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Effects of Prenatal Smoking/Nicotine Exposure on Child Health
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Effects of Prenatal Smoking/Nicotine Exposure on Child Health

A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 March 2021) | Viewed by 18966

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Mikael Ekblad

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of General Practice, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20014 Turku, Finland
Interests: prenatal smoking/nicotine exposure; gene-environment interplay; epigenetics; fetal and child development; maternal health; parental-fetal/child attachment
Prof. Dr. Ivan Berlin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pharmacology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, France
Interests: tobacco and electronic nicotine delivery systems’ use; smoking cessation; clinical trials; COVID-19
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Julie Blanc

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nord Hospital, APHM, Chemin des Bourrely, 13015 Marseille, France
2. EA3279, CEReSS, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, Aix-Marseille University, 13284 Marseille, France
Interests: obstetrics; maternal morbidity; pregnancy’s pathology; neonatal morbidity; maternal and child heath

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are organizing a Special Issue on the Effects of Prenatal Smoking/Nicotine Exposure on Child Health in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. The venue is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes articles and communications in the interdisciplinary area of environmental health sciences and public health. The most recent Impact Factor of the journal is 2.468. For detailed information on the journal, please go to https://0-www-mdpi-com.brum.beds.ac.uk/journal/ijerph.

The prevalence of smoking during pregnancy remains fairly common, as 6% to 30% of pregnant women smoke in developed countries. The prevalence is even higher in certain groups, such as among teenagers, of which over 50% smoke during pregnancy. Smoking increases the risk for pregnancy complications, compromises fetal health, and has negative effects on the child’s long-term health. Prenatal smoking exposure predisposes the fetus to thousands of toxic compounds. Nicotine replacement therapies are approved in some countries to help pregnant smokers quit, but their long-term effects are unknown. Despite a decreasing trend of smoking prevalence during pregnancy, the use of alternative nicotine delivery systems seems to be increasing during pregnancy.

This Special Issue aims to bring together the latest research on the influence of prenatal smoking/nicotine exposure on child health. Original clinical studies, epidemiological studies, meta-analyses, and review articles will be considered. Papers using genetically sensitive designs or studying the health consequences of vaping or nicotine replacement therapy during pregnancy will be especially welcome.

The keywords listed below provide an outline of some of the possible areas of interest.

Dr. Mikael Ekblad
Prof. Dr. Ivan Berlin
Dr. Julie Blanc
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Prenatal exposure
  • Smoking
  • Pregnancy
  • Nicotine
  • Nicotine replacement therapy
  • Vaping
  • Health consequences
  • Child and adolescent health
  • Child development
  • Genetically informed designs

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 255 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue on the Effects of Prenatal Smoking/Nicotine Exposure on the Child’s Health
by Mikael O. Ekblad, Julie Blanc and Ivan Berlin
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(10), 5465; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18105465 - 20 May 2021
Viewed by 1898
Abstract
Smoking increases the risk of negative pregnancy and perinatal outcomes and may have negative effects on a child’s short and long-term health [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Prenatal Smoking/Nicotine Exposure on Child Health)

