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Child Psychology and Parenting Interventions

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A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Global Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2022) | Viewed by 36262

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Elena Trombini

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Guest Editor

Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
Interests: somatization; psychodiagnostic consultation children-parents; stress; prematurity; childhood eating and evacuation disorders; psychological intervention methods: The Focal Play Therapy and The Drawn Stories Technique

Dr. Erica Neri

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Guest Editor

Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
Interests: infant development and perinatal psychopathology; pediatric hospitalization; preterm birth and parenting; early parent-infant interactions
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is widely recognized that child psychology represents a relevant topic, with repercussions on all subsequent development up to adulthood. As well-known, child’s development and mental health are strictly related to the quality of the care and the relationship with child parents. For this reason, interventions designed to promote the child's mental, emotional and social development must involve the parent, in order to guarantee a mutual understanding of the child's problems, but also because the therapeutic alliance with parents is a crucial component of a successful intervention process.

Until now, studies on parenting interventions considered theoretical (i.e. problem type, child age, parent sex) and methodological (alliance and outcome reported by the same informant, source and timing of alliance, and outcome assessment) factors that may influence the parent-therapist alliance and therapeutic outcome association. Nevertheless, results are often contradictory findings, underlining the need for future research to understand the specific conditions in which the parenting intervention can predict clinical outcomes and/or therapeutic alliance.

This Special Issue is aimed to deepen the knowledge on child psychology and parenting intervention. We will include empirical research, theoretical papers, and clinical cases. We are especially interested in papers that explore a new approach aimed to improve child psychology in high-risk context and papers that investigate new intervention models that can include caregivers as well as children.

Prof. Dr. Elena Trombini
Dr. Erica Neri
Guest Editors

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Keywords

child psychology
parenting intervention
developmental psychopathology
infant mental health
parent-child therapy
therapeutic alliance

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 686 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parental Distress and Affective Perception of Hospital Environment after a Pictorial Intervention in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

by Erica Neri, Federica Genova, Marcello Stella, Alessandra Provera, Augusto Biasini and Francesca Agostini

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(15), 8893; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19158893 - 22 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1995

Abstract

Pictorial humanization is a useful intervention for the improvement of hospitalized patients’ affective states. Despite benefits in many hospital wards having been well documented, so far, no attention was paid to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the levels of distress and the affective perception of the environment experienced by parents of infants hospitalized in a NICU after the implementation of an intervention of pictorial humanization. A sample of 48 parents was recruited, 25 before the intervention was performed (Control Group), and 23 after its implementation (Pictorial Humanization Group). All parents completed the “Rapid Stress Assessment Scale” and “Scales of the Affective Quality Attributed to Place” questionnaires. Despite results showing no significant differences on parental distress, after implementation of pictorial intervention parents reported a perception of the NICU as significantly more pleasant, exciting, and arousing, and less distressing, unpleasant, gloomy, and sleepy. A higher level of distress and a perception of the environment as less relaxing was predicted for the Control Group condition. The present study suggests that the pictorial intervention represents a useful technique to create more welcoming hospital environments and to reduce the negative effects associated with infant hospitalization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Child Psychology and Parenting Interventions)

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13 pages, 595 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Emotional Competence in Primary School Children: Examining the Effect of a Psycho-Educational Group Intervention: A Pilot Prospective Study

by Sabina La Grutta, Maria Stella Epifanio, Marco Andrea Piombo, Pietro Alfano, Agata Maltese, Salvatore Marcantonio, Sonia Ingoglia, Marianna Alesi, Rosa Lo Baido, Giacomo Mancini and Federica Andrei

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(13), 7628; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19137628 - 22 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2199

