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A topical collection in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This collection belongs to the section "Behavioral and Mental Health".

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Editors

Prof. Dr. Karen Spruyt

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Collection Editor

NeuroDiderot, INSERM, Université de Paris, 75019 Paris, France
Interests: developmental neuropsychology; sleep disorders; neuroscience; statistics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Patricio Peirano

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Collection Editor

Sleep Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Macul, Santiago 7830489, Chile
Interests: sleep development throughout the lifespan; sleep/nutrition interaction; sleep medicine; sleep and cognitive performance; automated processing of sleep patterns
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Topical Collection Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to invite you to contribute to this Topical Collection focusing on a child’s sleep. A young child engages in sleeping activities more than in any other activity during the 24-hour cycle. However, what constitutes sleep behavior and sleep patterns suitable for a child’s development remain open questions.

Many disorders occur in both children and adults, and may have similar features, but some sleep behaviors might be uniquely disturbed during childhood. Examples of these pediatric sleep disorders are cot death, inappropriate sleep transition schedules or certain parasomnias that are more prevalent in childhood years. At the same time, studies are progressively showing that in our 21^st century society, children are not obtaining the sleep appropriate for their stages of development. Nonetheless, the scientific community unraveling the role of sleep in a child’s development remains challenged. That is, a growing body of studies discusses the benefits of sleep and the downsides of poor sleep, but important questions worthy of our consideration remain unanswered; e.g., What are the age-related differences in sleep physiology? What are the age-related differences in sleep behaviors? What is normal versus abnormal across child development? What are culturally adept caregiver-child sleep interactions? Which assessment, treatment and management of sleep disorders is best tailored to the needs of a developing child?

In addition, to date, a growing body of studies suggest that sleep-related pathology may cause, mimic, or exacerbate daytime symptomatology across development. Vividly investigated is the impact of poor sleep on cognitive development and school performance, with reported effect sizes ranging from 0.05 to 0.35 denoting the unignorable association. Other developmental domains may have been overshadowed by this interest in learning and memory capacity during childhood, but are equally relevant to a child’s growth.

The aim of this Topical Collection is, therefore, to increase our understanding of the role of sleep in children. Studies investigating the outcomes of poor sleep, the impact of poor health on a child’s sleep, as well as environmental influences (e.g., family, sleep environment) on a child’s sleep are solicited. Similarly, studies on the treatment or management of pediatric sleep disorders, or new devices and apps to track or monitor their sleep are welcomed.

This Topical Collection invites manuscripts reporting original research and reviews, investigating the sleep of children—newborns, infants, toddlers, school-aged children and adolescents.

You may choose our Joint Topical Collection in Children.

Prof. Dr. Karen Spruyt
Prof. Dr. Patricio Peirano
Collection Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the collection website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

polysomnography
sleep epidemiology
sleep behaviors
child development
sleep tool
sleep treatment
sleep health
cognition
socio-emotional behavior
sleep disorders

Published Papers (13 papers)

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2024

Jump to: 2023, 2022, 2021

14 pages, 303 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Practices and Awareness Regarding an Infant’s Sleep Environment among Japanese Caregivers: A Cross-Sectional Survey

by Ayako Himemiya-Hakucho, Ayumi Taketani, Aoi Nakagawa, Hiroki Sakai, Azumi Shigemoto and Izumi Takase

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(4), 471; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph21040471 - 12 Apr 2024

Viewed by 588

Abstract

Preventing sudden, unexpected infant death related to sleep, especially suffocation and sudden infant death syndrome, remains challenging globally. To evaluate factors associated with an unsafe sleep environment (SE) for infants in Japan, this cross-sectional study investigated the current status of practices and awareness among caregivers about a safe SE. Two hundred and fifty-four caregivers of infants in Yamaguchi Prefecture participated. Among the caregivers, 96.0% could not thoroughly practice a safe SE, although 65.0% had knowledge about a safe SE. More unsafe SE practices were significantly associated with 8- to 11-month-old infants than with 0- to 3-month-old infants, using the same practice as for an older child than with accessing information or a familiar person than with mass media as the most useful source of information. The differences in having knowledge were not associated with their practice. Many caregivers obtained information about an infant’s SE from mass media and a familiar person. They preferred education via a face-to-face method by medical experts to raise awareness about a safe SE. Thus, efforts need to be developed in Japan in which experts who directly attend to caregivers can truly educate them to ensure that caregivers are continuously aware of the importance of an SE. Full article

