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Biological Effects of Occupational and Environmental Exposures to Ionizing and...
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Biological Effects of Occupational and Environmental Exposures to Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiations: Exploring the Exposome

A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Public Health Statistics and Risk Assessment".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2022) | Viewed by 6868

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Enrico Oddone

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
Interests: occupational cancers; model of carcinogenesis; ionizing radiations; radioprotection; occupational medicine
Prof. Dr. Giuseppe Taino

E-Mail Website
Assistant Guest Editor
Occupational Medicine Unit (UOOML), ICS Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy
Interests: ionizing radiations; non-ionizing radiations; radioprotection; occupational exposures; industrial hygiene
Prof. Dr. Carlo M. Modonesi

E-Mail Website
Assistant Guest Editor
Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
Interests: socio-ecological determinants of cancer; occupational health risk; population-based cancer data; human biology; human-environment relationship

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Exposures to ionizing (IR) and non-ionizing (NIR) radiations are well-known risk factors and are treated as such, especially in occupational medicine. Despite the potential health hazard, wide sections of our population could (and, in a way, had to) be exposed to IR and NIR, both during their work and their everyday life. Thus, it emerges that the crucial issue is to understand if there are “safe” levels of exposure, and which the biological effects of the usual exposure levels detected in workplaces and living environments are. It should be considered that IR and NIR are involved, as a cause or con-cause, in the onset of several important illnesses, including various types of cancers. 

This Special Issue aims to present new contributions on the biological effects of occupational and environmental exposures to IR or NIR (including optical radiations and electromagnetic fields). We encourage submissions that characterize the health impacts of these risk factors, also considering mechanisms of evaluation of “safe” levels of exposure. We are also particularly interested in contributions that evaluate policies or interventions that may help to mitigate their impact. Finally, research that stresses the role that IR or NIR could play in new theories of carcinogenesis (i.e., not strictly related to DNA mutations) or that evaluates, in a broad sense, the ‘exposome’ is strongly encouraged.

Dr. Enrico Oddone
Prof. Giuseppe Taino
Prof. Carlo M. Modonesi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Ionizing radiations
  • Non-ionizing radiations
  • Radioprotection
  • Model of carcinogenesis
  • Biological effects
  • Electromagnetic fields
  • Ultraviolet radiations
  • Optical radiations
  • Health hazards
  • Exposome