Research

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13 pages, 904 KiB  
Article
Effect of Grandmaternal Smoking on Body Size and Proportions at Birth
by Isabell Katharina Rumrich, Otto Hänninen, Matti Viluksela and Kirsi Vähäkangas
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(9), 4985; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18094985 - 07 May 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2137
Abstract
Many long-term adverse effects of smoking during pregnancy are known. Increasingly, adverse effects in the grandchild after grandmaternal smoking during pregnancy are reported. We explored this in a birth cohort of 24,000 grandmother–mother–child triads identified from the Finnish Medical Birth Register in 1991–2016. [...] Read more.
Many long-term adverse effects of smoking during pregnancy are known. Increasingly, adverse effects in the grandchild after grandmaternal smoking during pregnancy are reported. We explored this in a birth cohort of 24,000 grandmother–mother–child triads identified from the Finnish Medical Birth Register in 1991–2016. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the association between any smoking during pregnancy by both grandmother and mother, or only grandmother or mother on adverse birth outcomes. No smoking by neither grandmother nor mother was used as the reference. As endpoints, preterm birth, low birth weight, small for gestational age (birth weight, birth length, head circumference), and body proportionality (low ponderal index, high brain-to-body ratio, high head-to-length ratio) were included. Smoking by both grandmother and mother was consistently associated with higher risks than smoking only by the mother. Birth length and weight were especially sensitive to (grand)maternal smoking. In conclusion, the combined effect of grandmaternal and maternal smoking is associated with higher risks than only maternal smoking. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Prenatal Smoking/Nicotine Exposure on Child Health)
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14 pages, 988 KiB  
Article
Smoking Cessation during the Second Half of Pregnancy Prevents Low Birth Weight among Australian Born Babies in Regional New South Wales
by Pramesh Raj Ghimire, Julie Mooney, Louise Fox and Lorraine Dubois
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(7), 3417; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18073417 - 25 Mar 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3820
Abstract
Smoking during pregnancy is a modifiable risk behavior of adverse health outcomes including low birth weight (LBW), and LBW is a key marker of newborns immediate and future health. This study aimed to examine the association between smoking cessation during the second half [...] Read more.
Smoking during pregnancy is a modifiable risk behavior of adverse health outcomes including low birth weight (LBW), and LBW is a key marker of newborns immediate and future health. This study aimed to examine the association between smoking cessation during the second half of pregnancy and LBW among babies born in Southern New South Wales Local Health District (SNSWLHD). Routinely collected perinatal data on singleton live births for the period 2011–2019 in five public hospitals of SNSWLHD were utilized. Multivariate logistic regression models were fitted to examine the association between smoking cessation during the second half of pregnancy and LBW. Analyses showed that mothers who ceased smoking during the second half of pregnancy were 44% less likely to have LBW babies (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.56; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.34, 0.94) compared to those who continued smoking throughout pregnancy. Mothers who reported an average daily dose of 1–10 or >10 cigarettes during the second half of pregnancy were significantly more likely to have babies with LBW than those who ceased smoking during the second half of pregnancy. Early identification of smoking behavior and promotion of smoking-cessation intervention for risk populations including pregnant women within the older age bracket (35–49 years) is imperative to reduce LBW. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Prenatal Smoking/Nicotine Exposure on Child Health)
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12 pages, 334 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Smoking during Pregnancy on Severity and Directionality of Externalizing and Internalizing Symptoms: A Genetically Informed Approach
by Mikael O. Ekblad, Kristine Marceau, Emily Rolan, Rohan H. C. Palmer, Alexandre Todorov, Andrew C. Heath and Valerie S. Knopik
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(21), 7921; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17217921 - 28 Oct 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1954
Abstract
The objective was to examine the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy (SDP) and (I) severity and (II) directionality of externalizing and internalizing symptoms in a sample of sibling pairs while rigorously controlling for familial confounds. The Missouri Mothers and Their Children Study [...] Read more.
The objective was to examine the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy (SDP) and (I) severity and (II) directionality of externalizing and internalizing symptoms in a sample of sibling pairs while rigorously controlling for familial confounds. The Missouri Mothers and Their Children Study is a family study (N = 173 families) with sibling pairs (aged 7 to 16 years) who are discordant for exposure to SDP. This sibling comparison study is designed to disentangle the effects of SDP from familial confounds. An SDP severity score was created for each child using a combination of SDP indicators (timing, duration, and amount). Principal component analysis of externalizing and internalizing behavior, assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist and Teacher Report Form, was used to create symptom severity and directionality scores. The variance in severity and directionality scores was primarily a function of differences between siblings (71% and 85%, respectively) rather than differences across families (29% and 15%, respectively). The severity score that combines externalizing and internalizing symptom severity was not associated with SDP. However, a significant within-family effect of SDP on symptom directionality (b = 0.07, p = 0.04) was observed in the sibling comparison model. The positive directionality score indicates that SDP is associated with differentiation of symptoms towards externalizing rather than internalizing symptoms after controlling for familial confounds with a sibling comparison model. This supports a potentially causal relationship between SDP and externalizing behavior. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Prenatal Smoking/Nicotine Exposure on Child Health)

