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Adipokines, Myokines and Physical Exercise in Health and Disease

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A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2022) | Viewed by 30439

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Tomasz Brzozowski

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Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland
Interests: brain–gut axis; experimental colitis; intestinal permeability; inflammatory bowel diseases; proinflammatory cytokines; adipokines; myokines; lipopolysaccharide; microbiota; obesity
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Jan Bilski

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Department of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Cracow, Poland
Interests: inflammatory bowel diseases; colitis; intestinal permeability; leaky gut; intestinal alkaline phosphatase; physical exercise; muscle fat crosstalk; myokines; adipokines
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Exercise has been shown to have a great impact on human life expectancy due to improved metabolic parameters mainly in obese individuals. However, whether exercises affect the course of various diseases in humans is very intriguing and should be further defined. In this context, physical activity and nutrition seem to be important components in optimizing human health benefits. Both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle are considered hormonal organs because of their ability to produce and secrete several bioactive peptides (e.g., myokines and adipokines). Recently, the protective activity of myokines, such as irisin, and adipokines, such as adiponectin or resistin, has been underlined. In addition, the beneficial effect of exercise of varying intensity may depend on adipokines released from adipose tissue and myokines released from working skeletal muscles, which corresponds to their therapeutic effects against various disorders associated not only with metabolic diseases, but also with other body systems, including cardiovascular and pulmonary systems, digestive tract, and nervous system. Although it is well accepted that exercise can induce changes in the composition and functioning of the intestinal microflora that are associated with the appearance of several pathological disorders, including obesity, diabetes, and cancer, the contribution of microbiota to the regulation of the myokine-adipokine profile and the function of these peptides remains largely unknown and requires further research in experimental animal models and humans.

Thus, this Special Issue entitled 'Adipokines, Myokines, and Exercise in Health and Disease' will publish experimental data and reviews on this innovative approach to this topic. Topics related to both original and reviewed articles on the impact of exercise on disease and health presented in experimental and clinical studies with an emphasis on physiological mediators and pharmacological agents are welcome.

Prof. Dr. Tomasz Brzozowski
Prof. Dr. Jan Bilski
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Related Special Issue

Adipokines, Myokines and Physical Exercise in Health and Disease 2.0 in International Journal of Molecular Sciences (7 articles)

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

10 pages, 1643 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Brain Function-Related Myokine Secretion by Using Contractile 3D-Engineered Muscle

by Takeshi Sugimoto, Tomohiro Nakamura, Sho Yokoyama, Toshia Fujisato, Satoshi Konishi and Takeshi Hashimoto

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(10), 5723; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms23105723 - 20 May 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2647

Abstract

Brain function-related myokines, such as lactate, irisin, and cathepsin B (CTSB), are upstream factors that control brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and are secreted from skeletal muscle by exercise. However, whether irisin and CTSB are secreted by muscle contraction remains controversial. Three-dimensional (3D)-engineered muscle (3D-EM) may help determine whether skeletal muscle contraction leads to the secretion of irisin and CTSB, which has never been identified with the addition of drugs in conventional 2D muscle cell cultures. We aimed to investigate the effects of electrical pulse stimulation (EPS)-evoked muscle contraction on irisin and CTSB secretion in 3D-EM. The 3D-EM, which consisted of C2C12 myoblasts and type-1 collagen gel, was allowed to differentiate for 2 weeks and divided into the control and EPS groups. EPS was applied at 13 V, 66 Hz, and 2 msec for 3 h (on: 5 s/off: 5 s). Irisin and CTSB secretion into the culture medium was measured by Western blotting. Irisin secretion was significantly increased following EPS (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in CTSB secretion between the two groups. The present study suggests that irisin may be a contractile muscle-derived myokine, but CTSB is not secreted by EPS-evoked muscle contractile stimulation in 3D-EM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adipokines, Myokines and Physical Exercise in Health and Disease)

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17 pages, 2673 KiB

Open AccessArticle

by Andreas Schmid, Martin Roderfeld, Jonas Gehl, Elke Roeb, Andrea Nist, Ho-Ryun Chung, Thorsten Stiewe, Thomas Karrasch and Andreas Schäffler

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(4), 1670; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms22041670 - 07 Feb 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2138

Abstract

CTRP-3 (C1q/TNF-related protein-3) is an adipokine with endocrine and immunological function. The impact of adipocyte CTRP-3 production on systemic CTRP-3 concentrations and on adipocyte biology is unknown. A murine model of adipocyte CTRP-3 knockout (KO) was established (via the Cre/loxP system). Serum adipokine levels were quantified by ELISA and adipose tissue (AT) gene expression by real-time PCR. Preadipocytes were isolated from AT and differentiated into adipocytes. Comparative transcriptome analysis was applied in adipocytes and liver tissue. Body weight and AT mass were reduced in CTRP-3 KO mice together with decreased serum leptin. In primary cells from visceral AT of KO mice, expression of adiponectin, progranulin, and resistin was induced, while peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) was decreased. M1/M2 macrophage polarization markers were shifted to a more anti-inflammatory phenotype. CTRP-3 expression in AT did not contribute to serum concentrations. AT and liver morphology remained unaffected by CTRP-3 KO. Myelin transcription factor 1-like (Myt1l) was identified as a highly upregulated gene. In conclusion, adipocyte CTRP-3 has a role in adipogenesis and AT weight gain whereas adipocyte differentiation is not impaired by CTRP-3 deficiency. Since no effects on circulating CTRP-3 levels were observed, the impact of adipocyte CTRP-3 KO is limited to adipose tissue. Modified AT gene expression indicates a rather anti-inflammatory phenotype. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adipokines, Myokines and Physical Exercise in Health and Disease)

