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Sports Science with Children’s Lifestyle and Physical Fitness
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Sports Science with Children’s Lifestyle and Physical Fitness

A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Sport and Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 November 2022) | Viewed by 32435

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Hyunshik Kim

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Physical Education, Sendai University, Miyagi 9891693, Japan
Interests: lifestyle; physical fitness; fundamental movement skills; physical activity; sleep duration; screen time; sedentary behavior; 24-hour movement guideline; health‑related quality; urban; rural; isotemporal substitution analysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Jiameng Ma

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Physical Education, Sendai University, Shibata 9891693, Japan
Interests: lifestyle; physical fitness; fundamental movement skills; physical activity; sleep duration; screen time; sedentary behavior; 24-hour movement guideline; health‑related quality; urban; rural; isotemporal substitution analysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Early childhood is a time of rapid physical and mental development, during which time a child's lifestyle habits are formed, and changes and adaptations are made to the environment. To maintain and promote the optimal health status of preschool children, it is important to increase physical activity, reduce screen time, and ensure sufficient sleep duration within each 24-h period. There has been increasing interest in obtaining strong evidence supporting the interaction between these movement-related behaviors over 24-h and the effect on health.As an essential human skill, locomotion is the main instrument by which individuals interact with the external environment, and it plays a dual role in ensuring individuals’ survival and development. For children, gross motor skills are the earliest-developed motor skills, and their development is beneficial to their physical health, mental cognition, and social adaptation. motor skills play an important role in preschoolers′ growth, development, and formation of an active lifestyle. Therefore, the study of the promotion of physical activity, Improvement of sleep quality, and reducing sedentary behavior to Improvement of physical fitness has become an emerging trend in the field, as more and more researchers have conducted investigations in this area of inquiry. Potential topics include, but are not limited to:

  • Lifestyle and physical fitness
  • Lifestyle and fundamental movement skills
  • Isotemporal Substitution Analysis and lifestyle
  • Physical activity, sleep duration, and screen time
  • Body composition, and physical fitness
  • 24-hour movement guideline
  • Lifestyle and health‑related quality of life in children
  • The difference in physical fitness between urban and rural areas

We want to encourage all investigators who work in this field to submit original research, reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses to this Special Issue to broaden our knowledge and open new research directions.

Dr. Hyunshik Kim
Dr. Jiameng Ma
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • lifestyle
  • physical fitness
  • fundamental movement skills
  • physical activity
  • sleep duration
  • screen time
  • sedentary behavior
  • 24-hour movement guideline
  • health‑related quality
  • urban
  • rural
  • Isotemporal Substitution Analysis

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Published Papers (15 papers)

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12 pages, 362 KiB  
Article
Time to Play in Javanese Preschool Children—An Examination of Screen Time and Playtime before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic
by Soni Nopembri, Rizki Mulyawan, Puji Yanti Fauziah, Erma Kusumawardani, Indri Hapsari Susilowati, Lukman Fauzi, Widya Hary Cahyati, Tandiyo Rahayu, Terence Buan Kiong Chua and Michael Yong Hwa Chia
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(3), 1659; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph20031659 - 17 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1947
Abstract
This comparative–descriptive multi-national research examined the screen time and playtime of preschool children aged 1–6 years before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Parents reported on the play and screen habits of preschool-aged children on the weekday and weekends using a questionnaire on the [...] Read more.