Review

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19 pages, 378 KiB  
Review
Epigenetic Alterations of Maternal Tobacco Smoking during Pregnancy: A Narrative Review
by Aurélie Nakamura, Olivier François and Johanna Lepeule
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(10), 5083; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18105083 - 11 May 2021
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 4618
Abstract
In utero exposure to maternal tobacco smoking is the leading cause of birth complications in addition to being associated with later impairment in child’s development. Epigenetic alterations, such as DNA methylation (DNAm), miRNAs expression, and histone modifications, belong to possible underlying mechanisms linking [...] Read more.
In utero exposure to maternal tobacco smoking is the leading cause of birth complications in addition to being associated with later impairment in child’s development. Epigenetic alterations, such as DNA methylation (DNAm), miRNAs expression, and histone modifications, belong to possible underlying mechanisms linking maternal tobacco smoking during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes and later child’s development. The aims of this review were to provide an update on (1) the main results of epidemiological studies on the impact of in utero exposure to maternal tobacco smoking on epigenetic mechanisms, and (2) the technical issues and methods used in such studies. In contrast with miRNA and histone modifications, DNAm has been the most extensively studied epigenetic mechanism with regard to in utero exposure to maternal tobacco smoking. Most studies relied on cord blood and children’s blood, but placenta is increasingly recognized as a powerful tool, especially for markers of pregnancy exposures. Some recent studies suggest reversibility in DNAm in certain genomic regions as well as memory of smoking exposure in DNAm in other regions, upon smoking cessation before or during pregnancy. Furthermore, reversibility could be more pronounced in miRNA expression compared to DNAm. Increasing evidence based on longitudinal data shows that maternal smoking-associated DNAm changes persist during childhood. In this review, we also discuss some issues related to cell heterogeneity as well as downstream statistical analyses used to relate maternal tobacco smoking during pregnancy and epigenetics. The epigenetic effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy have been among the most widely investigated in the epigenetic epidemiology field. However, there are still huge gaps to fill in, including on the impact on miRNA expression and histone modifications to get a better view of the whole epigenetic machinery. The consistency of maternal tobacco smoking effects across epigenetic marks and across tissues will also provide crucial information for future studies. Advancement in bioinformatic and biostatistics approaches is key to develop a comprehensive analysis of these biological systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Prenatal Smoking/Nicotine Exposure on Child Health)
11 pages, 473 KiB  
Review
Nicotine Replacement Therapy during Pregnancy and Child Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review
by Julie Blanc, Barthélémy Tosello, Mikael O. Ekblad, Ivan Berlin and Antoine Netter
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(8), 4004; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18084004 - 11 Apr 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3517
Abstract
Tobacco smoking in pregnancy is a worldwide public health problem. A majority of pregnant smokers need assistance to stop smoking. Most scientific societies recommend nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) during pregnancy but this recommendation remains controversial because of the known fetal toxicity of nicotine. [...] Read more.
Tobacco smoking in pregnancy is a worldwide public health problem. A majority of pregnant smokers need assistance to stop smoking. Most scientific societies recommend nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) during pregnancy but this recommendation remains controversial because of the known fetal toxicity of nicotine. The objective of this systematic review was to provide an overview of human studies about child health outcomes associated with NRT use during pregnancy. The electronic databases MEDLINE, the Cochrane Database, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from the inception of each database until 26 December 2020. A total of 103 articles were identified through database searching using combination of keywords. Out of 75 screened articles and after removal of duplicates, ten full-text articles were assessed for eligibility and five were included in the qualitative synthesis. NRT prescription seems to be associated with higher risk of infantile colic at 6 months as in case of smoking during pregnancy, and with risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. No association between NRT during pregnancy and other infant health disorders or major congenital anomalies has been reported. Well-designed controlled clinical trials with sufficient follows-up are needed to provide more information on the use of NRT or other pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation during pregnancy on post-natal child health outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Prenatal Smoking/Nicotine Exposure on Child Health)
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