Abstract

Emotional competence (EC) is a key component of children’s psychological, cognitive, and social development, and it is a central element of learning. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of implementing a psycho-educational group intervention aimed at improving children’s emotional competence (EC), quality of integration and scholastic skills. A total of 229 children (123 females; M Age = 7.22 years; SD = 0.97 years) completed the Pictures of Facial Affect (POFA), the Drawn Stories Technique, the Classroom Drawing, and the Colored Progressive Matrices. The total sample was randomly divided into an intervention group (N = 116) who took part in psycho-educational activities and a control (no-intervention) group (N = 84). Both groups were tested at baseline, before the intervention started, and at the end of the intervention (4 months from baseline). Results from mixed-model ANOVA revealed a significant main effect for POFA score over time (F = 6.24, p = 0.01) and an interaction effect between POFA and group (F = 4.82, p = 0.03). No significant main effect was found for classroom drawing over time (F = 0.81, p > 0.05) or for quality of integration and group intervention. These findings support the importance of developing psycho-educational programmes in school for promotion of emotional health for preventing not only the onset of problematic behaviours at school such as bullying but also the development of clinical conditions linked to difficulties in emotional recognition, expression, and regulation such as alexithymia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Child Psychology and Parenting Interventions)

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18 pages, 422 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parental Mentalizing during Middle Childhood: How Is the Adoption of a Reflective Stance Associated with Child’s Psychological Outcomes?

by Simone Charpentier Mora, Chiara Bastianoni, Nina Koren-Karie, Donatella Cavanna, Marta Tironi and Fabiola Bizzi

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(10), 6205; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19106205 - 19 May 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2310

Abstract

This exploratory cross-sectional study attempts to understand the mechanisms underlying the role of parental mentalizing in a child’s psychological functioning during middle childhood by using Parental Reflective Functioning (PRF) and Parental Insightfulness (PI) constructs. The main aims are to examine the role of PI and PRF as processes capable of influencing a child’s psychological functioning in terms of emotional–behavioral difficulties and social–emotional competencies. Eighty-six community parents (48 mothers, 38 fathers) and their 50 children in middle childhood (Mage = 10.10, SD = 1.13) participated in this study, recruited through a non-probabilistic sampling. The following measures were used to assess the aims of this study: Insightfulness Assessment, Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire, Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Devereux Student Strengths Assessment (DESSA) questionnaires. Results showed that parental mentalizing was found to be significantly associated with both child’s internalizing and externalizing symptoms and social–emotional competencies as reported by parents through the CBCL and DESSA questionnaires. This study may offer a contribution to the study of parental mentalizing during middle childhood, supporting the hypothesis that both parents’ ability to understand their child’s mental states could affect the child’s psychological functioning. Clinical and theoretical implications are geared toward a family-based view with a specific focus on the importance of fostering in both parents a positive attitude toward mentalizing processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Child Psychology and Parenting Interventions)

13 pages, 916 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ten Years of Neonatal Intensive Care Adaption to the Infants’ Needs: Implementation of a Family-Centered Care Model with Single-Family Rooms in Norway

by Lene Tandle Lyngstad, Flore Le Marechal, Birgitte Lenes Ekeberg, Krzysztof Hochnowski, Mariann Hval and Bente Silnes Tandberg

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(10), 5917; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19105917 - 13 May 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3834

Abstract

Ten years ago, the Neonatal intensive care unit in Drammen, Norway, implemented Single-Family Rooms (SFR), replacing the traditional open bay (OB) unit. Welcoming parents to stay together with their infant 24 h per day, seven days per week, was both challenging and inspiring. The aim of this paper is to describe the implementation of SFR and how they have contributed to a cultural change among the interprofessional staff. Parents want to participate in infant care, but to do so, they need information and supervision from nurses, as well as emotional support. Although SFR protect infants and provide private accommodation for parents, nurses may feel isolated and lack peer support. Our paper describes how we managed to systematically reorganize the nurse’s workflow by using a Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycle approach. Significant milestones are identified, and the implementation processes are displayed. The continuous parental presence has changed the way we perceive the family as a care recipient and how we involve the parents in daily care. We provide visions for the future with further developments of care adapted to infants’ needs by providing neonatal intensive care with parents as equal partners. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Child Psychology and Parenting Interventions)