This comparative–descriptive multi-national research examined the screen time and playtime of preschool children aged 1–6 years before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Parents reported on the play and screen habits of preschool-aged children on the weekday and weekends using a questionnaire on the lifestyle habits of their children. Results indicated a significant difference in screen time and playtime on the weekday and weekend before the pandemic (screen time: 1.91 ± 2.40 vs. 2.16 ± 2.60 h; playtime: 3.55 ± 2.49 vs. 4.11 ± 2.58 h, both p < 0.05), but during the COVID-19 pandemic, only the weekday–weekend difference in screen time was significantly different (screen time: 2.87 ± 3.15 vs. 3.26 ± 3.18 h, p < 0.05; playtime: 3.25 ± 3.41 vs. 3.48 ± 2.41, p > 0.05). Before- and during-COVID-19 comparisons showed that the average daily screen time increased by 150% from 2.04 h to 3.06 h (p < 0.05), while the average play time decreased by 12.3% (3.83 to 3.36 h, p < 0.05). Based upon international guidelines for movement behaviours of young children, special attention and actions are needed to manage the excessive daily screen time and preserve the average daily playtime of Javanese preschool children. These results present useful benchmarking data for parents, teachers, and health authorities to initiate ameliorative interventions to better balance children’s screen time and playtime as Indonesia emerges from the COVID-19 pandemic to a COVID-19 endemic. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Science with Children’s Lifestyle and Physical Fitness)
10 pages, 314 KiB  
Article
Association Analyses of Physical Fitness Parameters and Anxiety Symptoms in Chinese College Students
by Jianjun Yin, Lingfeng Kong and Yufei Cui
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(1), 623; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph20010623 - 29 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1327
Abstract
Poor physical fitness is related to many negative health outcomes, including mental disorders. However, the relationship between physical fitness and anxiety symptoms among college students remains unclear. Therefore, this study investigated whether physical fitness is related to anxiety symptoms in Chinese college students. [...] Read more.
Poor physical fitness is related to many negative health outcomes, including mental disorders. However, the relationship between physical fitness and anxiety symptoms among college students remains unclear. Therefore, this study investigated whether physical fitness is related to anxiety symptoms in Chinese college students. Cross-sectional data were collected from 6635 men and 4482 women. Physical fitness was measured via a 50-m sprint, a sit-and-reach test, vital capacity, and a standing long jump for both sexes; 1000-m run and pull-up tests for males; and 800-m run and sit-up tests for females. The seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) was used to evaluate anxiety symptoms. Multivariate linear regression showed that better physical fitness was related to lower GAD-7 scores. In addition, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that better ability in the 50-m sprint, sit-and-reach test, pull-up test, and vital capacity was related with a lower risk of anxiety symptoms in males, and better ability in the 800-m run and standing long jump was related with a lower risk of anxiety symptoms in females. In conclusion, physical fitness was inversely associated with anxiety symptoms in male and female college students. This association was also independent of confounding factors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Science with Children’s Lifestyle and Physical Fitness)
11 pages, 490 KiB  
Article
The Association of Body Mass Index and Fat Mass with Health-Related Physical Fitness among Chinese Schoolchildren: A Study Using a Predictive Model
by Qiang Wang, Hongzhi Guo, Sitong Chen, Jiameng Ma and Hyunshik Kim
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(1), 355; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph20010355 - 26 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1661
Abstract
Body fat mass (FM) has advantages over body mass index (BMI) in terms of accuracy of fitness assessment and health monitoring. However, the relationship between FM and fitness in Chinese children has not yet been well studied. This study aimed to investigate the [...] Read more.
Body fat mass (FM) has advantages over body mass index (BMI) in terms of accuracy of fitness assessment and health monitoring. However, the relationship between FM and fitness in Chinese children has not yet been well studied. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between health-related physical fitness, BMI, and FM, which was estimated using a predictive model among elementary schoolchildren in China. This cross-sectional study included 2677 participants (boys, 53.6%; girls, 46.4%) who underwent anthropometric measurements (height, weight, BMI, and FM) and five health-related fitness tests: 50-m sprint (speed), sit and reach (flexibility), timed rope-skipping (coordination), timed sit-ups (muscular endurance), and 50-m × 8 shuttle run (endurance). In boys, BMI showed a positive correlation with speed (p < 0.001) and endurance (p < 0.006) tests and a negative correlation with flexibility (p < 0.004) and coordination (p < 0.001) tests. In girls, a positive correlation between speed (p < 0.001) and endurance (p < 0.036) tests was observed. Both BMI and FM (estimated using the predictive model) were strongly associated with the health-related physical fitness of elementary schoolchildren. Our findings indicate that health-related physical fitness was similarly affected by FM and BMI. As FM can be quantified, it could therefore be used to develop strategies and intervention programs for the prevention and management of obesity in children. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Science with Children’s Lifestyle and Physical Fitness)
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11 pages, 336 KiB  
Article
Associations between 24-h Movement Behavior and Internet Addiction in Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Caizhen Ma, Jin Yan, Hejue Hu, Chongyan Shi, Feng Li and Xinyue Zeng
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(24), 16873; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph192416873 - 15 Dec 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1517
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to explore the relationship between 24-h activity behavior and Chinese adolescents’ Internet addiction. Methods: A survey of 2045 adolescents (56.5% boys) was conducted, and adolescents’ 24-h movement behavior and Internet addiction were measured via a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were [...] Read more.
