4505 general workers (30% female, aged 43.57 ± 11.63 years) were selected and analyzed. Sleep debt was defined by sleep debt index (SDI), which is the discrepancy between desired and real sleep duration. SJL and SDI scores exhibited a positive but weak coefficient (r = 0.19). In a 4 (SJL) × 3 (SDI) two-way ANOVA, the interaction effects were notable for sleepiness and depression scores, while the group effects were notable for the work performance score. For sleepiness and depression scores, SDI >2 h was not significantly different from SJL. In addition, the impact of SDI was higher than that of SJL on sleepiness (β = 0.17), depression (β = 0.16), and work performance (β = −0.10). The impact of sleep debt was more pronounced than SJL on daytime dysfunctions, although both sleep debt and SJL have negative impacts on them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep Quality and Health-Related Outcomes)

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11 pages, 2869 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Isolation Due to COVID-19 Is Linked to Small One-Year Changes in Depression, Sleepiness, and Insomnia: Results from a Clinic for Sleep Disorders in Shiga Prefecture, Japan

by Ayaka Ubara, Yukiyoshi Sumi, Kazuki Ito, Arichika Matsuda, Masahiro Matsuo, Towa Miyamoto and Hiroshi Kadotani

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(23), 8971; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17238971 - 02 Dec 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3776

Abstract

We aimed to analyze (a) the changes in depression, sleepiness, insomnia, and sleep habits in relation to the degree of self-isolation and (b) the effects of changes in sleep habits and social interactions on depression, insomnia, and sleepiness during the coronavirus disease 2019 [...] Read more.

We aimed to analyze (a) the changes in depression, sleepiness, insomnia, and sleep habits in relation to the degree of self-isolation and (b) the effects of changes in sleep habits and social interactions on depression, insomnia, and sleepiness during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We enrolled 164 patients who visited the sleep outpatient clinic in Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital. We compared the sleep habits, depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9: PHQ-9), insomnia (Athens Insomnia Scale: AIS), and sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale: ESS) of patients during the period from April to July 2019 vs. May 2020 (a period of self-isolation due to COVID-19). A Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated no significant differences in PHQ-9, ESS, and AIS scores between 2019 and 2020 within both the strong self-isolation group and no/little self-isolation group. With respect to sleep habits, earlier bedtime (p = 0.006) and increased sleep duration (p = 0.014) were found in the strong self-isolation group. The former (p = 0.009) was also found in the no/little self-isolation group, but we found significant differences in sleep duration between the no/little self-isolation group and the strong self-isolation group (p = 0.047). Therefore, self-isolation due to COVID-19 had relatively small one-year effects on depression, sleepiness, and insomnia in a clinical population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep Quality and Health-Related Outcomes)

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9 pages, 846 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Severity Levels of the Athens Insomnia Scale Based on the Criterion of Insomnia Severity Index

by Isa Okajima, Towa Miyamoto, Ayaka Ubara, Chie Omichi, Arichika Matsuda, Yukiyoshi Sumi, Masahiro Matsuo, Kazuki Ito and Hiroshi Kadotani

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(23), 8789; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17238789 - 26 Nov 2020

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 4656

Abstract

The Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) can be regarded as a highly useful instrument in both clinical and research settings, except for when assessing the severity level. This study aims to determine the severity criteria for AIS by using the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). [...] Read more.

The Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) can be regarded as a highly useful instrument in both clinical and research settings, except for when assessing the severity level. This study aims to determine the severity criteria for AIS by using the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). A total of 1666 government employees aged 20 years or older were evaluated using the AIS and ISI, the Patient Health Questionnaire for depressive symptoms, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale for daytime sleepiness, and the Short Form Health Survey of the Medical Outcomes Study for health-related quality of life (QoL). A significant positive correlation (r) was found between the AIS and the ISI (r = 0.80, p < 0.001). As a result of describing receiver–operator curves, the severity criteria of the AIS are capable of categorizing insomnia severity as follows: absence of insomnia (0–5), mild insomnia (6–9), moderate insomnia (10–15), and severe insomnia (16–24). In addition, compared to all scales across groups categorized by AIS or ISI, it was revealed that similar results could be obtained (all p < 0.05). Therefore, the identification of the severity of AIS in this study is important in linking the findings of epidemiological studies with those of clinical studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep Quality and Health-Related Outcomes)

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14 pages, 353 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sleep Health Promotion in the Workplace

by Sergio Garbarino, Giovanni Tripepi and Nicola Magnavita

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(21), 7952; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17217952 - 29 Oct 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3150

Abstract

Poor sleep and sleepiness in the workplace are associated with accidents. A workplace sleep health promotion program was implemented in an Italian police unit. Of the 242 police officers in the unit, 218 (90%) agreed to take part in the program. A crossover [...] Read more.

Poor sleep and sleepiness in the workplace are associated with accidents. A workplace sleep health promotion program was implemented in an Italian police unit. Of the 242 police officers in the unit, 218 (90%) agreed to take part in the program. A crossover trial was made in which the police officers were divided into two groups that performed sleep health promotion activities in the first and second year, respectively. The first group of officers showed significant sleep improvements at the end of the first year, while the second group had similar or worse parameters than at baseline. At follow-up, a significant improvement in the quantity and quality of sleep was reported in both groups. Sleep improvements at follow-up were associated with a marked reduction in the frequency of accidents at work and near-misses. Before the intervention, sleepiness was the best predictor of injuries (aOR 1.220; CI95% 1.044–1.426) and near-misses (aOR 1.382; CI95% 1.182–1.615). At follow-up, when sleep conditions had improved, insomnia symptoms were the most significant predictors of work accidents (aOR 13.358; CI95% 2.353–75.818). Sleep health promotion can be useful in police officers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep Quality and Health-Related Outcomes)

Review

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13 pages, 662 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Effects of Milk and Dairy Products on Sleep: A Systematic Review

by Yoko Komada, Isa Okajima and Tamotsu Kuwata

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(24), 9440; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17249440 - 16 Dec 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 12684

Abstract

Several studies have assessed the effects of milk and dairy product intake on sleep quality and duration. Such investigations have varied in terms of their geographic locations, amounts of milk and dairy products, study participants (age, sex, race), and study designs. The present [...] Read more.

Several studies have assessed the effects of milk and dairy product intake on sleep quality and duration. Such investigations have varied in terms of their geographic locations, amounts of milk and dairy products, study participants (age, sex, race), and study designs. The present study aimed to summarize this literature and provide a unified view on whether the intake of milk and dairy products affects sleep quality. This systematic review was conducted according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The following keywords were chosen as electronic database search items from MeSH (medical subject headings) terms and descriptors in health sciences (DeHS) lists: milk, yogurt, dairy product, cheese, sleep, human, observational study, and interventional study. As a result, a total of 14 studies published between 1972 and 2019 were included in this review, including eight randomized controlled trials, two experimental studies with cross-over designs, one longitudinal study, and three cross-sectional studies. Four studies targeted older adults, three included toddlers, two targeted children, and six enrolled adults inclusive of university students. Overall, these studies indicated that a well-balanced diet that includes milk and dairy products is effective in improving sleep quality, despite mixed results across studies attributable to differences in study populations and methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep Quality and Health-Related Outcomes)

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