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13 pages, 344 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Talking about the Birth Family since the Beginning: The Communicative Openness in the New Adoptive Family

by Alessandra Santona, Giacomo Tognasso, Carla Luisa Miscioscia, Daniela Russo and Laura Gorla

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(3), 1203; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19031203 - 21 Jan 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1967

Abstract

Communicative openness within the adoptive family changes over time and helps the child explore his/her history. We aimed to evaluate whether adoptive families communicate about specific adoption-related themes from the beginning of their lives as a family. We created an instrument to track the communication process during the first year of adoption, involving a sample of 537 internationally adopted children (313 males, 224 females, mean age of adoption: 4.9 years) at two time points: six (T1) and twelve (T2) months after adoption. Our results suggest that in the first year of placement, children express memories about the past but tend to not speak about their birth families. We discovered a significant difference (Wald test = 4.889; p = 0.027) in communication about the biological family between the two points. The presence of adoptive parents who speak about it impacts the child’s questions about the past (exp (B) = 2.452, p = 0.006) and whether the child speaks about his/her biological family (exp (B) = 2.373; p = 0.017). Then, in the first year of adoption, the presence of an adoptive parent who communicates openly helps the child to ask questions and share his/her thoughts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Child Psychology and Parenting Interventions)

9 pages, 553 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parental Psychological Flexibility as a Mediating Factor of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children after Hospitalization or Surgery

by Amichai Ben-Ari, Roy Aloni, Shiri Ben-David, Fortu Benarroch and Daniella Margalit

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(21), 11699; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph182111699 - 07 Nov 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2864

Abstract

Background: Illness, surgery, and surgical hospitalization are significant stressors for children. Children exposed to such medical events may develop post-traumatic medical syndrome (PMTS, pediatric medical traumatic stress) that could slow their physical and emotional recovery. Objective: This study examined the relationship between the level of parental psychological resilience and the development of PMTS in young children. Method: We surveyed 152 parents of children aged 1–6 who were admitted to the pediatric surgery department. Parents completed questionnaires in two phases. In the first phase, one of the parents completed the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-ll) and the Parental Psychological Flexibility (PPF) Questionnaire. In the second phase, about three months after discharge, the same parent completed the Young Child PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) Checklist (YCPC) and the UCLA (Los Angeles, CA, USA) PTSD Reaction Index for DSM-5 Parent/Caregiver Version for Children Age 6 Years and Younger Evaluating Post-traumatic Disorder. In addition, the parent completed a Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS) questionnaire to assess the existence of post-traumatic symptoms in the parents. Results: The findings indicate that (1) a parent’s psychological flexibility is significantly associated with the level of personal distress (r = −0.45, p < 0.001), (2) a parents’ level of distress is significantly correlated with the child’s level of PTMS, and (3) a parent’s level of psychological flexibility is a significant mediating factor between the level of parental post-traumatic distress and the child’s level of PTMS. Conclusions: A parent’s psychological flexibility may act as a protective factor against the development of the child’s mental distress after hospitalization or surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Child Psychology and Parenting Interventions)

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15 pages, 803 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Impact on Families’ Mental Health: The Role Played by Parenting Stress, Parents’ Past Trauma, and Resilience

by Eleonora Marzilli, Luca Cerniglia, Renata Tambelli, Elena Trombini, Leonardo De Pascalis, Alessandra Babore, Carmen Trumello and Silvia Cimino

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(21), 11450; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph182111450 - 30 Oct 2021

