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Molecular Pathways in Cardio-Metabolic Disease
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Molecular Pathways in Cardio-Metabolic Disease

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2022) | Viewed by 26079

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Claudia Kusmic

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Insitute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (IFC-CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy
Interests: preclinical models; in vivo models of cardiac hypertrophy and cardiotoxicity; cardiovascular disease; obesity; mitochondrial damage; cardio-oncology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Francesca Forini

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via G.Moruzzi 1, 56100 Pisa, Italy
Interests: molecular mechanisms in cardiovascular disease, diabetic retinopathy; idiopathic pulmonary hypertension, thyroid/heart axis; mitochondria physiology and pathophysiology; non coding RNA, animal models
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Excessive weight gain arises from the interactions between environmental factors, genetic predisposition and individual behavior and is often associated with the development of cardiovascular disease, which currently represents the leading cause of death in obese patients. Lifestyle, habits, genetics and epigenetic gene regulation, as well as chromatin remodeling, all play key roles in adipogenesis, development of obesity and cardiovascular complications. To date, many studies focus on the cellular signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms underlying the accumulation of abdominal fat, liver steatosis, systemic low level of chronic inflammation, reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide derivatives and antioxidants and endothelial dysfunction—all of which characterize metabolic syndrome.

This Special Issue will cover a selection of original basic and preclinical studies in biochemistry, molecular biology, and molecular medicine; up-to-date reviews concerning the molecular pathways involved in obesity development and metabolic-related cardiovascular disorders; the regulatory role of diet constituents and epigenetic factors on nuclear gene expression. Articles describing the development of molecular strategies to treat these conditions are also welcome.

Dr. Claudia Kusmic
Dr. Francesca Forini
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Review