Objective: This study aimed to explore the relationship between 24-h activity behavior and Chinese adolescents’ Internet addiction. Methods: A survey of 2045 adolescents (56.5% boys) was conducted, and adolescents’ 24-h movement behavior and Internet addiction were measured via a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the basic situation of the respondents; chi-square analysis was used to compare gender differences, and logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between 24-h exercise guide entries and Internet addiction. Results: From the number of 24-h movement behavior guides, 25.3% of the children did not meet the recommended amount of any kind of activity behavior guide, while 50.4% and 21.7% of the children reached the recommended amount of one and two activity behavior guidelines, respectively; only 3.2% of the children met the recommended amount of all three activity behavior guidelines. Adolescents who did not meet the recommended 24-h activity behavior guidelines were more likely to have Internet addiction (OR = 8.46, 95 CI = 3.06–23.36), and were more likely to have one item (OR = 4.50, 95 CI = 1.64–12.39) or two items (OR = 3.12, 95 CI = 1.11–8.74). Conclusions: Physical activity, static behavior, and sleep may all have a greater impact on adolescents’ Internet addiction, among which physical activity has a greater impact on adolescents’ Internet addiction. Different combinations of 24-h movement behavior have different effects on adolescents’ Internet addiction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Science with Children’s Lifestyle and Physical Fitness)
19 pages, 1724 KiB  
Article
The Associations between 24-Hour Movement Behaviours and Quality of Life in Preschoolers: A Compositional Analysis of Cross-Sectional Data from 2018–2021
by Meiyuan Chen, Terence Chua, Zhi Shen, Lee Yong Tay, Xiaozan Wang and Michael Chia
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(22), 14969; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph192214969 - 14 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1512
Abstract
Studies show that the quality of life (QoL) of preschoolers is closely related to physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviour (SB), and sleep (SL). Yet many researchers looked at these 24-h movement behaviours as behaviours that are independent of one another when examining the [...] Read more.
Studies show that the quality of life (QoL) of preschoolers is closely related to physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviour (SB), and sleep (SL). Yet many researchers looked at these 24-h movement behaviours as behaviours that are independent of one another when examining the association of QoL with these behaviours. The main purpose of the present study was to describe the temporal trends in PA, SB, and SL in preschoolers and the concomitant association with QoL of children. Annual cross-sectional data on QoL and 24-h movement behaviours of 8045 Singaporean preschoolers were collected from 2018 to 2021. Compositional analysis, linear regression, and isotemporal replacement approaches were used to examine changes in PA, SB, and SL from 2018–2021 and how these changes were associated with QoL. Temporal trends in movement behaviours showed that PA and SL decreased after 2020. During 2018–2021, the association of PA and QoL in preschoolers was characterised by a ‘U’ curve (βPA-2018 = 3.06, p < 0.001; βPA-2019 = 1.43, p < 0.05; βPA-2020 = −0.43, p > 0.05; βPA-2021 = 2.82, p < 0.001), while SL and QoL were characterised by an inverted ‘U’ curve (βSL-2018 = −2.39, p < 0.001; βSL-2019 = −0.27, p > 0.05; βSL-2020 = 2.00, p < 0.01; βSL-2021 = −0.21, p > 0.05). SB was significantly and negatively associated with QoL after 2020, with 2020 identified as the inflection point for the change in SB (βSB-2018 = 0.67, p > 0.05; βSB-2019 = −1.16, p > 0.05; βSB-2020 = −1.56, p < 0.01; βSB-2021 = −2.61, p < 0.01). Using a time re-allocation technique to treat the 2021 data, reallocating time from SB to PA or to SL predicted improvements in QoL of preschoolers (Pall < 0.05). The study provided useful information on the temporal trends in PA, SB, SL, and QoL of preschoolers over four years. Additionally, these data provided insights into how changes in QoL are predicted by changes in duration in the 24-h movement behaviours. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Science with Children’s Lifestyle and Physical Fitness)
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18 pages, 1315 KiB  
Article
Developing a Scale for Measuring the Fundamental Movement Skills of Preschool Children in China
by Yong Chen, Ying Gu, Ying Tian, Hyunshik Kim, Jiameng Ma, Xuefeng Jia and Lianlian Qin
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(21), 14257; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph192114257 - 01 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1693
Abstract
Children aged 3–6 years (preschool children hereafter) are in a critical and sensitive period of developing fundamental movement skills (FMS). While appropriate measurement tools can accurately evaluate their FMS development, such a scale is lacking in China. In this study, a suitable scale [...] Read more.