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Review

Jump to: Research

15 pages, 3638 KiB

Open AccessReview

Implication of Irisin in Different Types of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Maria Vliora, Eleni Nintou, Eleni Karligiotou, Leonidas G. Ioannou, Elisabetta Grillo, Stefania Mitola and Andreas D. Flouris

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(17), 9971; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms23179971 - 01 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2196

Abstract

Cancer is a set of diseases characterized by several hallmark properties, such as increased angiogenesis, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. The increased angiogenic activity constantly supplies the tumors with nutrients and a plethora of cytokines to ensure cell survival. Along these cytokines is a newly discovered protein, called irisin, which is released into the circulation after physical exercise. Irisin is the product of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) proteolytic cleavage. Recently it has been the topic of investigation in several types of cancer. In this study, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate its implication in different types of cancer. Our results suggest that irisin expression is decreased in cancer patients, thus it can be used as a valid biomarker for the diagnosis of several types of cancer. In addition, our results indicate that irisin may have an important role in tumor progression and metastasis since it is involved in multiple signaling pathways that promote cell proliferation and migration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adipokines, Myokines and Physical Exercise in Health and Disease)

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25 pages, 871 KiB

Open AccessReview

Role of Obesity, Physical Exercise, Adipose Tissue-Skeletal Muscle Crosstalk and Molecular Advances in Barrett’s Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma

by Jan Bilski, Monika Pinkas, Dagmara Wojcik-Grzybek, Marcin Magierowski, Edyta Korbut, Agnieszka Mazur-Bialy, Gracjana Krzysiek-Maczka, Slawomir Kwiecien, Katarzyna Magierowska and Tomasz Brzozowski

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(7), 3942; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms23073942 - 01 Apr 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3348

Abstract

Both obesity and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) rates have increased sharply in the United States and Western Europe in recent years. EAC is a classic example of obesity-related cancer where the risk of EAC increases with increasing body mass index. Pathologically altered visceral fat in obesity appears to play a key role in this process. Visceral obesity may promote EAC by directly affecting gastroesophageal reflux disease and Barrett’s esophagus (BE), as well as a less reflux-dependent effect, including the release of pro-inflammatory adipokines and insulin resistance. Deregulation of adipokine production, such as the shift to an increased amount of leptin relative to “protective” adiponectin, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of BE and EAC. This review discusses not only the epidemiology and pathophysiology of obesity in BE and EAC, but also molecular alterations at the level of mRNA and proteins associated with these esophageal pathologies and the potential role of adipokines and myokines in these disorders. Particular attention is given to discussing the possible crosstalk of adipokines and myokines during exercise. It is concluded that lifestyle interventions to increase regular physical activity could be helpful as a promising strategy for preventing the development of BE and EAC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adipokines, Myokines and Physical Exercise in Health and Disease)

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23 pages, 9736 KiB

Open AccessReview

Myokines and Resistance Training: A Narrative Review

by Beate E. M. Zunner, Nadine B. Wachsmuth, Max L. Eckstein, Lukas Scherl, Janis R. Schierbauer, Sandra Haupt, Christian Stumpf, Laura Reusch and Othmar Moser

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(7), 3501; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms23073501 - 23 Mar 2022

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 11022

Abstract

In the last few years, the muscular system has gained attention due to the discovery of the muscle-secretome and its high potency for retaining or regaining health. These cytokines, described as myokines, released by the working muscle, are involved in anti-inflammatory, metabolic and immunological processes. These are able to influence human health in a positive way and are a target of research in metabolic diseases, cancer, neurological diseases, and other non-communicable diseases. Therefore, different types of exercise training were investigated in the last few years to find associations between exercise, myokines and their effects on human health. Particularly, resistance training turned out to be a powerful stimulus to enhance myokine release. As there are different types of resistance training, different myokines are stimulated, depending on the mode of training. This narrative review gives an overview about resistance training and how it can be utilized to stimulate myokine production in order to gain a certain health effect. Finally, the question of why resistance training is an important key regulator in human health will be discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adipokines, Myokines and Physical Exercise in Health and Disease)

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34 pages, 899 KiB

Open AccessReview

Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines in Neurodegenerative Diseases

by Banseok Lee, Myeongcheol Shin, Youngjae Park, So-Yoon Won and Kyoung Sang Cho

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(11), 5795; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms22115795 - 28 May 2021

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 7034

Abstract

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of the nervous system. Currently, there is no disease-modifying treatments for most NDs. Meanwhile, numerous studies conducted on human and animal models over the past decades have showed that exercises had beneficial effects on NDs. Inter-tissue communication by myokine, a peptide produced and secreted by skeletal muscles during exercise, is thought to be an important underlying mechanism for the advantages. Here, we reviewed studies about the effects of myokines regulated by exercise on NDs and their mechanisms. Myokines could exert beneficial effects on NDs through a variety of regulatory mechanisms, including cell survival, neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, proteostasis, oxidative stress, and protein modification. Studies on exercise-induced myokines are expected to provide a novel strategy for treating NDs, for which there are no adequate treatments nowadays. To date, only a few myokines have been investigated for their effects on NDs and studies on mechanisms involved in them are in their infancy. Therefore, future studies are needed to discover more myokines and test their effects on NDs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adipokines, Myokines and Physical Exercise in Health and Disease)

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