21 pages, 2166 KiB  
Review
Gut Microbiota and Sex Hormones: Crosstalking Players in Cardiometabolic and Cardiovascular Disease
by Silvia Maffei, Francesca Forini, Paola Canale, Giuseppina Nicolini and Letizia Guiducci
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(13), 7154; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms23137154 - 28 Jun 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3860
Abstract
The available evidence indicates a close connection between gut microbiota (GM) disturbance and increased risk of cardiometabolic (CM) disorders and cardiovascular (CV) disease. One major objective of this narrative review is to discuss the key contribution of dietary regimen in determining the GM [...] Read more.
The available evidence indicates a close connection between gut microbiota (GM) disturbance and increased risk of cardiometabolic (CM) disorders and cardiovascular (CV) disease. One major objective of this narrative review is to discuss the key contribution of dietary regimen in determining the GM biodiversity and the implications of GM dysbiosis for the overall health of the CV system. In particular, emerging molecular pathways are presented, linking microbiota-derived signals to the local activation of the immune system as the driver of a systemic proinflammatory state and permissive condition for the onset and progression of CM and CV disease. We further outline how the cross-talk between sex hormones and GM impacts disease susceptibility, thereby offering a mechanistic insight into sexual dimorphism observed in CVD. A better understanding of these relationships could help unravel novel disease targets and pave the way to the development of innovative, low-risk therapeutic strategies based on diet interventions, GM manipulation, and sex hormone analogues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Pathways in Cardio-Metabolic Disease)
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14 pages, 3990 KiB  
Review
Pathophysiology and Treatment of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
by Kazufumi Nakamura, Toru Miyoshi, Masashi Yoshida, Satoshi Akagi, Yukihiro Saito, Kentaro Ejiri, Naoaki Matsuo, Keishi Ichikawa, Keiichiro Iwasaki, Takanori Naito, Yusuke Namba, Masatoki Yoshida, Hiroki Sugiyama and Hiroshi Ito
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(7), 3587; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms23073587 - 25 Mar 2022
Cited by 53 | Viewed by 12461
Abstract
There is a close relationship between diabetes mellitus and heart failure, and diabetes is an independent risk factor for heart failure. Diabetes and heart failure are linked by not only the complication of ischemic heart disease, but also by metabolic disorders such as [...] Read more.
There is a close relationship between diabetes mellitus and heart failure, and diabetes is an independent risk factor for heart failure. Diabetes and heart failure are linked by not only the complication of ischemic heart disease, but also by metabolic disorders such as glucose toxicity and lipotoxicity based on insulin resistance. Cardiac dysfunction in the absence of coronary artery disease, hypertension, and valvular disease is called diabetic cardiomyopathy. Diabetes-induced hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia lead to capillary damage, myocardial fibrosis, and myocardial hypertrophy with mitochondrial dysfunction. Lipotoxicity with extensive fat deposits or lipid droplets is observed on cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, increased oxidative stress and inflammation cause cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy. Treatment with a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor is currently one of the most effective treatments for heart failure associated with diabetes. However, an effective treatment for lipotoxicity of the myocardium has not yet been established, and the establishment of an effective treatment is needed in the future. This review provides an overview of heart failure in diabetic patients for the clinical practice of clinicians. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Pathways in Cardio-Metabolic Disease)
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31 pages, 1226 KiB  
Review
Risk Prediction of Cardiovascular Events by Exploration of Molecular Data with Explainable Artificial Intelligence
by Annie M. Westerlund, Johann S. Hawe, Matthias Heinig and Heribert Schunkert
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(19), 10291; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms221910291 - 24 Sep 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5885
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) annually take almost 18 million lives worldwide. Most lethal events occur months or years after the initial presentation. Indeed, many patients experience repeated complications or require multiple interventions (recurrent events). Apart from affecting the individual, this leads to high medical [...] Read more.
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) annually take almost 18 million lives worldwide. Most lethal events occur months or years after the initial presentation. Indeed, many patients experience repeated complications or require multiple interventions (recurrent events). Apart from affecting the individual, this leads to high medical costs for society. Personalized treatment strategies aiming at prediction and prevention of recurrent events rely on early diagnosis and precise prognosis. Complementing the traditional environmental and clinical risk factors, multi-omics data provide a holistic view of the patient and disease progression, enabling studies to probe novel angles in risk stratification. Specifically, predictive molecular markers allow insights into regulatory networks, pathways, and mechanisms underlying disease. Moreover, artificial intelligence (AI) represents a powerful, yet adaptive, framework able to recognize complex patterns in large-scale clinical and molecular data with the potential to improve risk prediction. Here, we review the most recent advances in risk prediction of recurrent cardiovascular events, and discuss the value of molecular data and biomarkers for understanding patient risk in a systems biology context. Finally, we introduce explainable AI which may improve clinical decision systems by making predictions transparent to the medical practitioner. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Pathways in Cardio-Metabolic Disease)
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Graphical abstract

12 pages, 1356 KiB  
Review
Mitochondrion as a Target of Astaxanthin Therapy in Heart Failure
by Olga Krestinina, Yulia Baburina and Roman Krestinin
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(15), 7964; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms22157964 - 26 Jul 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2985
Abstract
Mitochondria are considered to be important organelles in the cell and play a key role in the physiological function of the heart, as well as in the pathogenesis and development of various heart diseases. Under certain pathological conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, stroke, [...] Read more.
Mitochondria are considered to be important organelles in the cell and play a key role in the physiological function of the heart, as well as in the pathogenesis and development of various heart diseases. Under certain pathological conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, stroke, traumatic brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases, muscular dystrophy, etc., mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) is formed and opened, which can lead to dysfunction of mitochondria and subsequently to cell death. This review summarizes the results of studies carried out by our group of the effect of astaxanthin (AST) on the functional state of rat heart mitochondria upon direct addition of AST to isolated mitochondria and upon chronic administration of AST under conditions of mPTP opening. It was shown that AST exerted a protective effect under all conditions. In addition, AST treatment was found to prevent isoproterenol-induced oxidative damage to mitochondria and increase mitochondrial efficiency. AST, a ketocarotenoid, may be a potential mitochondrial target in therapy for pathological conditions associated with oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction, and may be a potential mitochondrial target in therapy for pathological conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Pathways in Cardio-Metabolic Disease)
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