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 1633 KiB  
Article
Measurement of Intermediate Frequency Magnetic Fields Generated by Household Induction Cookers for Epidemiological Studies and Development of an Exposure Estimation Model
by Takumi Kitajima, Joachim Schüz, Akemi Morita, Wakaha Ikeda, Hirokazu Tanaka, Kayo Togawa, Esteban C. Gabazza, Masao Taki, Kuniaki Toriyabe, Tomoaki Ikeda and Shigeru Sokejima
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(19), 11912; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191911912 - 21 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2729
Abstract
Introduction: Exposure assessment of intermediate frequency (IF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) is difficult and epidemiological studies are limited. In the present study, we aimed to estimate the exposure of pregnant women to IF-EMFs generated by induction cookers in the household using a questionnaire and [...] Read more.
Introduction: Exposure assessment of intermediate frequency (IF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) is difficult and epidemiological studies are limited. In the present study, we aimed to estimate the exposure of pregnant women to IF-EMFs generated by induction cookers in the household using a questionnaire and discussed its applicability to epidemiological studies. Method: Two main home-visit surveys were conducted: a Phase 1 survey to develop an estimation model and a Phase 2 survey to validate the model. The estimation model included the following variables: wattage, cookware diameter, and distance from the hob center (center of the stove). Four models were constructed to determine the importance of each variable and the general applicability for epidemiological studies. In addition, estimated exposure values were calculated based on the Phase 2 survey questionnaire responses and compared with the actual measured values using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Result: The average value of the magnetic field measured in the Phase 1 survey was 0.23 μT (variance: 0.13) at a horizontal distance of 30 cm at the height of the cooking table. The highest validity model was inputted distance from the hob center to the body surface that is variable (correlation coefficient = 0.54, 95% confidence interval: 0.22–0.75). No clear differences were identified in the correlation coefficients for each model (z-value: 0.09–0.18, p-value: 0.86–0.93). Discussion and Conclusions: No differences were found in the validity of the four models. This could be due to the biased wattage of the validation population, and for versatility it would be preferable to use three variables (distance, wattage, and estimation using the diameter of the cookware) whenever possible. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic measurement of magnetic fields generated by more than 70 induction cookers in a real household environment. This study will contribute to finding dose–response relationships in epidemiological studies of intermediate-frequency exposure without the use of instrumentation. One of the limitations of this study is it estimates instantaneous exposure in place during cooking only. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Effects of Occupational and Environmental Exposures to Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiations: Exploring the Exposome)
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11 pages, 1651 KiB  
Article
Assessment of the Exposure to Gradient Magnetic Fields Generated by MRI Tomographs: Measurement Method, Verification of Limits and Clearance Areas through a Web-Based Platform
by Riccardo Di Liberto, Daniele Andreuccetti, Moreno Comelli and Giancarlo Burriesci
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(7), 3475; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18073475 - 27 Mar 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1905
Abstract
This work is the result of a campaign of measures of exposure levels to magnetic field gradients (GMF) generated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tomographs, to which both healthcare staff and any persons accompanying patients who remain inside the magnet room are exposed [...] Read more.
This work is the result of a campaign of measures of exposure levels to magnetic field gradients (GMF) generated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tomographs, to which both healthcare staff and any persons accompanying patients who remain inside the magnet room are exposed while performing a diagnostic Investigation. The study was conducted on three MRI tomographs with a static magnetic induction field up to 1.5 T installed in two hospitals of Lombardy. The study aims to characterize electromagnetic emissions within the magnet room and the definition of a measurement method suitable for assessing the level of exposure of healthcare personnel and any persons accompanying patients. The measurements performed concerned the determination of the weighted peak index for magnetic induction, due to the diagnostic GMF, relating to the action levels for the workers and the reference levels for the general population, in force in the European Union. Thanks to the defined experimental setup, the use of two different measuring instruments, and the software resources of the WEBNIR platform, it was possible to identify, for both categories of exposed persons, the “clearance” space, i.e., the distance from the magnet of the tomograph that guarantees health protection concerning the exposure to GMF, according to the indications of the standards in force. The method used showed that the exposure levels to GMF are substantially safe for professionally exposed workers who do not carry specific risks. For workers particularly sensitive to the specific risk, as well as to individuals part of the population, it is however advisable to maintain a distance from the magnet of about one meter to prevent sensorial neuromuscular stimulation effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Effects of Occupational and Environmental Exposures to Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiations: Exploring the Exposome)
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Review

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14 pages, 1452 KiB  
Review
Ultraviolet Measurements and Photoclimatotherapy for Psoriasis at the Dead Sea: 25 Years of Experience
by Avraham I. Kudish, Efim G. Evseev, Guy Cohen and Marco Harari
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(19), 12364; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191912364 - 28 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1570
Abstract
Background: The Dead Sea basin is the lowest terrestrial site on the globe and is internationally recognized as a photoclimatotherapy center. Since the last century, questions were raised regarding a possible presence of unique incident ultraviolet irradiation, allowing the successful treatment of psoriasis, [...] Read more.
Background: The Dead Sea basin is the lowest terrestrial site on the globe and is internationally recognized as a photoclimatotherapy center. Since the last century, questions were raised regarding a possible presence of unique incident ultraviolet irradiation, allowing the successful treatment of psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and other dermatological diseases. Aim: This research study aims to determine the characteristics of solar ultraviolet irradiation and to understand the mechanism of action of photoclimatotherapy while applying results to clinical protocols of treatments. Methods: A meteorological station was established at the Dead Sea basin to continuously measure global, UVB and UVA irradiation. The same irradiation parameters are also monitored continuously by a set of identical ultraviolet irradiation instruments installed on the campus of the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in Beer Sheva. Results: This study details the results of these long-term measurements, as well as their correlation with the success obtained by clinicians treating psoriasis patients. Conclusions: A database of more than 25 years has enabled medical staff to establish tailor-made protocols for sun-exposure time intervals as a function of particular month and hour of day. The availability of such information significantly improved the results of photoclimatotherapy for psoriasis and simultaneously increased the safety of sun exposure at the Dead Sea. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Effects of Occupational and Environmental Exposures to Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiations: Exploring the Exposome)
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