2023

Jump to: 2024, 2022, 2021

12 pages, 372 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Parental Sleep and Experiences Related to COVID-19 on Sleep in Children and Adolescents between 2020 and 2021 in Brazil

by Samanta Andresa Richter, Luísa Basso Schilling, Clarissa Ferraz-Rodrigues, Nathália Fritsch Camargo and Magda Lahorgue Nunes

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(3), 2638; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph20032638 - 01 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1259

Abstract

The study aimed to evaluate the influence of parental sleep and experiences related to COVID-19 on sleep changes in children and adolescents in the period between 2020 and 2021 in Brazil and further compare the sleep of adults with and without children. This is a longitudinal web-survey study. Participants were invited to respond to a questionnaire regarding sleep characteristics, mental health issues, and work/lifestyle modifications in two waves of the pandemic (April–July 2020 and 2021). A total of 1172 adults answered both questionnaires, and 281 were dyads (parent–child/adolescent). Parent and non-parent adult responders had similar sociodemographic data, with a predominance of the female sex and self-declared white skin color prevailing along with higher levels of education in both groups. The prevalence of sleep problems in adults varied from 20.6% to 30.2% in the parent group and from 16.9% to 30.1% in non-parents. The prevalence of sleep problems in children and adolescents raised from 2020 to 2021 (respectively, 48% and 49.5%) but differences were not statistically significant. The multivariate logistic model showed in both years that changes in children’s/adolescents’ sleep was related to parents working at home, infected family/friends, time of exposure to COVID-19, and daytime sleep dysfunction. Our data showed that parental sleep and experiences related to COVID-19 influenced sleep changes in children and adolescents. Parents had a significant difference in daytime sleepiness compared to the group without children. Full article

8 pages, 582 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Maternal Differentiation of Self and Toddlers’ Sleep: The Mediating Role of Nighttime Involvement

by Tamar Simon and Anat Scher

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(3), 1714; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph20031714 - 17 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1059

Abstract

Good sleep is essential for optimal development and adaptive functioning. Hence, identifying the factors that shape sleep quality is important. Based on the transactional model of sleep development and drawing on Bowen’s concept of differentiation of self (DoS), the present study examined the interrelations between sleep-related parental behavior, child’s sleep quality, and mothers’ DoS. A community sample of 130 mothers of 24- to 36-month-old children completed the DoS instrument and sleep questionnaires. Lower maternal DoS levels were associated with higher parental sleep-related involvement, both at bedtime and through the course of the night. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), a path analysis model indicates that maternal sleep-related involvement functions as a mediator through which the differentiation of self is related to the sleep characteristics of toddlers. As the links between parenting practices and child sleep reflect bi-directional associations, the conclusion that can be drawn from the present data is that relational aspects, such as those defined and measured by the construct of DoS, contribute to sleep–wake regulation beyond infancy. The data suggest that this construct should be considered in intervention research. Full article

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2022

Jump to: 2024, 2023, 2021

19 pages, 1046 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Noise Exposure and Sleep Habits among Children in a Cohort from Northern Spain

by Ane Arregi, Aitana Lertxundi, Oscar Vegas, Gonzalo García-Baquero, Jesus Ibarluzea, Asier Anabitarte, Ziortza Barroeta, Alba Jimeno-Romero, Mikel Subiza-Pérez and Nerea Lertxundi

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(23), 16321; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph192316321 - 06 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1861

Abstract

Environmental noise is considered the second most serious environmental risk factor in Europe. However, little evidence exists regarding its impact on health and sleep in children, and the results are inconclusive. In this study, we aim to analyse the effect of environmental noise exposure on 11-year-old children’s sleep habits. Data were collected from 377 participants in the INMA-Gipuzkoa (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) cohort project using both parent-reported and actigraphic sleep measures. The results revealed that 60% of children have a day-evening-night environmental noise exposure (L_den) of above 55 dB, which is defined as a “high noise level”. No differences in noise exposure were observed between different socioeconomic groups. However, no effect of environmental noise was found on sleep variables. The paper highlights the importance of studying how environmental noise may affect children’s sleep. Full article

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11 pages, 537 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temporal Associations between Actigraphy-Measured Daytime Movement Behaviors and Nap Sleep in Early Childhood

by Christine W. St. Laurent, Jennifer F. Holmes and Rebecca M. C. Spencer

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(22), 15308; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph192215308 - 19 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1074

