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Chloroplast and Stress Signaling
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Chloroplast and Stress Signaling

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Plant Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2022) | Viewed by 22651

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Liangsheng Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
Interests: stress signaling; chloroplast; reactive oxygen species; singlet oxygen; oxidative stress; phosphate deficiency; ethylene; jasmonate acid
Dr. Koichi Kobayashi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
Interests: plant; chloroplast; thylakoid; photosynthesis; membrane lipids; chlorophyll
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Photosynthesis is inarguably the most important biological processes on earth, and chloroplast is the plant organelle that conducts photosynthesis. However, recent studies have indicated that chloroplasts suffered from stress conditions (e.g. high light, drought, low/high temperature, nutrient limitation, pathogen infection) produce specific signals and regulate the expression of nucleus genes. Meanwhile, stressed chloroplast also elicits post-translational modifications including autophagy, budding or even degradation. Thus, chloroplasts are not only centers of plant metabolism, but also sensors of environmental stresses. This special issue focuses on the role of chloroplast in sensing and transmitting stress signals as well as its responses to environmental stresses.

Prof. Dr. Liangsheng Wang
Dr. Koichi Kobayashi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

  • chloroplast
  • stress
  • signaling
  • photosynthesis

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 6015 KiB  
Article
GUN4 Affects the Circadian Clock and Seedlings Adaptation to Changing Light Conditions
by Tao Li, Rui Wu, Zhixin Liu, Jiajing Wang, Chenxi Guo, Yaping Zhou, George Bawa and Xuwu Sun
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(1), 194; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms23010194 - 24 Dec 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2662
Abstract
The chloroplast is a key organelle for photosynthesis and perceiving environmental information. GENOME UNCOUPLED 4 (GUN4) has been shown to be required for the regulation of both chlorophyll synthesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and plastid retrograde signaling. In this study, we found [...] Read more.
The chloroplast is a key organelle for photosynthesis and perceiving environmental information. GENOME UNCOUPLED 4 (GUN4) has been shown to be required for the regulation of both chlorophyll synthesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and plastid retrograde signaling. In this study, we found that growth of the gun4 mutant was significantly improved under medium strong light (200 μmol photons m−2s−1) compared to normal light (100 μmol photons m−2s−1), in marked contrast to wild-type (WT). Further analysis revealed that GUN4 interacts with SIGNAL RECOGNITION PARTICLE 54 KDA SUBUNIT (SRP43) and SRP54. RNA-seq analysis indicated that the expression of genes for light signaling and the circadian clock is altered in gun4 compared with (WT). qPCR analysis confirmed that the expression of the clock genes CLOCK-RELATED 1 (CCA1), LATE ELONGATION HYPOCOTYL (LHY), TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1 (TOC1) and PSEUDO RESPONSE REGULATOR 7 (PRR7) is significantly changed in the gun4 and srp54 mutants under normal and medium strong light conditions. These results suggest that GUN4 may coordinate the adaptation of plants to changing light conditions by regulating the biological clock, although it is not clear whether the effect is direct or indirect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chloroplast and Stress Signaling)
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17 pages, 5257 KiB  
Article
Plastid Deficient 1 Is Essential for the Accumulation of Plastid-Encoded RNA Polymerase Core Subunit β and Chloroplast Development in Arabidopsis
by Zhipan Yang, Mingxin Liu, Shunhua Ding, Yi Zhang, Huixia Yang, Xiaogang Wen, Wei Chi, Congming Lu and Qingtao Lu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(24), 13648; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms222413648 - 20 Dec 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1874
Abstract
Plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP)-dependent transcription is an essential process for chloroplast development and plant growth. It is a complex event that is regulated by numerous nuclear-encoded proteins. In order to elucidate the complex regulation mechanism of PEP activity, identification and characterization of PEP [...] Read more.
Plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP)-dependent transcription is an essential process for chloroplast development and plant growth. It is a complex event that is regulated by numerous nuclear-encoded proteins. In order to elucidate the complex regulation mechanism of PEP activity, identification and characterization of PEP activity regulation factors are needed. Here, we characterize Plastid Deficient 1 (PD1) as a novel regulator for PEP-dependent gene expression and chloroplast development in Arabidopsis. The PD1 gene encodes a protein that is conserved in photoautotrophic organisms. The Arabidopsis pd1 mutant showed albino and seedling-lethal phenotypes. The plastid development in the pd1 mutant was arrested. The PD1 protein localized in the chloroplasts, and it colocalized with nucleoid protein TRXz. RT-quantitative real-time PCR, northern blot, and run-on analyses indicated that the PEP-dependent transcription in the pd1 mutant was dramatically impaired, whereas the nuclear-encoded RNA polymerase-dependent transcription was up-regulated. The yeast two-hybrid assays and coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed that the PD1 protein interacts with PEP core subunit β (PEP-β), which has been verified to be essential for chloroplast development. The immunoblot analysis indicated that the accumulation of PEP-β was barely detected in the pd1 mutant, whereas the accumulation of the other essential components of the PEP complex, such as core subunits α and β′, were not affected in the pd1 mutant. These observations suggested that the PD1 protein is essential for the accumulation of PEP-β and chloroplast development in Arabidopsis, potentially by direct interaction with PEP-β. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chloroplast and Stress Signaling)
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9 pages, 1973 KiB  
Communication
Screening and Identification of Candidate GUN1-Interacting Proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana
by Linjuan Wang, Xingqi Huang, Kui Li, Shuyuan Song, Yunhe Jing and Shan Lu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(21), 11364; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms222111364 - 21 Oct 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2041
Abstract
Chloroplasts are semi-autonomous organelles governed by the precise coordination between the genomes of their own and the nucleus for functioning correctly in response to developmental and environmental cues. Under stressed conditions, various plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signals are generated to regulate the expression of a [...] Read more.
Chloroplasts are semi-autonomous organelles governed by the precise coordination between the genomes of their own and the nucleus for functioning correctly in response to developmental and environmental cues. Under stressed conditions, various plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signals are generated to regulate the expression of a large number of nuclear genes for acclimation. Among these retrograde signaling pathways, the chloroplast protein GENOMES UNCOUPLED 1 (GUN1) is the first component identified. However, in addition to integrating aberrant physiological signals when chloroplasts are challenged by stresses such as photooxidative damage or the inhibition of plastid gene expression, GUN1 was also found to regulate other developmental processes such as flowering. Several partner proteins have been found to interact with GUN1 and facilitate its different regulatory functions. In this study, we report 15 possible interacting proteins identified through yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening, among which 11 showed positive interactions by pair-wise Y2H assay. Through the bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay in Arabidopsis protoplasts, two candidate proteins with chloroplast localization, DJC31 and HCF145, were confirmed to interact with GUN1 in planta. Genes for these GUN1-interacting proteins showed different fluctuations in the WT and gun1 mutant under norflurazon and lincomycin treatments. Our results provide novel clues for a better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying GUN1-mediated regulations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chloroplast and Stress Signaling)
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13 pages, 1958 KiB  
Article
Specific Incorporation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids into the sn-2 Position of Phosphatidylglycerol Accelerates Photodamage to Photosystem II under Strong Light
by Haruhiko Jimbo, Koki Yuasa, Kensuke Takagi, Takashi Hirashima, Sumie Keta, Makiko Aichi and Hajime Wada
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(19), 10432; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms221910432 - 28 Sep 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3070
Abstract
Free fatty acids (FFAs) are generated by the reaction of lipases with membrane lipids. Generated polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) containing more than two double bonds have toxic effects in photosynthetic organisms. In the present study, we examined the effect of exogenous FFAs in [...] Read more.
Free fatty acids (FFAs) are generated by the reaction of lipases with membrane lipids. Generated polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) containing more than two double bonds have toxic effects in photosynthetic organisms. In the present study, we examined the effect of exogenous FFAs in the growth medium on the activity of photosystem II (PSII) under strong light in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (Synechocystis). PUFAs but not monounsaturated fatty acids accelerated the rate of photodamage to PSII by inactivating electron transfer at the oxygen-evolving complex. Moreover, supplemented PUFAs were specifically incorporated into the sn-2 position of phosphatidylglycerol (PG), which usually contains C16 fatty acids at the sn-2 position in Synechocystis cells. The disruption of the gene for an acyl-ACP synthetase reduced the effect of PUFAs on the photoinhibition of PSII. Thus, the specific incorporation of PUFAs into PG molecules requires acyl-ACP synthetase and leads to an unstable PSII, thereby accelerating photodamage to PSII. Our results are a breakthrough into elucidating the molecular mechanism of the toxicity of PUFAs to photosynthetic organisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chloroplast and Stress Signaling)
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Review