Children aged 3–6 years (preschool children hereafter) are in a critical and sensitive period of developing fundamental movement skills (FMS). While appropriate measurement tools can accurately evaluate their FMS development, such a scale is lacking in China. In this study, a suitable scale for measuring the FMS of preschool children in China was developed by combining process- and results-oriented evaluation methods. The subjects of this cross-sectional study included 21 experts and 358 preschool children (188 boys and 170 girls). Based on a literature review, items suitable for measuring the FMS of preschool children in China were selected, and the final measurement scale includes 12 items in three dimensions: physical locomotion skills, object control skills, and physical stability skills. After a battery of tests to assess its suitability, including inter-rater reliability, test/retest reliability, homogeneity, and construct validity, we find that the proposed measurement scale has good reliability, validity, and sensitivity. This scale reflects the development level of the FMS of preschool children in China and can be used to monitor the FMS of this population in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Science with Children’s Lifestyle and Physical Fitness)
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10 pages, 310 KiB  
Article
Duration of Keeping an Exercise Habit and Mental Illness and Life Attitude among University Students
by Lingfeng Kong, Yufei Cui and Qiang Gong
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(18), 11669; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191811669 - 16 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2390
Abstract
Physical exercise has beneficial effects on human health, and several studies have examined the association between exercise and mental health. However, most of these studies focused on exercise intensity, duration, or frequency. Evidence for the association between the duration of maintaining an exercise [...] Read more.
Physical exercise has beneficial effects on human health, and several studies have examined the association between exercise and mental health. However, most of these studies focused on exercise intensity, duration, or frequency. Evidence for the association between the duration of maintaining an exercise habit and mental illness is lacking, especially in young adulthood—a crucial period that bridges adolescence and adulthood. This study investigated the association between the duration of keeping an exercise habit and mental illness and life attitude among Chinese university students. A total of 11,392 university students participated in this study (6866 men and 4526 women). The duration of keeping an exercise habit was evaluated using a questionnaire with relevant questions. Exercise habit was defined as exercising for longer than 30 min per session and more than twice a week. Mental illness consisted of two elements: depressive symptoms—assessed using the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale, and anxiety symptoms—assessed using the seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale. Life attitude was assessed using a questionnaire with relevant questions. Multivariate logistic regression analysis examined the adjusted association between the duration of keeping an exercise habit and mental illness and life attitude. In the final adjusted model, compared to the no exercise category, the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of depressive symptoms were 0.80 (0.70, 0.91) for those with an exercise habit of 1–4 months, and 0.72 (0.63, 0.83) for those with one of >4 months (p for trend <0.001). Additionally, when compared to participants with no exercise habit, the adjusted odds ratios (95% CIs) for anxiety symptoms were 1.01 (0.90, 1.14) for those with a habit of 1–4 months and 0.78 (0.69, 0.88) for those with one of >4 months (p for trend =0.001). A longer duration of keeping an exercise habit was also significantly associated with positive life attitudes. Our results showed that a long duration of keeping an exercise habit was significantly associated with a lower prevalence of mental illness among university students. Further, maintaining a more prolonged exercise habit may benefit individuals’ mental health in young adulthood. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Science with Children’s Lifestyle and Physical Fitness)
18 pages, 518 KiB  
Article
Associations between Parent Attitudes and on- and off-Screen Behaviours of Preschool Children in Singapore
by Michael Yong Hwa Chia, John Komar, Terence Buan Kiong Chua and Lee Yong Tay
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(18), 11508; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191811508 - 13 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2625
Abstract
The research aims were to examine the relationships between parent and child digital media use and to describe the characteristics of the top and bottom quartiles of child digital media use in meeting the 24 h integrated guidelines for sleep, physical activity, and [...] Read more.