Abstract

The purpose of this micro-longitudinal study was to explore daily associations between daytime movement behaviors (sedentary time and physical activity) and nap sleep in young children. In 298 children (age = 51.0 ± 9.6 months, 43.6% female), wrist-based actigraphy (mean wear time = 10 days) assessed sedentary time, total physical activity, and provided an estimate of nap sleep duration and efficiency. Multilevel logistic and linear regression models were used to examine temporal within-person relations between wake behaviors and nap sleep, and adjusted for overnight sleep duration between days of interest, age, sex, and socioeconomic status. Movement behaviors were not related to the likelihood of next-day napping, but when children were less sedentary (OR = 0.96; p < 0.001) or more active (OR = 1.01; p = 0.001) in the morning, they were more likely to nap that same day. Movement behaviors were not associated with nap sleep duration or efficiency. Conversely, on days children napped, they were less sedentary (B = −2.09, p < 0.001) and more active (B = 25.8, p < 0.001) the following day. Though napping and movement behaviors had some reciprocal relations, effect sizes in the present study were small. Further studies should examine children with more diverse sleep health and from different childcare settings. Full article

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14 pages, 538 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parents’ Experiences of Direct and Indirect Implications of Sleep Quality on the Health of Children with ADHD: A Qualitative Study

by Ulrika Harris, Petra Svedberg, Katarina Aili, Jens M. Nygren and Ingrid Larsson

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(22), 15099; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph192215099 - 16 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2114

Abstract

Sleep problems represent a significant challenge for children with ADHD. However, lack of knowledge about how sleep affects children with ADHD in terms of their health and everyday life prevents the development and implementation of interventions to promote sleep. The aim of this study was to explore parents’ experiences of direct and indirect implications of sleep quality on the health of children with ADHD. The study used an abductive qualitative design, with Tengland’s two-dimensional theory of health as a deductive analysis framework. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 parents of children aged 6–13 with ADHD and sleep problems. The parents experienced that sleep influenced their children’s abilities to control emotional behaviour related to ADHD and to manage everyday life. Sleep also had an impact on the children’s well-being, in relation to both vitality and self-esteem. In conclusion, the results show important direct and indirect implications of sleep quality on the health of children with ADHD. This implies a need for greater focus on sleep, to target both abilities and well-being in promoting health among children with ADHD. Full article

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10 pages, 357 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Sleep Patterns from Childhood to Adolescence in Vigilant Attention

by Efrat Barel and Orna Tzischinsky

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(21), 14432; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph192114432 - 04 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1225

Abstract

Only a few studies addressed age-related changes from childhood to adolescence in sleep patterns, sleepiness, and attention. Vigilant attention plays a key role in cognitive performance. While its nature and course have been investigated broadly among adults, only limited research has been conducted on its development between childhood and adolescence. The main aim of the current study was to replicate previous findings about the effects of sleep loss on age-related changes in vigilance attention performance and sleepiness in a natural setting. A total of 104 children and adolescents (46 children aged 6–9 and 58 adolescents aged 13–19) wore an actigraph for a continuous five to seven nights, including weekdays and weekends. Subjective sleepiness (Karolinska Sleepiness Scale) and a Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT-B) were measured on two school days and one non-school day. Findings showed that PVT-B performance differed by age group, with adolescents outperforming children in PVT-B measures in spite of their elevated subjective sleepiness. Adolescents demonstrated less sleep time and increased sleepiness. Although PVT-B performance was better among adolescents, a within-subject analysis revealed that adolescents performed better on PVT measures on weekends than on weekdays. The results are discussed in relation to the synaptic elimination model. Full article

21 pages, 485 KiB

Open AccessReview

Rapid Eye Movement Sleep during Early Life: A Comprehensive Narrative Review

by Hai-Lin Chen, Jin-Xian Gao, Yu-Nong Chen, Jun-Fan Xie, Yu-Ping Xie, Karen Spruyt, Jian-Sheng Lin, Yu-Feng Shao and Yi-Ping Hou

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(20), 13101; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph192013101 - 12 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1930