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 3671

Abstract

International research has evidenced the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on families, and the key role played by parenting stress levels. Although significant associations with parents’ past trauma and resilience have been shown, this study aimed to explore their complex interplay on the relationship between parents’ peritraumatic distress due to COVID-19, parenting stress, and children’s psychopathological difficulties. We recruited 353 parents with children aged two to 16 years via an online survey during the Italian second wave of COVID-19. Parents’ peritraumatic distress due to COVID-19, parenting stress, past trauma and resilience, and children’s psychological difficulties were assessed through self-report and report-form questionnaires. Parents’ past traumas significantly predicted peritraumatic distress due to COVID-19 and children’s psychological difficulties. The relationship between past traumas and children’s psychological difficulties was serial mediated by parents’ peritraumatic distress and parenting stress. Direct and total effects of parent’s resilience on parent’s peritraumatic distress were not significant, but there were significant indirect effects via parenting stress and via parents’ peritraumatic distress and parenting stress, indicating inconsistent mediation. This study evidenced the key risk and protective role played by, respectively, parents’ past traumas exposure and resilience on the relationship between parents’ psychological difficulties due to COVID-19, parenting stress, and children’s psychological difficulties, with important clinical implications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Child Psychology and Parenting Interventions)

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14 pages, 3692 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parental Book-Reading to Preterm Born Infants in NICU: The Effects on Language Development in the First Two Years

by Erica Neri, Leonardo De Pascalis, Francesca Agostini, Federica Genova, Augusto Biasini, Marcello Stella and Elena Trombini

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(21), 11361; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph182111361 - 29 Oct 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4954

Abstract

Background: After preterm birth, infants are at high risk for delays in language development. A promising intervention to reduce this risk is represented by the exposure to parental voices through book-reading in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU). This study investigated the possible advantages of book-reading to preterm neonates during their NICU stay on their subsequent language development. Methods: 100 families of preterm infants were recruited. The parents of 55 preterm infants (Reading Group) received a colored picture-book on NICU admission and were supported to read to their neonate as often as possible and to continue after hospital discharge. Forty-five infants (Control Group) were recruited before the beginning of the intervention. Infant language development was assessed with the Hearing and Language quotients of the Griffith Mental Development Scale at the corrected ages of 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months. Results: Regardless of group membership, Hearing and Language mean quotients decreased between 9 and 18 months; nevertheless, this decrease was considerably reduced in the Reading group, compared to the Control Group. Conclusions: Reading in NICUs represents a suitable intervention that could positively influence language development and parent-infant relationships in preterm children. The study findings support its implementation as a preventive measure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Child Psychology and Parenting Interventions)

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24 pages, 647 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study of Maternal Competence in Preterm Birth Condition, during the Transition from Hospital to Home: An Early Intervention Program’s Proposal

by Concetta Polizzi, Giovanna Perricone, Maria Regina Morales and Sofia Burgio

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(16), 8670; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18168670 - 17 Aug 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2675

Abstract

The study was conducted with 104 mothers (average age 32.5 years, SD 6.1) of preterm infants (very and moderately preterm but still healthy) to monitor the perceived maternal role competence from the time of hospitalisation to post-discharge, in order to define an intervention program to support mothers during this transition. A targeted Q-Sort tool (Maternal Competence Q-Sort in preterm birth) was applied at two different times as a self-observation tool for parenting competence in neonatology. A tendency towards dysregulation of the maternal role competence was detected, mainly in terms of low self-assessment and was found to worsen during post-discharge, particularly with regard to caregiving ability. This study suggests the importance of accompanying parenting competence in preterm birth conditions, not only during hospitalisation in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) but also following discharge in order to promote the development of premature infants. This paper reports in the last part a specific integrated psychoeducational intervention program (psychologist and nurses), which we defined precisely in light of the suggestions offered by the study data on perceived maternal competence created with the Q-sort. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Child Psychology and Parenting Interventions)

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Review

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25 pages, 582 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Systematic Review on Foster Parents’ Psychological Adjustment and Parenting Style—An Evaluation of Foster Parents and Foster Children Variables

by Elisa Mancinelli, Gaia Dell’Arciprete and Silvia Salcuni

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(20), 10916; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph182010916 - 17 Oct 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4084