The research aims were to examine the relationships between parent and child digital media use and to describe the characteristics of the top and bottom quartiles of child digital media use in meeting the 24 h integrated guidelines for sleep, physical activity, and sedentary behaviour. Parent-reported on- and off-screen habits and quality of life of children were collected from 1481 parents of preschool children aged 2–5 years in 2019. Significant relationships were detected between parent and child digital media use (weekday, r = 0.274; weekend, r = 0.421, p < 0.05) with no sex difference in daily child digital media use (p > 0.05). Age of first exposure to fixed screens, daily digital media use, and physical play durations were significantly different between heavy (child-TQ) and light (child-BQ) child users of digital media (p < 0.05). Parental perceived importance of child digital media use and parental awareness and practice of guidelines for child digital media use differed significantly between parents of child-TQs and parents of child-BQs (p < 0.05). The number of 24 h movement guidelines met between child-TQs and child-BQs differed (p < 0.05). Parents voiced serious concerns for child digital media use, including addiction (75–76%), poor eyesight (73%), access to inappropriate content (73–74%), a lack of parent–child interaction (65%), poor sleep (49–55%), and a lack of physical activity (55–59%), but these findings did not translate to parental enforcement of the guidelines. Parent education on how to get the best digital media use outcomes for preschool children is recommended. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Science with Children’s Lifestyle and Physical Fitness)
11 pages, 634 KiB  
Article
Play–Sleep Nexus in Indonesian Preschool Children before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic
by Puji Yanti Fauziah, Erma Kusumawardani, Soni Nopembri, Rizki Mulyawan, Indri Hapsari Susilowati, Susiana Nugraha, Sudibyo Alimoeso, Bonardo Prayogo Hasiholan, Lukman Fauzi, Widya Hary Cahyati, Tandiyo Rahayu, Terence Buan Kiong Chua and Michael Yong Hwa Chia
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(17), 10695; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191710695 - 27 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1973
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has transformed Indonesians’ behaviors and has had an impact on many facets of daily life. People’s lives are becoming increasingly dependent on digital technologies, which is a phenomenon with conflicting effects on people’s health and happiness. This cross-sectional study focused [...] Read more.
The COVID-19 pandemic has transformed Indonesians’ behaviors and has had an impact on many facets of daily life. People’s lives are becoming increasingly dependent on digital technologies, which is a phenomenon with conflicting effects on people’s health and happiness. This cross-sectional study focused on one such influence, namely, how the shift from the period before to during COVID-19 has affected children’s playtime and sleep duration. As part of a multicenter study, 618 adult caregivers (parents, family members, or babysitters) who visited the kindergarten in question on behalf of preschool children aged 2–5 years (4.04 ± 1.39) were surveyed on the children’s play and sleep habits before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia, particularly Java Island (before pandemic, N = 309; during pandemic, N = 309). ANOVA was used for a statistical analysis to describe the difference between groups and within time collections. Significant favorable relationships were found between pre-pandemic and post-pandemic playtime and sleeping time on weekdays, weekends, and averaged weekday-weekend (r = 0.437; 0.180 and 0.321, all p < 0.05) were detected. Before the pandemic, children’s playtime (4.11 vs. 3.55 h) and sleep duration (10.92 vs. 10.70 h) were significantly greater on the weekend than on the weekday (p < 0.05) but not during the pandemic (playtime: 3.48 vs. 3.45 h and sleep duration: 10.83 vs. 10.80 h; all p > 0.05). The COVID-19 pandemic had no impact on sleep duration or playtime in Javanese preschool children. Efforts should be intensified to promote the value of playtime and sleep duration among children in this age range so that the future of Indonesian children’s can be ensured. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Science with Children’s Lifestyle and Physical Fitness)
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13 pages, 793 KiB  
Article
Associations between Parents’ Digital Media Habits, Engagement, Awareness, and Movement Guidelines among Preschool-Age Children: International Ipreschooler Surveillance Study
by Hongzhi Guo, Jiameng Ma, Terence Buan Kiong Chua, Lee Yong Tay, Michael Yong Hwa Chia and Hyunshik Kim
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(17), 10484; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191710484 - 23 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1780
Abstract
The 24-hour movement guidelines (24-h MG) recommend behaviors (physical activity, screen time, sleep) to aid appropriate physical and mental development in early childhood. This research examined parents’ digital media habits (DMH), engagement (DME), and awareness (DMA) among parents in relation to their preschool-aged [...] Read more.
