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Etiology, Diagnostic and Current Treatment of the Temporomandibular Disorders

A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Oral Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2021) | Viewed by 24309

Special Issue Editors

Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
Interests: temporomandibular disorder; botulinum toxin in the TMD; management of TMD; genetic factor in TMD; application of PRP in TMD; physiotherapy in rehabilitation of TMD
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prosthodontic Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
Interests: temporomandibular disorder; botulinum toxin in the TMD; management of TMD; genetic factor in TMD; application of PRP in TMD; physiotherapy in rehabilitation of TMD

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Temporomandibular disorders are a disease of complex, multifactorial etiology that affects the masticatory muscles, temporomandibular joints, and surrounding structures. It most often affects people in the third and fourth decade of life, with a predominance among women. 

Despite the efficient mechanism of neurological control of masticatory organ function, the number of patients with temporomandibular disorders is increasing worldwide, and their age is decreasing. The progressive concentration of the population in urban areas and sociocultural factors are major causes of stress-related illnesses and mental health problems. Advanced research methods, technological achievements, and the development of artificial intelligence enable the implementation of research aimed at gathering new knowledge in the field of etiological factors, modern diagnostic capabilities, and new effective methods of rehabilitation of adult patients and children with temporomandibular disorders.

This Special Issue of IJERPH is addressed to those of you who devote their daily clinical work to difficult matters such as etiology, diagnostic methods, and treatment of temporomandibular disorders and oral disease. I cordially invite you to submit your work to this Special Issue to help to advance this very important field of research further.

Prof. Małgorzata Pihut
Dr. Andrzej Gala
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • temporomandibular disorder
  • TMD
  • diagnosis
  • etiology
  • treatment of TMD
  • botulinum toxin type A
  • physiotherapy
  • masticatory exercise

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 1828 KiB  
Article
The Application of Manual Techniques in Masticatory Muscles Relaxation as Adjunctive Therapy in the Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
by Piotr Urbański, Bartosz Trybulec and Małgorzata Pihut
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(24), 12970; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph182412970 - 08 Dec 2021
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6273
Abstract
Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are primarily characterized by pain as well as disorders concerning the proper functioning of individual elements of the stomatognathic system (SS). The aim of the study was to compare the degree of relaxation of the anterior part of the temporal [...] Read more.
Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are primarily characterized by pain as well as disorders concerning the proper functioning of individual elements of the stomatognathic system (SS). The aim of the study was to compare the degree of relaxation of the anterior part of the temporal muscles and the masseter muscles, achieved through the use of post-isometric relaxation and myofascial release methods in patients requiring prosthetic treatment due to temporomandibular joint disorders with a dominant muscular component. Sixty patients who met the inclusion criteria were alternately assigned to one of the two study groups, either group I—patients received post-isometric relaxation treatment (PIR), or group II—patients received myofascial release treatment (MR). The series of ten treatments were performed in both groups. The comparative assessment was based on physiotherapeutic examination, a surface electromyography (sEMG) of the anterior temporal and masseter muscles and the intensity of spontaneous masticatory muscle pain, assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). We observed a significant decrease in the electrical activity of examined muscles and a significant drop in the intensity of spontaneous pain in the masticatory muscles both in group I and II. There were no significant differences between groups. Both therapeutic methods may be used as successful forms of adjunctive therapy in the prosthetic treatment of TMD. The trial was registered with an international clinical trials register. Full article
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11 pages, 361 KiB  
Article
TMD in Females with Menstrual Disorders
by Bożena Jedynak, Marta Jaworska-Zaremba, Barbara Grzechocińska, Magdalena Chmurska, Justyna Janicka and Jolanta Kostrzewa-Janicka
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(14), 7263; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18147263 - 07 Jul 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2668
Abstract
Background: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a common reason for patients to present at dental offices. The majority of people with TMD are women between the age of 20 and 40 years. The purpose of this study was to assess the types and prevalence [...] Read more.
Background: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a common reason for patients to present at dental offices. The majority of people with TMD are women between the age of 20 and 40 years. The purpose of this study was to assess the types and prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in female patients of reproductive age with menstrual disorders. Materials and methods: The study involved 65 females of reproductive age (18–40 years, an average of 28.00 ± 6.27 years). The women who qualified for the study were patients of the University Center for Maternal and Newborn’s Health hospitalized because of infertility or menstrual cycle disorders. Women with confirmed estrogen metabolism disorders participated in a clinical study with the use of Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD). Results: In the studied female patients with menstrual disorders, temporomandibular disorders (92.3%) were frequent occurrences. The most common type was intra-articular joint disorders (68%). Other reported complaints included masticatory muscle pain (44.62%), and degenerative joint diseases (12.3%). Conclusions: 1. In women with menstrual disorders, TMD may exist. 2. In women with TMD symptoms, their medical history should be extended to include the diagnosis of female hormone disorders. Full article