Abstract

The ontogenetic sleep hypothesis suggested that rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is ontogenetically primitive. Namely, REM sleep plays an imperative role in the maturation of the central nervous system. In coincidence with a rapidly developing brain during the early period of life, a remarkably large amount of REM sleep has been identified in numerous behavioral and polysomnographic studies across species. The abundant REM sleep appears to serve to optimize a cerebral state suitable for homeostasis and inherent neuronal activities favorable to brain maturation, ranging from neuronal differentiation, migration, and myelination to synaptic formation and elimination. Progressively more studies in Mammalia have provided the underlying mechanisms involved in some REM sleep-related disorders (e.g., narcolepsy, autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)). We summarize the remarkable alterations of polysomnographic, behavioral, and physiological characteristics in humans and Mammalia. Through a comprehensive review, we offer a hybrid of animal and human findings, demonstrating that early-life REM sleep disturbances constitute a common feature of many neurodevelopmental disorders. Our review may assist and promote investigations of the underlying mechanisms, functions, and neurodevelopmental diseases involved in REM sleep during early life. Full article

9 pages, 610 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Breastfeeding and Maternal Perceptions of Infant Sleep, Settle and Cry Patterns in the First 9 Months

by Sharon Lisa Perrella, Alice Dix-Matthews, Julie Williams, Alethea Rea and Donna Tracy Geddes

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(20), 13098; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph192013098 - 12 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1415

Abstract

This study evaluated relationships between maternal perceptions of infant sleep, settling and crying patterns and breastfeeding. A prospective observational study of 91 mothers of healthy, term infants was conducted with follow ups over 9 months after discharge from a Western Australian maternity hospital. Feeding information, sleep, settle and cry behaviours, maternal bother at infant behaviours and confidence were measured using the Sleep and Settle Questionnaire. Breastfeeding confidence was measured using the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale—Short Form. Questionnaires were administered at 2 and 6 weeks, 3, 6 and 9 months. Linear mixed models were used to assess associations between maternal bother, feeding method and infant characteristics. The feeding method was not associated with maternal bother, and cessation of breastfeeding did not result in a change in bother scores (p = 0.34). Duration of infant crying in the day, evening and night, frequency of night waking and duration of settling to sleep in the day were associated with increased bother scores. Higher breastfeeding self-efficacy and maternal confidence were associated with lower bother scores (both p < 0.01). Maternal bother is associated with infant behaviours that require parental input, but not breastfeeding status. Resources that address parental expectations regarding infant sleep while providing strategies to support maternal wellbeing and breastfeeding are needed. Full article

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13 pages, 367 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sleep Respiratory Disturbances in Girls with Rett Syndrome

by Xinyan Zhang, Marcel Smits, Leopold Curfs and Karen Spruyt

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(20), 13082; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph192013082 - 12 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1458

Abstract

Individuals with Rett Syndrome (RTT), a rare neurodevelopmental disorder, present disordered breathing during wakefulness. Whilst findings on breathing during sleep are contradictory, the relation between sleep breathing and their clinical features, genetic characteristics, age, and sleep phase is rarely investigated, which is the objective of this study. Overnight polysomnography (PSG) was performed. Sleep macrostructure parameters were compared between the RTT subjects with and without sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). The association between the apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) with age at PSG was tested. Particularly for RTT subjects with SDB, the respiratory indexes in REM and NREM sleep were compared. Stratified analyses per clinical characteristics, genetic characteristics, and clinical features’ severity were performed. Non-parametric statistics were applied. A sample of 11 female RTT subjects, aged 8.69 ± 5.29 years with ten confirmed with MECP2 mutations, were studied. The average AHI was 3.94 ± 1.19/h TST, of which eight (72.73%) had obstructive sleep apnea, i.e., six in 1/h TST ≤ AHI ≤ 5/h TST, and two in AHI > 5/h TST. The mean SpO₂% was 81.00 ± 35.15%. The AHI was not significantly correlated with their age at PSG (r_s = −0.15, p = 0.67). Sleep macrostructure in SDB-absent and SDB-present groups was not different. Respiratory indexes in those with obstructive sleep apnea showed no difference between REM and NREM sleep nor any of the strata. In our clinical sample, more than half of the RTT subjects with MECP2 mutations had obstructive sleep apnea in both NREM and REM sleep which was unrelated to their clinical features. Our results also indicated hypoxemia throughout nocturnal sleep in RTT. To conclude, our results suggest that disordered breathing during sleep is prevalently present in RTT as an independent clinical feature. Full article