The 24-hour movement guidelines (24-h MG) recommend behaviors (physical activity, screen time, sleep) to aid appropriate physical and mental development in early childhood. This research examined parents’ digital media habits (DMH), engagement (DME), and awareness (DMA) among parents in relation to their preschool-aged children’s 24-h MG in Japan and identified and compared the modifiable determinants of adherence to 24-h MG in urban and rural regions. This cross-sectional study included 867 participants and data were obtained from the International Ipreschooler Surveillance Study Among Asians and OtheRs (IISSAAR). The results revealed that adherence to weekend screen time recommendations and weekday sleep duration were higher in the urban region. The parents’ digital media variables that predicted moderate-intensity to vigorous-intensity physical activity among preschool-aged children were parents’ DME and DMA in the urban regions and parents’ DME in the rural regions. The children’s screen time was significantly associated with parents’ DMH, DME, and DMA in the urban regions and with parents’ DMH and DMA in the rural regions (p < 0.005, p < 0.001, respectively). This study confirmed that parents’ DMH, DME, and DMA are strong predictors of adherence to 24-h MG among preschool-aged children living in both rural and urban regions in Japan. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Science with Children’s Lifestyle and Physical Fitness)
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9 pages, 303 KiB  
Article
Association of Smartphone Use Duration with Physical Fitness among University Students: Focus on Strength and Flexibility
by Wang Li, Yufei Cui, Qiang Gong and Zhihong Zhu
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(12), 7386; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19127386 - 16 Jun 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1727
Abstract
High-frequency smartphone use leads to physical inactivity and may consequently cause the loss of physical fitness. Although the relationship between smartphone usage and physical fitness has been investigated, most of these studies focused on partial physical fitness, and the evaluation of the duration [...] Read more.
High-frequency smartphone use leads to physical inactivity and may consequently cause the loss of physical fitness. Although the relationship between smartphone usage and physical fitness has been investigated, most of these studies focused on partial physical fitness, and the evaluation of the duration of smartphone use was insufficient. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the time period of using smart phones and physical fitness in Chinese university students. In this cross-sectional study, 8977 college students (5189 men and 3788 women) were enrolled. The assessment of smartphone usage was performed using a self-reported questionnaire. Physical fitness was measured in a sports facility, consisting of grip strength, standing long jump, and sit-and-reach test. The post adjustment relationship between smartphone use duration and physical fitness was examined by using the ANCOVA test. In the final adjusted model, an inverse association was observed between the smartphone use duration and grip strength in male and female participants (p = 0.003 and <0.001, respectively). The smartphone use duration was also negatively associated with standing long jump in both sexes (p = 0.003 for male and = 0.026 for female). In male participants, the longer the period of using smartphones, the lower their flexibility (p = 0.026). In conclusion, this study investigated the association between the duration of smartphone use and physical fitness. The results showed that longer durations of smartphone use were associated with weaker grip strength, a shorter standing long jump, and lower flexibility. Controlling smartphone-use duration might be beneficial for physical fitness among university students. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Science with Children’s Lifestyle and Physical Fitness)
12 pages, 844 KiB  
Article
The Combinations of Physical Activity, Screen Time, and Sleep, and Their Associations with Self-Reported Physical Fitness in Children and Adolescents
by Zhenhuai Chen, Guijun Chi, Lei Wang, Sitong Chen, Jin Yan and Shihao Li
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(10), 5783; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19105783 - 10 May 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3350
Abstract
Much evidence has indicated that adherence to the 24 h movement guidelines (physical activity, screen time and sleep) is associated with physical health, while little is known about the adherence to the 24 h movement guidelines and self-reported physical fitness in adolescents. This [...] Read more.