Review

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9 pages, 1244 KiB  
Review
Sleep Bruxism in Children: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment—A Literature Review
by Sylwia Bulanda, Danuta Ilczuk-Rypuła, Aleksandra Nitecka-Buchta, Zuzanna Nowak, Stefan Baron and Lidia Postek-Stefańska
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(18), 9544; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18189544 - 10 Sep 2021
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 10545
Abstract
(1) Background: Bruxism, a condition characterized by grinding and involuntary clenching of the teeth, is a risk factor for the development of masticatory dysfunction. It can occur together with sleep disturbances and may be associated with abnormal body movements, breathing difficulties, increased muscle [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Bruxism, a condition characterized by grinding and involuntary clenching of the teeth, is a risk factor for the development of masticatory dysfunction. It can occur together with sleep disturbances and may be associated with abnormal body movements, breathing difficulties, increased muscle activity, and heart rate disturbances. This disorder is becoming an important dental concern in children. (2) Methods: A literature review was carried out based on a search in PubMed and Google Scholar databases for articles on bruxism in children, published between 2014 and 2021. The etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of bruxism in children were of particular interest in the study. (3) Results: A total of 40 articles were included in the review. The analyzed studies indicated that the prevalence rates of bruxism in children vary widely from 13% to 49%. The etiology of bruxism is complex and incomprehensible, and the main diagnostic criteria for this condition in children are subjective observation, clinical history, and clinical examination. The recommended therapy for sleep bruxism in children is physiotherapy and psychotherapy. (4) Conclusions: Dentists and primary care physicians should correctly diagnose bruxism in children, educate parents, prevent potential consequences for oral health, and identify possible comorbidities. Appropriate clinical guidelines for the treatment and prophylaxis of bruxism in children should also be developed. Full article
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Other

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19 pages, 1821 KiB  
Systematic Review
Intramuscular Injections and Dry Needling within Masticatory Muscles in Management of Myofascial Pain. Systematic Review of Clinical Trials
by Zuzanna Nowak, Maciej Chęciński, Aleksandra Nitecka-Buchta, Sylwia Bulanda, Danuta Ilczuk-Rypuła, Lidia Postek-Stefańska and Stefan Baron
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(18), 9552; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18189552 - 10 Sep 2021
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3949
Abstract
Background: Myofascial pain is an important cause of disability among the whole population, and it is a common symptom of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs). Its management techniques vary widely; however, in recent years, there has been a growing interest especially in needling therapies [...] Read more.
Background: Myofascial pain is an important cause of disability among the whole population, and it is a common symptom of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs). Its management techniques vary widely; however, in recent years, there has been a growing interest especially in needling therapies within masticatory muscles, due to their simplicity and effectiveness in pain reduction. Methods: The construction of the following study is based on PICOS and PRISMA protocols. A systematic literature search was conducted based on the PubMed and BASE search engines. Searching the abovementioned databases yielded a total of 367 articles. The screening procedure and analysis of full texts resulted in the inclusion of 28 articles for detailed analysis. Results: According to analyzed data, clinicians manage myofascial pain either with wet or dry needling therapies. The most thoroughly studied approach that prevails significantly within the clinical trials is injecting the botulinum toxin into the masseter and temporalis. Other common methods are the application of local anesthetics or dry needling; however, we notice the introduction of entirely new substances, such as platelet-rich plasma or collagen. In the analyzed articles, the target muscles for the needling therapies are most commonly localized by manual palpation although there are a variety of navigational support systems described: EMG, MRI or EIP electrotherapy equipment, which often aid the access to located deeper lateral and medial pterygoid muscle. Conclusions: Needling therapies within masticatory muscles provide satisfactory effects while being simple, safe and accessible procedures although there still is a need for high quality clinical trials investigating especially injections of non-Botox substances and needling within lateral and medial pterygoid muscles. Full article
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