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Physical Activity and Exercise in Osteosarcopenia

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A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2020) | Viewed by 14925

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Jacopo A. Vitale

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Guest Editor

IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy
Interests: sport; exercise; physical activity; sarcopenia; orthopedics; muscle physiology; sleep; chronobology; biological rhythms

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Locomotion, walking, and running are all part of our evolutionary history, and the sedentary lifestyle of the modern world betrays the evolutionary history encoded in our genes. For older adults, maintaining functional independence is a crucial factor to promoting a higher quality of life. Osteoporosis and sarcopenia impose an immense global burden through the costs of health and social services, and physical inactivity is responsible for many chronic diseases and musculoskeletal disorders, such as osteosarcopenia, and represents one of the main global risks for mortality. In this context, physical exercise is considered as a cornerstone for chronic disease prevention and management due to its beneficial effects on clinical outcomes, including many associated with ageing. Therefore, there is a need for the creation of clinical care pathways to prevent and counteract osteosarcopenia, possibly leading also to economic savings for national health systems.

The present Special Issue of the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) focuses on the relationship between sarcopenia/osteoporosis and physical activity in older adults. Research papers, reviews, and case reports are welcome. Papers dealing with new possible connections between sarcopenia/osteoporosis and lifestyle habits (e.g., the correct sleep behavior) are also welcome. Other accepted manuscript formats include methodological papers, position papers, brief reports, and commentaries.

Dr. Jacopo A. Vitale
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

physical activity
exercise
osteoporosis
sarcopenia
osteosarcopenia
lifestyle
risk of falls
muscle wasting
sleep

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 2802 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Home-Based Resistance Training for Older Subjects during the COVID-19 Outbreak in Italy: Preliminary Results of a Six-Months RCT

by Jacopo Antonino Vitale, Matteo Bonato, Stefano Borghi, Carmelo Messina, Domenico Albano, Sabrina Corbetta, Luca Maria Sconfienza and Giuseppe Banfi

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(24), 9533; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17249533 - 19 Dec 2020

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 7375

Abstract

Background. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a six-month home-based resistance-training program on muscle health and physical performance in healthy older subjects during the unique condition of home confinement caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. This was a randomized-controlled study that enrolled older participants that were allocated to either an experimental group performing the six-months exercise prescription (EXE) or a control group (CON). At the beginning (PRE), and after 6 months (POST), participants were assessed for muscle strength, balance, gait assessment and body composition by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging. Normality distribution of data was checked with the D’Agostino and Pearson test and changes between PRE and POST were assessed by paired Student’s t-test while percentage and absolute changes between groups at POST were tested by unpaired t-test. Results. Nine participants were included for the final analysis: EXE, n = 5 (age: 66 ± 4; BMI: 27.5 ± 3.7) and CON, n = 4 (age: 71 ± 9; BMI: 24.2 ± 4.1). Significant PRE-to-POST changes were observed in the EXE group only in the chair-stand test (+19.8%, p = 0.048 and ES:1.0, moderate) and in total fat mass (+5.0%, p = 0.035 and ES:1.4, large) with no between-group differences. Moreover, EXE had significantly higher absolute thigh CSA values than CON at POST (14.138 ± 2977 vs. 9039 ± 1015, p = 0.0178, ES = 1.7). No other within- and between-group differences were detected. Conclusions. The home-based resistance-training program during the lockdown period, caused by the COVID-19 outbreak, determined only within-group improvement in lower limb muscle strength but not in muscle mass and composition in older subjects. Home confinement may partially explain the increase in total body fat due to a reduced daily PA regime and altered diet pattern. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity and Exercise in Osteosarcopenia)

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10 pages, 314 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Early Osteoporosis Risks and Associated Factors among Caregivers Working in Disability Institutions: IOF One-Minute Osteoporosis Risk Check

by Lan-Ping Lin, Wei-Ju Lai, Shang-Wei Hsu and Jin-Ding Lin

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(9), 3319; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17093319 - 10 May 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2745

Abstract

This study employed the International Osteoporosis Foundation’s One-Minute Osteoporosis Risk Test to examine factors related to the osteoporosis risk of institutional caregivers. In this cross-sectional study, a self-developed structured questionnaire comprising the One-Minute Osteoporosis Risk Test was used to obtain data on the caregivers’ demographic data, health habits, working style, and osteoporosis risk. Seven disability welfare institutions were selected as research sites, and 465 copies of questionnaires were distributed to the institutions’ employees, with 455 valid responses collected for a valid return rate of 98%. SPSS for Windows (Version 20.0) was used to analyze questionnaire data; descriptive-statistical frequency, a χ² test, and logistic regression were used to determine the correlation between demographic data, health habits, working style, and osteoporosis risk. The results revealed that primary risk factors include <30 min of daily exercise (38%), lack of dairy product or calcium tablet intake (28%), and <10 min of daily outdoor activity or not taking vitamin D supplements (29.9%). In total, 395 (86.8%) of the respondents scored less than 5 in the osteoporosis risk test; the remaining 60 (13.2%) scored 5 or higher, revealing a high risk of early osteoporosis. An independent variable analysis revealed that the risk factors of early osteoporosis include age, education level, having undergone bone density tests, prior disease diagnosis, long-term medication use, physical fitness, dietary habits, and average time of exposure to sunlight. In the multivariate analysis, poor physical fitness (odds ratio [OR] = 2.18, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12–4.27, p = 0.023) and average daily time of exposure to sunlight (OR = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.59–2.59, p < 0.001) were significantly correlated with osteoporosis risk. In other words, respondents with poor physical fitness were 2.18 times as likely to have osteoporosis as those with good physical fitness, and those exposed to sunlight for 30 min or longer every day were 0.24 times as likely to have osteoporosis as those exposed to sunlight for less than 30 min every day. Accordingly, institutions must encourage employees to spend more time in the sun every day and improve their physical fitness through exercise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity and Exercise in Osteosarcopenia)

Review

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14 pages, 701 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Physical Activity for the Management of Sarcopenia in People Living with HIV

by Matteo Bonato, Filippo Turrini, Laura Galli, Giuseppe Banfi and Paola Cinque

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(4), 1283; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17041283 - 17 Feb 2020

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4184

Abstract

Sarcopenia is a physiopathological process associated with aging, caused by reduction of muscle strength, muscle quality and physical performance, and associated with an increased risk of falls, physical disability and premature death. There is no effective treatment for sarcopenia, but physical exercise seems to be highly effective at counteracting the decline in muscle mass and strength associated with aging. Recently, sarcopenia has been recognized as an emerging issue in people living with HIV (PLWH). Despite adequate treatment with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), PLWH may exhibit an early occurrence of some aging-related conditions, including sarcopenia, frailty and falls, and this is likely resulting from high rates of comorbidities, high-risk behaviours, chronic immune activation and cART-specific factors. In this review, we discuss the potential mechanisms and the clinical relevance of sarcopenia in PLWH, and present data from longitudinal studies of physical activity in this population. Despite none of these studies having specifically addressed the benefits of physical exercise on sarcopenia, there is evidence that exercise is effective to increase aerobic capacity and muscle strength, and to improve body composition and inflammatory outcomes in PLWH. Therefore, the expected benefits of physical exercise are likely to translate into a successful and specific intervention for prevention and treatment of sarcopenia in this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity and Exercise in Osteosarcopenia)

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