Much evidence has indicated that adherence to the 24 h movement guidelines (physical activity, screen time and sleep) is associated with physical health, while little is known about the adherence to the 24 h movement guidelines and self-reported physical fitness in adolescents. This study, therefore, aims to explore the association between the 24 h movement guidelines (in isolation or combination) and self-reported physical fitness in a sample of Chinese adolescents in an age range of 10–17. Methods: A convenient sample of 3807 children and adolescents from 12 schools was adopted in the present study. A questionnaire based on the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children was used to assess physical activity and screen time, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Scale was utilized to measure sleep duration. The International Fitness Scale was used to assess physical fitness in study participants. Ordinal logistic regression was performed to estimate the association between adherence to the 24 h movement guidelines and self-reported physical fitness. Results: Of all study participants, 0.9% of them met the 24 h movement guidelines, and meeting the guidelines was significantly associated with higher levels of self-reported physical fitness. The analysis for the association between specific combinations of 24 h movement guidelines and self-reported physical fitness underscored the importance of meeting the physical activity recommendations. Conclusion: Adherence to more recommendations contained in the 24 h movement guidelines was associated with higher self-reported physical fitness, especially cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength. Our study also stressed the importance of promoting moderate to vigorous physical activity in children and adolescents. Further works should focus on the association of a recommendation of adherence with other health indicators and replicate this study on larger samples among Chinese children and adolescents. Additionally, longitudinal or interventional studies that include more socio-demographic factors are needed to explore the association between 24 h movement guidelines and self-reported physical fitness, and the 24 h movement guidelines also should be promoted on a large scale in Chinese children and adolescents. Moreover, it is also needed to gain better insights into the directionality of the relationship between compliance with 24 h movement guidelines and self-reported physical fitness, as well as the mechanisms underlying the associations in Chinese children and adolescents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Science with Children’s Lifestyle and Physical Fitness)
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9 pages, 302 KiB  
Article
The Association of Smartphone Usage Duration with Physical Fitness among Chinese University Students
by Wang Li, Yufei Cui, Qiang Gong, Cong Huang and Feng Guo
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(1), 572; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19010572 - 05 Jan 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2053
Abstract
Background: The use of smartphones has become increasingly prevalent in recent years, especially among the youth. However, smartphone overuse has been reported to be related to several negative mental and physical health outcomes. Although the association between smartphone use and physical fitness has [...] Read more.
Background: The use of smartphones has become increasingly prevalent in recent years, especially among the youth. However, smartphone overuse has been reported to be related to several negative mental and physical health outcomes. Although the association between smartphone use and physical fitness has been investigated in several studies, these studies only focused on specific elements of physical fitness, such as grip strength. In addition, evidence on young adults is limited. Thus, this study aimed to examine the association between the duration of smartphone use and physical fitness among Chinese university students. Methods: A total of 11,242 university students volunteered to participate in the study. The duration of smartphone use was assessed using a self-reported questionnaire. Physical fitness tests consisted of a 50-m sprint and vital capacity tests for both sexes, a 1000-m run and pull-up test for male students, and an 800-m run and sit-up test for female students. Results: The duration of smartphone use among the participants was 5.4 h/day for male students and 6.1 h/day for female students on average. After adjusting for confounding factors, in male students, a long duration of smartphone use was significantly associated with a slow 50 m sprint and 1000 m run time, lower pull-up times, and poor vital capacity (p = 0.004, 0.002, 0.002 and 0.040, respectively). In female students, a long duration of smartphone use was associated with a slow 800 m run time (p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study found that longer duration of smartphone use was associated with lower physical fitness among Chinese university students. The duration of smartphone use may be an influencing factor for physical fitness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Science with Children’s Lifestyle and Physical Fitness)
12 pages, 528 KiB  
Article
Effects of 40% of Maximum Oxygen Uptake Intensity Cycling Combined with Blood Flow Restriction Training on Body Composition and Serum Biomarkers of Chinese College Students with Obesity
by Yong Chen, Chunlin Ma, Junmin Wang, Ying Gu and Yan Gao
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(1), 168; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19010168 - 24 Dec 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2896
Abstract
Blood flow restriction training (BFRT) is a new method for promoting muscle growth and improving muscle function, even with relatively low-intensity exercise. BFRT on patients with obesity has not been extensively studied. This study aimed to analyze the effects of cycling at 40% [...] Read more.