11 pages, 617 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Frequent Smartphone Use on Sleep Problems in Children under 7 Years of Age in Korea: A 4-Year Longitudinal Study

by Sangha Lee, Sungju Kim, Sujin Yang and Yunmi Shin

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(16), 10252; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191610252 - 18 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1782

Abstract

The use of electronic screen devices has a negative effect on sleep. The purpose of this study is to longitudinally examine the effects of various screen use on sleep problems in children under 7 years of age. A total of 314 caregivers of children aged 4–7 years from three cities in Korea were recruited and responded to a self-administered questionnaire from 2017 to 2020. As a result of the analysis of the mixed model designed as a two-leveled structure, the use frequency of smartphones significantly predicted children’s sleep problems (β = 0.328, p < 0.001) compared to that of TV, PC, and tablet PC. In addition, the frequency of smartphone screen use showed a weak but significant correlation with bedtime resistance (r = 0.067, p = 0.009), sleep duration (r = 0.089, p <0.001), nighttime awakening (r = 0.066, p = 0.010), and daytime sleepiness (r = 0.102, p < 0.001). The results of this study suggest that screen time education in Korea should focus on smartphones above all else. Full article

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18 pages, 988 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intergenerational Effects of Discrimination on Black American Children’s Sleep Health

by Madeleine F. Cohen, Anne L. Dunlop, Dayna A. Johnson, Alexis Dunn Amore, Elizabeth J. Corwin and Patricia A. Brennan

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4021; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19074021 - 28 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1895

Abstract

Greater exposure to racial/ethnic discrimination among pregnant Black American women is associated with elevated prenatal depressive symptomatology, poorer prenatal sleep quality, and poorer child health outcomes. Given the transdiagnostic importance of early childhood sleep health, we examined associations between pregnant women’s lifetime exposure to racial/ethnic discrimination and their two-year-old children’s sleep health. We also examined women’s gendered racial stress as a predictor variable. In exploratory analyses, we examined prenatal sleep quality and prenatal depressive symptoms as potential mediators of the prior associations. We utilized data from a sample of Black American women and children (n = 205). Women self-reported their lifetime experiences of discrimination during early pregnancy, their sleep quality and depressive symptoms during mid-pregnancy, and their children’s sleep health at age two. Hierarchical linear multiple regression models were fit to examine direct associations between women’s experiences of discrimination and children’s sleep health. We tested our mediation hypotheses using a parallel mediator model. Higher levels of gendered racial stress, but not racial/ethnic discrimination, were directly associated with poorer sleep health in children. Higher levels of racial/ethnic discrimination were indirectly associated with poorer sleep health in children, via women’s prenatal depressive symptomatology, but not prenatal sleep quality. Clinical efforts to mitigate the effects of discrimination on Black American women may benefit women’s prenatal mental health and their children’s sleep health. Full article

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2021

Jump to: 2024, 2023, 2022

13 pages, 3036 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Pathways Linking to Sleep Habits among Children and Adolescents: A Complete Survey at Setagaya-ku, Tokyo

by Shingo Noi, Akiko Shikano, Ryo Tanaka, Kosuke Tanabe, Natsuko Enomoto, Tetsuhiro Kidokoro, Naoko Yamada and Mari Yoshinaga

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(12), 6309; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18126309 - 10 Jun 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3051

Abstract

It has been noted that Japanese children sleep the least in the world, and this has become a major social issue. This study examined the pathways linked to sleep habits (SH) among children and adolescents. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted in March 2019 on children and their parents at all 63 public elementary and 29 public junior high schools in Setagaya-ku, Tokyo. For the analysis, 22,385 pairs of children–parent responses (valid response rate: 68.8%) with no missing data were used. This survey collected data on SH, physical activity (PA), screen time (ST) for the child, and lifestyle and neighborhood social capital (NSC) for the parents. Moreover, the pathways linking ‘NSC’ → ‘parental lifestyle’ → ‘child’s PA/ST’ →‘child’s SH’ were examined through structural equation modeling. The results indicated that children’s SH were affected by their PA and ST and influenced by the lifestyle of their parents and the NSC that surrounds them. Thus, we concluded that it is necessary to provide direct interventions and take additional measures with regard to parent lifestyle and their NSC to solve persistent sleep problems in children. Full article

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Published Papers (13 papers)

2024

Jump to: 2023, 2022, 2021

2023

Jump to: 2024, 2022, 2021

2022

Jump to: 2024, 2023, 2021

2021

Jump to: 2024, 2023, 2022

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