Abstract

The current systematic review aimed to evaluate the variables influencing foster parents’ parenting stress, distress and parenting style, thereby supporting their adjustment and well-being as well as that of foster children. A PRISMA-guided search was conducted in three databases. Observational studies examining parenting stress, parenting distress (subsuming anxiety, depression and stress symptoms) and parenting style—all assessed through validated tools—were considered. A total of 16 studies were included, comprising N = 1794 non-relative foster parents (age range = 30–67 years). Results showed heightened parenting stress over time, both overall and compared to parents at large. Neither foster parents’ nor foster children’s socio-demographic characteristics significantly contributed to the increase in parenting stress; yet child-related stress and children’s externalizing problems were its main predictors. Foster parents’ couple cooperation was associated with reduced parenting stress. Moreover, the authoritative parenting style was associated with parental warmth, while the authoritarian style was associated with foster parents’ greater perceived burden, greater criticism and rejection toward the foster child. Evidence supports the mutual influence between foster parents and children. Foster care services should support foster parents’ needs within a concentric modular system, to ultimately provide better care for both foster parents and children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Child Psychology and Parenting Interventions)

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Other

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18 pages, 4195 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

A Parent-Focused Creative Approach as a Treatment for a High-Functioning Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Korea: A Case Study

by Jung Eun Jeanne Park

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(13), 7836; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19137836 - 26 Jun 2022

Viewed by 2223

Abstract

This study was conducted on a 6-year-old girl with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Korea. The case was initiated in February 2015, and intensive treatment was provided for one year. Then, the case was monitored over the course of 6 years until December 2021. The intervention plan was an art therapy-based treatment plan (Individual Therapeutic Education Plan: ITEP) with two integral foci: (1) creative arts-based parent counseling and education and (2) didactic art therapy with the child. This was a new type of integral approach that was not a standard of care practice in Korea, acknowledging the importance of including parents in therapy and the notion of creative arts therapy. There was no scientific evidence supporting this qualitive approach; however, the intervention was a notable success, sustaining a positive outcome—the intervention (1) reduced the anxiety levels of both the mother and the child in the short term; (2) enhanced the child–parent relationship as well as the home environment of the child while the art therapy-based counseling and education increased the mother’s competence; and (3) enhanced the communicative and adaptive functioning of the child and the mother, with art becoming the supportive breakthrough for their emotional obstacles. The findings suggest that a parent-focused creative approach impacts parental changes and child development: the evidence indicates that parent-driven interventions are a viable option for parents and children with ASD to build a better home environment that supports the child’s development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Child Psychology and Parenting Interventions)

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16 pages, 1944 KiB

Open AccessStudy Protocol

Mindful Parenting Intervention MinUTo App for Parents of Preschool Children: Study Protocol of a Randomised Controlled Trial

by Annalisa Guarini, Alessandra Sansavini, Chiara Suttora, Stefania Bortolotti, Margherita Fort, Daniela Iorio, Chiara Monfardini and Maria Bigoni

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(13), 7564; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19137564 - 21 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1697

Abstract

Background: Mindful parenting and the use of technology for parenting intervention have expanded separately from one another with promising results, but their relationship is underexplored. The current study protocol proposes a new universal intervention via app, MINd Us TOghether (MinUTo), based on mindful parenting for parents of typically developing children of 4–5 years of age. Methods: The effect of the intervention is evaluated using a randomised controlled trial. Around 2000 parents are enrolled and randomised to the intervention and control groups. Data are collected in three different waves from parents at baseline and endline; APP usage data allow for the analysis of intervention adherence. The MinUTo app proposes contents and activities for five dimensions of mindful parenting. Each dimension is presented within a two-week distance, explaining its importance, providing information, and offering activities for parents and children. Expected results: We hypothesise a positive effect of the intervention on primary outcomes (mindful parenting, parenting stress, parent behaviours and parental time investment), increasing parents’ skills and promoting a positive parent–child relationship. We also test possible effects on secondary outcomes (parenting attitudes and beliefs) at an explorative level. Conclusions: The study will add new considerations about the psychological and economic impact of technologies in implementing parenting interventions in non-clinical populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Child Psychology and Parenting Interventions)

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