Blood flow restriction training (BFRT) is a new method for promoting muscle growth and improving muscle function, even with relatively low-intensity exercise. BFRT on patients with obesity has not been extensively studied. This study aimed to analyze the effects of cycling at 40% of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) combined with BFRT on body composition and serum biomarkers among college students with obesity. This pilot study included thirty-seven male college students with obesity aged 18–22 years (experimental group (EG): n = 18; control group (CG): n = 19). The EG conducted 40% VO2max cycling combined with BFRT activities and the CG conducted 40% VO2max cycling without BFRT two times per week for 12 weeks. Our results showed that in EG, there were significant differences in weight, thigh skinfold thickness (TS), waist circumference, abdominal skinfold thickness, fat mass, body fat percentage, body mass index and glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels before and after the experiment (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001). After the experiment, TS, GLU, TC, HDL-C, and LDL-C in EG were significantly different than those of the CG (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001). Together, our results demonstrate that cycling at 40% VO2max combined with BFRT may improve body composition and blood lipid profile of male college students with obesity. Our findings have important implications for those who cannot perform moderate- and high-intensity exercises. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Science with Children’s Lifestyle and Physical Fitness)
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Review

Jump to: Research

10 pages, 591 KiB  
Review
Effect of Physical Activity/Exercise on Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: A Scoping Review
by Xinyi Chang, Ziheng Wang, Hongzhi Guo, Yinghan Xu and Atsushi Ogihara
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(2), 1407; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph20021407 - 12 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2511
Abstract
The most common type of diabetes among children and adolescents is type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), which is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Additionally, lower levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are linked to an increased risk of CVD. Regular [...] Read more.
The most common type of diabetes among children and adolescents is type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), which is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Additionally, lower levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are linked to an increased risk of CVD. Regular exercise is associated with a decreased risk of CVD and improved CRF. We conducted this scoping review to assess the effects of exercise on CRF in youth with T1DM. Three electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) were used to search for the relevant literature. In this analysis, the PICOS method was used to select studies and was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Guidelines scoping review guidelines for the evaluation of the effects of physical activity and cardiac function; the criteria may include the type and intensity of physical activity, the duration of the intervention, peak oxygen consumption (VO2), peak minute ventilation (VE), and peak heart rate of cardiorespiratory fitness. Screening resulted in 434 records. Of these, nine articles were included in our study. These nine studies were experimental (noncontrolled trials or randomized controlled trials) (n = 7) and observational (cross-sectional) (n = 2), and could be used to evaluate the effectiveness of physical activity interventions on cardiac function. The effects of exercise on CRF in youth with T1DM vary according to the type, frequency, and intensity of the exercise. According to our review, the duration of exercise included in the studies did not meet the recommendations of the guidelines for youth with T1DM. Additionally, half of the studies revealed that exercise could optimize the lipid profile in youth with T1DM. Hence, this research is to provide an overview of the effects of physical activity and exercise on CRF, cardiovascular fitness, lipid profile, and blood pressure in youth with T1DM, as well as identified potential limitations of the existing studies. Nevertheless, the limited number of clinical studies employing exercise interventions for children and adolescents with T1DM emphasize the need for more studies in this area, and more specific modes of exercise should be developed in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Science with Children’s Lifestyle and Physical Fitness)
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