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11 pages, 2984 KiB  
Review
Non-Photochemical Quenching: From Light Perception to Photoprotective Gene Expression
by Dandan Lu, Yi Zhang, Aihong Zhang and Congming Lu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(2), 687; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms23020687 - 08 Jan 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2965
Abstract
Light is essential for photosynthesis but light levels that exceed an organism’s assimilation capacity can cause serious damage or even cell death. Plants and microalgae have developed photoprotective mechanisms collectively referred to as non-photochemical quenching to minimize such potential damage. One such mechanism [...] Read more.
Light is essential for photosynthesis but light levels that exceed an organism’s assimilation capacity can cause serious damage or even cell death. Plants and microalgae have developed photoprotective mechanisms collectively referred to as non-photochemical quenching to minimize such potential damage. One such mechanism is energy-dependent quenching (qE), which dissipates excess light energy as heat. Over the last 30 years, much has been learned about the molecular mechanism of qE in green algae and plants. However, the steps between light perception and qE represented a gap in our knowledge until the recent identification of light-signaling pathways that function in these processes in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In this review, we summarize the high light and UV-mediated signaling pathways for qE in Chlamydomonas. We discuss key questions remaining about the pathway from light perception to photoprotective gene expression in Chlamydomonas. We detail possible differences between green algae and plants in light-signaling mechanisms for qE and emphasize the importance of research on light-signaling mechanisms for qE in plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chloroplast and Stress Signaling)
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17 pages, 548 KiB  
Review
Function of Chloroplasts in Plant Stress Responses
by Yun Song, Li Feng, Mohammed Abdul Muhsen Alyafei, Abdul Jaleel and Maozhi Ren
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(24), 13464; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms222413464 - 15 Dec 2021
Cited by 41 | Viewed by 6763
Abstract
The chloroplast has a central position in oxygenic photosynthesis and primary metabolism. In addition to these functions, the chloroplast has recently emerged as a pivotal regulator of plant responses to abiotic and biotic stress conditions. Chloroplasts have their own independent genomes and gene-expression [...] Read more.
The chloroplast has a central position in oxygenic photosynthesis and primary metabolism. In addition to these functions, the chloroplast has recently emerged as a pivotal regulator of plant responses to abiotic and biotic stress conditions. Chloroplasts have their own independent genomes and gene-expression machinery and synthesize phytohormones and a diverse range of secondary metabolites, a significant portion of which contribute the plant response to adverse conditions. Furthermore, chloroplasts communicate with the nucleus through retrograde signaling, for instance, reactive oxygen signaling. All of the above facilitate the chloroplast’s exquisite flexibility in responding to environmental stresses. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the involvement of chloroplasts in plant regulatory responses to various abiotic and biotic stresses including heat, chilling, salinity, drought, high light environmental stress conditions, and pathogen invasions. This review will enrich the better understanding of interactions between chloroplast and environmental stresses, and will lay the foundation for genetically enhancing plant-stress acclimatization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chloroplast and Stress Signaling)
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10 pages, 265 KiB  
Review
Current Understanding of Temperature Stress-Responsive Chloroplast FtsH Metalloproteases
by Shengji Luo and Chanhong Kim
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(22), 12106; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms222212106 - 09 Nov 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2255
Abstract
Low and high temperatures are life-threatening stress factors, diminishing plant productivity. One of the earliest responses of plants to stress is a rapid burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in chloroplasts. Widespread efforts over the past decade shed new light on the chloroplast [...] Read more.
Low and high temperatures are life-threatening stress factors, diminishing plant productivity. One of the earliest responses of plants to stress is a rapid burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in chloroplasts. Widespread efforts over the past decade shed new light on the chloroplast as an environmental sensor, translating the environmental fluctuation into varying physiological responses by utilizing distinct retrograde (chloroplast-to-nucleus) signals. Recent studies have unveiled that chloroplasts mediate a similar unfolded/misfolded/damaged protein response (cpUPR) as observed in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Although observing cpUPR is not surprising since the chloroplast is a prime organelle producing harmful ROS, the intertwined relationship among ROS, protein damage, and chloroplast protein quality controls (cpPQCs) with retrograde signaling has recently been reported. This finding also gives rise to critical attention on chloroplast proteins involved in cpPQCs, ROS detoxifiers, transcription/translation, import of precursor proteins, and assembly/maturation, the deficiency of which compromises chloroplast protein homeostasis (proteostasis). Any perturbation in the protein may require readjustment of proteostasis by transmitting retrograde signal(s) to the nucleus, whose genome encodes most of the chloroplast proteins involved in proteostasis. This review focuses on recent findings on cpUPR and chloroplast-targeted FILAMENTOUS TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE H proteases involved in cpPQC and retrograde signaling and their impacts on plant responses to temperature stress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chloroplast and Stress Signaling)
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